KOLEK AS A TRADITIONAL BOAT OF NATUNA PEOPLE
Destriyadi
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Email : [email protected]
ABSTRACT
Natuna society in the maritime region has a close relationship with traditional technology in the form of kolek boats. As a material object, kolek is considered an important part of fishing activities since ancient times. The description of kolek is currently still lacking and even very minimally known. This article aims to describe kolek as a traditional technology of Natuna society. Likewise, some traditional boats in Natuna. The formal object of this research is cultural anthropology, while the material object is kolek boats. This descriptive qualitative research uses data collection techniques of observation, direct interview, and literature study. There are three stages of data analysis, namely data collection, data interpretation, and data inference. The traditional technology of kolek boats is not only a means of fishing at sea, but many cultural values. Kolek also holds traditional knowledge that must be preserved.
Keywords: Cultural Anthropology, Kolek, Natuna, Traditional Technology.
1. Introduction
One element of human culture is livelihood. Septiana (2018) remarks that livelihood is a way for humans to get a decent life. Each region has its own livelihood. Sources of livelihood can come from nature. For example, communities living in mountainous e n v i r o n m e n t s u s e t h e l a n d f o r gardening. Similar things happen for people who live on the coast as they utilize the sea as a source of livelihood.
According to Koentjaraningrat's classification (cited by Suwarno et al., 2018), apart from livelihoods, culture is divided into elements of language, knowledge systems, religious systems, arts, social organizations, and systems of living equipment and technology.
In order to meet livelihood needs, technology is created by the community so that these activities run well. The technology created is simpler with knowledge of materials and how to make them. The manifestation of this cultural element is none other than the equipment and technology itself
(Sumarto, 2019). As stated by Koentjaraningrat (Hilman et al., 2020), there are three forms of cultural manifestations, namely ideas, activity patterns, and objects made by humans.
These two elements are interrelated and necessary for human survival.
The involvement of society and nature produces a habit, values, and guidelines that belong to the collectivity of the community. This also forms the characteristics of each community.
People who live in coastal areas are no exception, unconsciously shaping their culture into a maritime culture (Kambey et al., 2020). The causality between the two produces culture, also produces technology. By utilizing materials from nature and traditional knowledge, the technology works according to the wishes of the community. Indrastuti (2018) states this technology refers to the instruments used by the community to facilitate life activities. One of the technologies created by the community is sea transportation.
These traditionally made human works cannot be viewed as obsolete or
left behind. Sea transportation technology is built for a limited time, but with the ability of local knowledge, sea transportation can be made and last a long time. It is not enough to view sea transportation only as a bridge that takes passengers from one place to another.
However, behind that there are cultural elements that cover it.
As an area within the geographical archipelago, Natuna has unlimited underwater wealth (Mespian, 2022). As one of the fields, the Natuna people generally work as fishermen. This activity has been going on for a long time and is hereditary. Likewise, the tools used to go to sea have undergone various adaptations. Natuna's marine wealth reaches more than 1 million tons per year with a total utilization of 36%
(Wardana et al., 2020).
Kolek is a boat used by fishermen to go to sea in the past. The existence of k o l e k h a s b e c o m e p a r t o f t h e community. With a relatively small size and can only be filled by one person, fishermen in the past were really skilled at sea. Unfortunately, at this time, kolek
has received little attention as a traditional technology that had developed in the Natuna community.
The technology that is currently more widely used is pompong or ship. The existence of this collection has begun to be abandoned. The impact on future generations is no longer familiar with what is called kolek. This research aims to describe kolek as a traditional technology of the Natuna people in relation to the geography of the archipelago. In addition, it also reveals what traditional boat technologies exist in Natuna.
To analyze this, I use the point of view of cultural anthropology which is a l m o s t s i m i l a r w i t h p h y s i c a l anthropology, focusing on the study of culture built by humans. Cultural anthropology also looks at human and cultural causality at certain times and spaces (Siregar, 2008). In addition, ultural anthropology focuses its attention on human culture or its way of life in society (Nurmansyah et al., 2019).
Research related to kolek is still limited. Abdullah (2017) explained that s e a t r a n s p o r t a t i o n o r w a t e r transportation is an important cultural heritage for the Malay people. This study relates traditional technological culture such as boats to the wisdom and influence of five factors, namely choosing materials, creating tools, constructing them, using them, and organizing work. The kolek boat described shows a difference from the kolek originating from Natuna. The latter also discusses the wisdom and ways of the community side by side with the kolek. Unfortunately, this research does not discuss collections in m o r e d e t a i l a n d t h e r e i s n o documentation to make it easier for the reader.
In contrast, research similar to the object and research location of the present study has been carried out by Erwina et al. (2022) whom discuss the persistence and local wisdom of fishermen in Jemaja, Siantan, and Palmatak Islands in Anambas Regency , an expansion of Natuna Regency. The
traditional boats raised in this study are jongkong and pompong. While the kolek is not one of the traditional boats that are also developing in Anambas. On the other hand, Mote et al (2016) analyze traditional boat technology. Their study explores the process of building traditional boats of Kampung Puyai as this region is not familiar with boats such as kolek, jongkong, or else. Hence, the present study will analyze how traditional technology presents its ideas and concepts as well as the reflections of h u m a n a t t i t u d e s a n d c u l t u r e s . Holistically, kolek is considered as a part of human culture so that it will be a center of the present study.
2. Literature Review 2.1 Anthropology
The diversity of humans with activities, concepts, and characteristics makes it a study that is continuously r e s e a r c h e d . T h e d i s c i p l i n e o f anthropology is rooted in anthropos and logos which respectively mean man and science. In short, these two words define studying human diversity from various
sides (Nurmansyah et al., 2019). The definition of anthropology itself is still diverse and has not reached an agreement. Humans as objects can certainly be seen broadly, so there are no boundaries with other disciplines.
Nevertheless, it is also a scientific discipline that has the flexibility to be equated with other disciplines.
T h e a p p r o a c h o f f e r e d i n anthropology is a holistic approach. This approach can examine every aspect of human experience, from the past to the present, starting from the smallest group to the infinite group (Sri Rejeki, 2013).
The curiosity of researchers about humans is not just, but deeper than what is seen at the bottom. Because of that anthropology is also closely related to the activities of researcher participation in society. Humans are not limited to one geographical area, so that as objects of human research small groups can show one characteristic that makes them different from small groups in adjacent areas.
Anthropology as a young field of science has a major scope according to
Keesing (Sri Rejeki, 2013). It can be divided into physical anthropology and cultural anthropology. Physical anthropology focuses its studies on physical development and human behavior (Satria et al., 2020). Man in physical anthropology is considered as a biological organism that also traces biological variation in various types. In this regard, this section attempts to answer why humans can become c r e a t u r e s w i t h t h e i r p r e s e n t characteristics (Nurmansyah et al., 2019).
2.2 Cultural Anthropology
Humans can create a culture.
Humans are faced with various circumstances that require them to be able to adapt. From this, an activity is formed that can support the lives of those who have been hereditary into culture. Humans and culture are the focus in cultural anthropology. This knowledge has emerged since the second half of the 19th century (Amin &
Murtaufiq, 2017).
Cultural anthropology deals with how humans interact with culture and
vice versa. It is because both factors has a reciprocal relationship that becomes the focal point of cultural anthropology.
These two objects seem inseparable and always have a connection. The creation of a culture requires society and from culture the community can construct its cultural institutions (Siregar, 2008).
Hence, anthropology continues to try to answer every question that arises regarding the relationship between humans and their culture, such as human nature, freedom, attachment and others.
Anthropology does not arrive at the point of what humans should do but shows what humans actually do (Baal, 1 9 8 7 ) . F u r t h e r m o r e , c u l t u r a l anthropology is an empirical science, w h o s e d a t a i s o b t a i n e d f r o m investigations of humans.
K e e s i n g d i v i d e s c u l t u r a l anthropology into sub-subjects that are more focused on human relations. The three major sub-categories of cultural anthropology are social anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and prehistoric a r c h e o l o g y. A n t h r o p o l o g y h a s developed quite broadly in the fields of
law, economics, politics, psychology, and others (Keesing, 1999). Meanwhile, in another view, the main subdisciplines of cultural anthropology are archeology, linguistics, and ethnology (Satria et al., 2020). In this division, archeology has the task of revealing a culture in the past from the data of remnants of old cultures, whether in the form of human s k e l e t o n s o r m a t e r i a l r e m a i n s . Linguistics shows how language shows culture to the owner of the language itself, influences from outside culture and recognition of the owner of the language itself. The culture that is different for each human being becomes an ethnological field to see patterns of human behavior (Satria et al., 2020).
2.3 Traditional Technology
Human activity requires functional equipment. Traditional technology also utilizes natural conditions to be used as a production process tool. The community's ability to process it departs from traditional knowledge. For example, the people of Sungai Tabuk, Kalimantan, make use of humic clay to make bricks (Surya & Ariefahnoor,
2019). This kind of technology may not be owned by other communities. In other community groups, traditional technology is formed due to factors such as the natural environment. Meanwhile, the Sundanese culture, which is more familiar with its agrarian culture, has the technology used for production effectiveness. In cultivating paddy fields, farmers in the Sunda region use wuluku 'plow' (Wahya et al., 2017).
Meanwhile, in the Natuna culture related to rice field management, it is still minimally found, but in post- harvest. Lesung pestle is a traditional community technology in processing grain or rice chips to become food. The rice was previously roasted and then pounded using a pestle. The material for making it is taken from purchased stems which have a high level of resistance (Efendi & Prastiyo, 2020). Traditional technologies can be adapted from one culture to another. This adaptation can be used if there are similarities. Lesung is also used in Minangkabau, West Sumatra, which functions to pound rice, rice, and others (Emri, 2016). In this
presentation, traditional technology can be different from other cultures. This statement is not absolute, because traditional technology is also possible to have similarities from the cultural background of people who are not much different.
3. Methodology
T h e p r e s e n t s t u d y u s e s a descriptive qualitative design as it seems more appropriate to analyze the research subjects. In addition, expressing matters related to socio-culture will be easier to use this method. The data collection technique that researchers use is observation. This technique makes it easier for researchers to see directly the shape of the research object, namely the kolek. Meanwhile, interviews were conducted by researchers to obtain information about the names of the parts of the kolek and other things that the researcher felt needed to be known. To support this technique, researchers also collect data through literature studies.
This data analysis uses what was revealed by Faruk (2020), pressing for relationships between data that are not
disclosed by the data. The researchers collect data, interpret and inference data.
The data source comes from the collector. To support this primary data, s e c o n d a r y d a t a c o m e s f r o m observations, literature, photographs, and other data related to kolek. The data obtained comes from the right informants. To achieve this, informants were selected based on purposive sampling.
4. Results and Discussions Natuna Traditional Technology
The boat signifies that there is a close connection between the maritime community and the sea. Apparently, these two objects cannot be separated because they are related to each other.
(Nasir & Muhammad, 2018). In this discussion, traditional technology refers to sea vehicles used by people in Natuna. The types of boats that were familiar to the community before the 80s were the tuako and kolek.
Nevertheless, there are still several other boats that also need to be described.
After the 80s, pompong began to appear as engine-powered boats with a payload ranging from 3 to 15 tons. In the 1990s, speed boats and wooden ships with a carrying capacity of 500 tons appeared in Natuna with the d e s t i n a t i o n s o f Ta n j u n g p i n a n g , Pemangkat, Semarang, Pekanbaru, Jambi and Sekucing (Galba & Sudiono, 2007). Until now kolek and jongkong can still be found. There were also kolek and jongkong contests at the village and district levels. Meanwhile, the tuako is nowhere to be seen.
Jongkong
The mention of jongkong in the Ranai area and its surroundings is junggong. The Serasan, Subi, Midai, Tiga Island and surrounding areas call jongkong with jungkong. This difference in designation does not indicate a difference in terms of form or function of the squat.
The origin of the word jong comes from ancient Javanese which means boat (Dewi et al., 2016). While kong refers to the pole erected to uphold the sails. If you define it based on the
etymology, of course the jongkong shape found in Natuna today is different.
Since the beginning, it was agreed by the community that the jongkong is a traditional boat without sails that uses human power and is assisted by oars.
In the past, generally on Pulau Tujuh (Natuna and Anambas) the making of jongkong was done in mutual cooperation. However, over time the manufacturing process has also changed (Erwina et al., 2022). Jongkong was originally made by making a hole in the middle of a tree trunk. However, jongkong is now made in a different way.
Jongkong was found earlier than kolek. It is not known exactly when it was actually made, but people say that kolek is older than jongkong. In terms of shape, squatting changes in size. This can be seen from the width of the squat that can be climbed by more than one person.
Lunas or backbone of the boat is made of ghesak or girdle wood. The choice of this wood is so strong as the initial foundation. The function of the
keel is the initial foundation of the squat frame. This framework will later merge from one board to the other to form a squat hull. This skeleton is not visible in the dinghy. For the body of the jongkong, use meghantik or meranti.
The same type of wood is used by Anambas fishermen in making jongkong (Erwina et al., 2022). This type was chosen because of its light weight.
Linggi on Jongkong has the same height between the bow and stern. In addition, there is a front deck. There is also a front floor that people can sit on.
In the next part of the fish compartment, this square-shaped place serves as a fish reservoir. The rear of the fish pond is the hold as well as the place for fishermen to steer the squatters in a standing position. On the inside of the left and right sides of the jongkong body, wooden uprights are installed as the fulcrum of the paddle or what is called a ciau. The material used as the fulcrum is Teghan ciau. To attach the ciau to the wood, a short rope in the form of a bracelet is attached to the wood called a kalas rope. This rope serves as a link.
The last part is the rear deck followed by the height. Apart from technique, rowing speed is also very dependent on the strength of the driver's strokes or muscles.
T h e h a t c h i s a p l a c e f o r defecation, while a fish compartment is provided for placing fish. On the other hand, the hole for throwing water in and out of the squat which is the size of a coin is called the snapper hole. The position of this hole is in the middle of the keel, in the hold area or fish compartment. Its function is to drain the water when it is receding. Practically, it is easy for people to dispose of water in their squats by opening the snapper hole cover. After the inside of the jongkong is watered, the water immediately comes out completely through the snapper hole.
Regarding colors, jongkong can be painted with a variety of color choices.
There are no characteristics that indicate that one particular color must be present in the squat. Knowledge of the choice of wood to make the body, keel, or ciau is certainly a traditional knowledge that
has been passed down for generations to guide fishermen in making jongkong.
Currently, jongkong can still be found on the coast of Natuna.
Kumpit
Not less important than kolek, kumpit is also worth knowing. Although not recorded in several studies and historical records, kumpit is still seen as part of people's lives. This relates to how people make the boat and how to drive it.
Kumpit is not found on Bunguran Island. This boat is better known and recognized as belonging to the Serasan people. The same goes for the Serasan people who think that dinghy originates from Bunguran and is not part of the Serasan people's technology. The dinghy found in Serasan and originating from Bunguran is known as the muron kulek.
The origin of this kumpit comes from China. It's just that when it arrived at Serasan, both the shape and name were adjusted by the community.
This boat has been around since the 1940s. This was shown when Japan
controlled the island of Natuna. At that time there was forced labor on Subi Island involving people from outside Subi Island, one of whom was Serasan.
One of the parents who did not want their child to join forced labor at that time decided to secretly pick up their child using kumpit.
In August, to celebrate Indonesian independence, the community held a kumpit competition. This competition has been held several times each year.
However, this competition was then no longer held because from year to year the kumpit boat began to decrease in existence. Like in 1975, followed by 3 to 4 kumpitonly. This means that in that year and the year before, kumpit was still being produced. Until the 1980s, kumpit had never been contested. In the following years the kumpit has been adapted and modified with additional engines. Then the original shape of the kumpit is no longer visible. Kumpit was the people's choice at that time before pompong. The form of pompong or mutur found in Serasan comes from kumpit.
This traditional technology is more often used to carry out trades to Kuching which takes 4 to 5 days. This economic relationship has indeed been established for a long time, the people of Serasan prefer to trade with Kuching because of the closer distance and lower prices.
Apart from the farthest route to Kuching, the kumpit cruise also reaches Kalimantan, Subi, Midai, Pulau Panjang. Kumpit is also used for transportation to the islands, for the transportation of goods, and is not very important as a vehicle for going to sea.
In the last case, using a jongkong or but (a boat that is smaller in size than kumpit), or lupek which comes from Kalimantan.
The number of kumpit in the past was not much, considering that the population in Serasan was also small.
There are approximately 10 kumpit scattered on Serasan Island, such as in Air Raya, Air Sekain, Genteng, Batu Berian, and Jermalik. The size is quite large, it is estimated that 4 people can ride it. There are several parts to the kumpit, namely the rudder, anchor,
kajong (kajang), wind wall, dondon, sail, doyung, paddle. In this section, kumpit does not have a hatch like most ships.
Figure 1. Kumpit Miniature
The type of screen shown in the image is called a chicken pehe or chicken thigh screen. The material used for this screen is calico cloth. Before being used as a screen, the cloth is tanned first, namely the process of boiling the cloth. Samak comes from tan wood stems. In this boiling, tanned stem sap is used. The cloth is cut according to the size of the sail and then boiled with tanning sap water. As a result, the screen will be like a tarpaulin that does not absorb water and has a longer resistance and durability than untanned. This screen is used as a rudder and course
control. Kumpit is also when the wind comes from the side, he can still sail.
There are two oars; the front right side and the rear left side. Kumpit will be heavy if the paddle is placed in the middle. These paddles can be used when there is no wind to push the sail kumpit and adjust the course. Meanwhile, there is also a pedal which is more generally used to dock to the edge of the harbor and stabilize the kumpit position.
The wind wall is located in the middle of the left and right sides of the k u m p i t. I t s f u n c t i o n i s a s a counterweight during the wind season, passengers will sit on the wind wall. On the back is called a dondon which can also be used as a restroom. A separate part of the kumpit is the kajong or kajang. This thing can be folded and shaped like a roof. This is because the voyage using kumpit takes days so that in hot or rainy weather a kajong is installed. The material for making kajong is from mengkuang which is then woven with rattan. The use of awnings in this kumpit resembles the Laut Tribe in the Riau Archipelago who use
awnings to carry out activities on boats (Kurniati, 2017). The front has a pole that can be removed. To strengthen the pole stand a rope known as temirong or temirang rope. Similarly, the screen can be rolled up.
The material used to make kumpit in the past was cracked wood at the bottom because it was heavy. The top of the kumpit uses light wood such as medong, mentangur, and meranti. So that the wood is smeared with keluweng oil. For the bottom using blongkin. This is because it smells bad. This basting is used in hot weather. This ship's voyage usually sails in general in the east monsoon. This season the wind blows from land to sea in the morning, then in the evening this season the wind blows from sea to land which makes it easier for kumpit sailing. There is no special time or special season, the kumpit still sails to meet the needs of the Serasan people.
Kumpit sailboats were also known in Bontang in the period 1920-1955.
Strategic shipping lanes in Bontang bring in many sailboats and ships. One
type of sailboat that entered Bontang at that time was the kumpit type sailboat (Purba et al., 2017). It is not known whether the kumpit sailboats in the two regions, Natuna and Bontang, are the same or different. Kumpit is also used in barter trade in the Sebatik island region (Sarjono, 2020). The deployment of kumpit boats in the 1970s is still used for economic activities on the border of the Philippines and Indonesia. Kumpit's role is to deliver merchandise between the two countries. At that time the barter system was not used anymore. If trading uses boats or kumpit, it cannot exceed 10,000 pesos or 622,500 rupiah (Raharjo et al., 2017). In the past, border areas such as Sebatik and Tawau used kumpit to carry raw materials. Even in the 1920s to 1930s, kumpit played an important role in the border's economic activities (Ardi et al., 2022)
Tuako
Tuako is still classified as a boat.
The shape is like a betel palm made of boards. Tuako were still found in the 1940s during the Japanese period in Natuna. It is estimated that the tuako
began to become extinct after entering engine-powered boats. This wooden boat does not yet use engine power as propulsion, but uses sails. In order to sail, the tuako must take into account the direction of the wind. Fishermen must understand the movement of nature, because with such knowledge it will be easy to lead the tuako.
At that time, the Tuako had sailed to Kuching and Singapore. Sailing from Natuna using tuako must take the north wind because at that time the waves are big so that the ship gets to its destination faster. It is also due to the blow of the wind. If from Singapore, fishermen must take the direction of the south wind. It is not surprising that at that time many skilled sailors were used to carrying old boats. The problem with the tuako is when the wind is calm because it will be difficult to move the tuako.
During difficult times in Natuna, sea transportation such as the tuako lightens the burden on the community.
At that time there were many footpaths and even settlements that were difficult to pass by land. To fulfill their daily
needs and to transport goods in large quantities, at that time people used tows.
Some of the results of interviews and notes found, the owner of the tuako is Chinese. Other things imply that managing a tuako was within the power of sailors or fishermen at that time, however, not all of them had it.
Before Ranai, Penagi had become the center of the crowd. The distribution of goods is centered there. Tuako boats sail from small ports to Penagi to pick up basic necessities and bring them back. Tuako are also featured in Natuna folklore. In the story of Teluk Panglima, the tuako is captained by a commander who has the ability to fight and is brave.
Kolek
Before the pompong and wooden boats that had sailed a lot in the Natuna Sea, the kolek had become the main vehicle for fishing activities. Kolek is a boat driven by fishermen with the help of a long paddle as a rudder. Only one person can ride in a sitting position and legs stretched out.
Kolek is made using selected woods that can be found on the island of
Natuna. At first the dinghy was made of island or pelaek wood with a system of punching holes in the middle of the wood. The use of wood in life activities has become part of traditional Malay society. It is also said to be a form of respect for the so-called wood spirit where this shows the existence of a sustainable relationship between nature and humans (Nasir & Muhamad, 2018).
Figure 2. Kolek in Sepempang, Ranai
During the adaptation period, kolek was made using a stacked wooden model, meaning that dinghy was made by joining together pieces of wood that were arranged according to the size of the kolek. Stacking wood using 350 pegs made of pine wood. These pegs are placed alternately on the wooden parts to be connected to form a boat hull
made of tengar wood or pelaik wood (Pulai). Kuweng used to cover exposed wood gaps to prevent water from getting into the kolek., but now more often use guni fiber rope. In addition to stacked wood, dinghy can also be made from large stems and then the center is drilled (a hole is made in the middle) to form the inside of a kolek. In the past, the materials obtained had to be dried for two years and then they could be put together.
The kolek is 1.5 feet wide. This measurement is equal to 1.5 feet high.
The kolek is 14 feet long. The kolek keel uses a sikop stem which has black wood. This keel merges with the height at the bow and stern of the kolek. At the bow, the height is lower than the stern.
The fore part of the kolek bow is 1 foot high, while the kolek stern is 1.5 feet higher. Linggi kolek is made from meranti. Linggi is painted red. During the kolek era, a system was made with a hole in the middle, while the height was made using a patch system. People call it the jungkak because the height of the kolek resembles the beak of a jungkak or
hornbill. The naming of the jungkak itself comes from the sound produced by the bird. There is a myth about this bird, namely the sound that appears indicates sad news or something bad will happen.
There are two trim or slats in the dinghy. The first is the kolek hull made from meranti. The function of this trim is to retain water so that the kolek does not sway. This trim is generally colored white. The second sheet is placed on the top or cheek of the kolek stomach to prevent it from rotting. The material used comes from the balau tree. This trim is generally red.
The paddle is made of waxed rods.
The paddler measures 7 feet. At the end of the paddle is made wider and thinner, it is also made more curved. This affects the scouring rate. The Natuna people call it ciau or kiau.
The term used in kolek to refer to storage space is pitak. While the term hold is more familiar with larger ships.
Ribbon made of meranti. It is located at the front of the dinghy. Band length 1.5 feet. Pitak is generally used to place fish that have been obtained by fishermen.
The center of the kolek is used as a place for fishermen to drive the kolek. There are pieces of wood as a seat for fishermen. There is also a piece of wood that is mounted following the width of the kolek placed behind the driver's sitting position as a backrest. This piece of wood also marks the boundary between the middle and back of the kolek.
Right at the sharp corner of the bow and stern, kolek mounted wood that serves as a place to tether the rope. What is special about dinghy is that on the front there is a round shape of wood and placed crosswise. The wooden part to the right of the kolek's hull is in the shape of a bird's head, while the left side of the dinghy's hull is in the shape of a tail. Its use is to moor the kolek anchor rope.
Regarding the color of the kolek, the community indirectly agrees on the color of the kolek. The keel to the middle of the kolek hull is black. Then the kolek middle trim is white. The upper stomach is blue with additional white on the top to the limit of the kolek
cheeks. The upper lis or kolek cheeks are red in color connecting to both heights.
Kolek is usually placed not far from the beach. Some advice related to kolek that is still believed today, such as not being able to trace it to the ground so that the sustenance is not expensive.
Expensive sustenance here is meant when going to sea fishermen have difficulty getting fish.
After going to sea, the kolek is axled and then placed into the jungkong bonsa/kolek bonsa made of wood roofed with sago leaves. This is done so that the kolek remains durable. The position of the bonsai is facing the sea, as well as the kolek placed in it so that it is protected from the hot sun. The kolek position is face down and facing the sea for easy sustenance. This means that when going to sea, it is easy for fishermen to get fish. There must be two rafters or wood used as a dinghy base so
that there are no traces of soil.
Figure 3.The Position of Kolek in Bonsa
Other knowledge related to kolek is the traditional way of fishing. Young coconut leaves (like the leaves for making ketupat) are a foot long cut vertically, not wide. One end was attached to a stone, the other end was attached to a feather hook. The feathers are attached to the hook as bait to trick the fish. Once hooked, the fishing line will reach the bottom. The hair hook will come off from the tip of the coconut leaf earlier. The hook will be pulled little by little and the hair will move like a small fish that can attract the attention of other fish as prey. The blue color resembles a labak fish targeting mayok or simbok (cob) fish, while the feather hook is also red to resemble squid.
Proficiency in making boats is a skill possessed by Malay craftsmen.
Because of that, this ability spread to Patani. In other areas, kolek is usually given a special name based on the board line. Environmental elements, both flora and fauna are presented through repeated motifs and with different formations (Islahuddin & Tawandorloh, 2022).
There are three types of traditional Malay boats. These three types of ships are divided based on the size of the ship, namely large ships, simple boats, and small ships/boats. Large ships for crossing countries and wide oceans. The types of ships that fall into this category are jong ships, ghali ships, pinisi ships, and pinas ships, and bedar ships. Simple ships for waters and ports on islands that are included in Malay, such as Lancang ships, Barges, Penjajab, Pencalang, and Kora-kora ships/boats. Small boats fall into the third category which sail to transport to harbours, coasts and rivers.
The categories of boats included are kolek boats, Lanes, Baluk Kakap, and lifeboats (Musa et al., 2014).
Kolek in the Riau Archipelago, s u c h a s i n D a i k L i n g g a , h a v e differences, especially in terms of size.
Jongkong is said to be smaller than kolek. This expression is of course inversely proportional to what is seen in Natuna, namely the dinghy is smaller than the jongkong. Only one person can ride the Kolek Natuna, but it is said that the Daik Lingga can only be carried by two people. This shows the differences and characteristics of the Natuna kolek compared to the dinghy in Daik Lingga, or in general the Riau Islands.
(Evawarni, 2011).
Trengganu also has a dinghy with a curved keel. This type is the earliest boat that uses a keel. If what is meant is the same as that in Natuna, this dinghy type is included in the type that has undergone a change from its initial form. It is said that this type of dinghy boat has features such as this type of boat is easy to turn around. Another plus is that when the dinghy is taken out to sea it is protected from water getting in because the dinghy is swaying with the waves. According to the type, there are
three types of dinghy boats, namely dinghy dinghy, dinghy kuel and fishing dinghy. In terms of size, dinghy lincip is the biggest, while dinghy kuel is the smallest. Generally, dinghy is used to catch fish and is also brought for competitions. The three types of dinghy are propelled using oars and sails (Abdullah, 2017).
Interestingly, the activity of making talli with various motifs dates back to the 13th century. In Hindu- Buddhist thinking at that time, motifs or symbols of mountains, dragons, stupas, and others appeared. At this time also appear motifs, animals, humans, and plants. This is still related to the belief of the people who consider the existence of supernatural powers from the symbols used. After Islam entered, the motifs and symbols used on boats began to change (Nasir & Muhamad, 2018).
5. Conclusion
The relationship that occurs between traditional boat technology is not only the community and the facilities it uses. Nevertheless, the relationship between agriculture and
maritime is very close here. The materials used to make dinghy are obtained from trees that grow on the coastal plains of Natuna. With traditional knowledge about the quality, weight and durability of trees, communities can process these trees into a boat that has a major impact on their survival.
The value contained in dinghy is one of the reasons why the old traditional boat technology is still sustainable today. However, the word sustainable does not refer to the amount, but to its existence which can still be found. If kolek is not presented in addition to the proliferation of boats, ships and other alternatives then dinghy will find it difficult to survive for a long time. Kolek must begin to adapt to the times. If in the past it was a life support before technology was as fast as it is now, now dinghy can function as a reflection of the identity of the Natuna people towards the sea.
While this research still has many shortcomings and kolek as an object, researchers admit that it has not been
fully explored. In this study, it has not revealed how the process of making dinghy, whether it comes from the stem which is dredged in the middle or the stacking system. Those are all limitations that researchers cannot do.
Because of that, it is very possible that dinghy can be presented from the point of view of economics, history, and other scientific disciplines. Subsequent research can also study other traditional Natuna boats, such as kumpit, jongkong, jelur, bagan, and others deeper.
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