Published by LPPM Universitas Islam 45 ----Vol. 20, No. 02, Year 2023, pp. 216-231 ---- https://jurnal.unismabekasi.ac.id/index.php/paradigma
e-ISSN : 2775-9105, p-ISSN : 0853-9081 DOI : https://doi.org/10.33558/paradigma.v20i2.6992
Islamic Education in Gender Perspective
Mahadewi Puteri Intan 1, Hamdan Maghribi2*
1,2 Islamic State University of Raden Mas Said Surakarta, Indonesia
*Corresponding author : hamdan.maghribi@staff.uinsaid.ac.id Article history
Received : (13-05-2023) Revised : (18-06-2023) Accepted : (21-06-2023)
ABSTRACT
Islam puts a man and a woman as humans who have equal positions. But there are still a lot of differences between men and women. This research will address Islamic education from a gender perspective. The study aims to find out how Islam education is and analyze Islamic education from a gender perspective. This type of research is a library research. (library research). In the process of analyzing all the data on this study, the researchers used descriptive analysis methods. After obtaining data on Islamic education, then the researchers looked at how gender views of Islamic Education.
The results of this study show that the gender view of the position of women in Islamic education is the same as that of men. This can make a society full of peace, then the problem of discrimination between men and women can be solved. The study concluded that there were no differences in the level of intelligence and thinking ability between men and women, so the position of women in Islamic education was balanced in terms of gender with men.
Keywords: Education, Islam, gender
INTRODUCTION
Education is a series of efforts made by educators to educate and help in shaping moral character and personality (Zainuddin, 2021). Education is not just a process of learning but is one of the sources of all knowledge (Setyowati, 2019). Education is the most strategic means in transforming the social and cultural values that develop within society. Education is the responsibility of Islamic people both men and women (Zainuddin, 2021). Education is the asset of a nation, education also characterizes the development of the character of the nation. Quality education will immediately give birth to the progress and civilization of a nation. In contrast, poor education would have negative implications for the course of the government wheel and the availability of intelligent public participation (Marwing, 2021).
Islam places men and women in equal and equal positions. Islamic principles are consistent with the natural nature of men and women in their thinking. Islam has affected society (both men and women) with its relationship with the rights and obligations associated with them as humans having equal degrees. What Islam proves is always not delivered into solid action due to the prevailing communal and ethnic standards as well as in the social and cultural context (Nawaz et al., 2021)
Islam provides prescriptions on specific rights and obligations to men and women in society (Kamaruddin et al., 2021). Islam has principles of mutual respect, tolerance, empathy, justice, and kindness to every human being (Taslim et al., 2022).
Man is the most perfect creature of God and the best of His creations. In Islam, a woman holds a very high position and has a huge influence on the life of all mankind (Sari & Anton, 2020). Women also have rights besides duties, just as men have rights as well as duties. Islam is a religion for the independence of women and, considering it equal to men, Islam gives women full rights in all aspects of life (Magdalena, 2017).
Women are given the wide right to demand science like men (Tanwir, 2018). The nature of subordination to women is something that cannot be justified and is not in accordance with the spirit of justice in Islam (Karimullah, 2022). Islam means justice as something propositional, according to its size and place (Kartika, 2020)
Gender and sex are different things that sometimes reverse their usage. Men and women have biological differences leading to sex, but psychologically, socially and culturally have different genders (Hamadeh et al., 2022). Talk about gender usually talks about men and women (Nursangadah et al., 2021). Generally, gender can be interpreted as a different social concept, in terms of dividing or separating roles between men and women (Wahyuningsih & Rachman, 2020). Gender also causes differences in background thinking in men and women (Aba et al., 2022). There are no significant differences related to gender (Syafe’i et al., 2020). Gender is a social attribute in society about men and women, as is the masculine, brave, courageous, not easy to cry nature of men. On the other hand, women have a feminine nature, weak gentle, polite, and also cowardly. These differences arise from the environment of family, friends, communities, cultures, schools, workplaces, and even from the advertising that the media carries on a daily basis (Afif et al., 2021) Gender has an influence in terms of hospitality, awareness, neurotism, and opens up new experiences (Yu, 2021)).
Men tend to observe female movements, including female activities that have actually been predicted by various parties. There is an obsession with equalizing the active role of women to men, women’s movements often fall and get trapped on their own standards under the masculine figure of men; both psychologically and non- psychologically. For this reason, a variety of efforts have been made to remove the negative stigma of the social environment shown by the women’s movement on its participation in the public sphere that has been carried out and continuously done (Gumiandari & Nafi’a, 2019).
The potential from a belief perspective to reduce crime against women has been closed with religious misconceptions as contributing factors to gender-based sexual violence (Pertek, 2020). For example, look at it in terms of gender stereotypes (Okoye et al., 2020)). Irrational beliefs about traditional stereotypes would judge the subordination of marriage to men, reduce crime, legitimize perpetrator behavior, and defend the myths of gender-based violence. The most scommon psychological consequences for victims are loss of self-confidence, feelings of vulnerability, anxiety,
and depression, up to physical consequences or even death often occur (Rovira et al., 2022).
Discussions about women’s discrimination happen everywhere (Yumnah, 2021).
The woman is made a figure that is below the man (Haramain, 2019). The gender differences rise to differences in roles, participation, rights and duties so that one, especially women, is discriminated against in family, social, cultural, political, economic and even legal matters (Azizah, 2020). There should be no racial, religious, ethnic, gender, or country of birth discrimination (Al-Mamun et al., 2022). Gender is an analytical idea that shows sociological positions and cultural bonds of societies to where they are located (Students, 2023). The position of women in Islam is related to Islamic feminism (Jones, 2019). Islamic feminists agree that all interventions related to gender, religion, or secularism are primary political projects of power. Gender is a place where power is trained. In other words, the feminist force that leads to gender equality is a force to criticize and diminish the dominance of male power (Sirri, 2021).
RESEARCH METHOD
This research uses a type of qualitative method through a library study approach (library research). In this study is descriptive and analyzes information. Data collection is done by finding scientific research and information from various sources. Data is narrated. This article aims to convey and collect data in detail about Islamic education from a gender perspective. This research is a comparison of efforts in taking action to solve problems and determine solutions. This study reveals how gender is in Islamic education.
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
The term education comes from the word “education” by giving it the beginning of “pe” and the end of “an” which contains the meaning of “deed”. The term primary education comes from the Greek word “paedagoie” which means guidance given to the child. The term was later translated into English with “education” which means development or guidance. In Arabic, this term is often translated as “tarbiyah” which
means education. Education is not just about encouraging people to accept and adapt to reality, it is about making history itself (Yumnah, 2021).
Education is a right of all, both men and women. Therefore, there should be no reason to discriminate against or neglect the education of women (Zainuddin, 2021).
This is evidenced by the most noticeable progress in the world of education today, which is the increasing opening up of all the majors and programs of study, from the humanities to the engineering that can be accessed without gender distinction (Arisandy, 2016). Islam is a religion which upholding the value of independence (Zainuddin, 2021). As far as Islam is concerned, it is a religious doctrine that is in direct contact with the rules, cultures, principles that exist in various regions and different types of society (Syafe’i et al., 2020). In Islam, life in this world is taught to worship God. (Zainuddin, 2021) According to Athiyah with the presence of a clear formula, Islamic values can be spread all over the corner (Yumnah, 2021). Islam does not accept people who are only dreaming and holding hands. It does not allow passive behavior (Chalabi, 2021). Islam emphasizes the importance of education (Arisandy, 2016). Islam came to the world by bringing love for its beings (Chalabi, 2021), Islam assures man to pay attention to the concepts of balance, compatibility, harmony, divinity, both of mankind and its natural environment (Afif et al., 2021). The Islamic doctrine never considers a person of gender, race, or color (Chalabi, 2021). Islam desires the fulfillment of a good and honorable life for every human being through the process of empowerment.(Arisandy, 2016). Islam brings the foundations of equality, freedom, democracy, and justice to the central theme of the universe (Yumnah, 2021). Islam is a religion that carries the values of gender equality.(Sari & Anton, 2020) Islam upholds the equality of rights between fellow human beings, in the eyes of Islam all the servants of Allah SWT are the same, there is no dichotomy of race, type, group, nation and so on, they are all equal, only fear that distinguishes them from al-Khaliq (Chalabi, 2021).
Islam is a religion that recognizes the rights of the individual (Arisandy, 2016;
Putra & Hasbiyah, 2020). Islam is a perfect religion that has governed all human lives, including human rights (Chalabi, 2021). Among those protected rights is the right to education (Arisandy, 2016). Islam is the Religion of Mercy of Lil’Alamin, God created
men and women as the caliph of Fil Ardh, who have the same duty in promoting andining the survival of human life (Kartika, 2020). Islam is a mercy-filled religion for all nature. The same is true of the mission brought by Islamic education, namely the creation of equity, justice, and freedom. The Qur’an is the truth, and the truth is the guidance for mankind, and there is no doubt about the truth of Islam (Yumnah, 2021).
Islam’s attention to education is very intense (Chalabi, 2021).
The teaching of Islam in introducing the concept of gender refers to the verses of the Qur’an which are the general purpose of Sharia to realize justice and virtue.
“Indeed, Allah commands you to do righteousness and good deeds, and to give to relatives, and Allah forbids evil and hostility, and He teaches you so that you may learn.”
In reality, the role of women now shows progress in the prospect of equality between rights and positions in education. This is not apart from the awareness of women who consider that education is very important for the future of mankind, especially Muslim women, in the face of equal work and career competition with men (Kartika, 2020). Islam recognizes that there are biological differences between women and men. However, Islam prohibits making the difference as a reason to prioritize one side (man or woman) and diminish the other side. In other words, Islam acknowledges the existence of differences, but condemns distinctive or discriminatory behavior, because it is contrary to the principle of tauhid. The measure of a man’s glory before God is his achievements and qualities, without gender distinction (Nasir & Sartina, 2020).
Islamic education is an important thing to practice in everyday life (Syafe’i et al., 2020). According to Al-Toumy al-Syaibany, Islamic education is defined as the process of behavioral change that occurs for himself and with the community around him through the teaching process as an activity and as a profession between professions in society (Putri, 2022). While Islamic education according to Achmadi is all and effort in treating and developing human fitrah and human resources in it towards the formation of a perfect human being (Insan Kamil) in accordance with Islamic norms (Yumnah, 2021).
Islamic education has an important role in realizing gender equality, because in Islamic Education there are principles of democracy and also freedom in terms of education. The principle of equality and equal opportunities in learning, regardless of their social stratification, whether they belong to the lower class, the preemptive class, or the upper class. There is no difference between rich and poor, male and female, all have the same right to learn (Afif et al., 2021). Islamic education is a process of transformation and internalization of Islamic science and values in students through the growth and development of their potential to balance and perfection of life in all its aspects (Konsep et al., 2022). Education is crucial for the future of mankind, especially for Muslim women, in the face of job competition and equal careers with men (Kartika, 2020).
Islamic education should be the primary indicator that gives society an exclusive understanding that all human beings have equal rights and there is no difference between both men and women in religious and social matters (Syafe’i et al., 2020). The protection of women’s education provided by Islam, giving women the opportunity to develop their careers according to their interest. (Arisandy, 2016). In the field of education and teaching, women according to Islamic teachings have full rights equal to those of men. The Prophet Muhammad said: “The knowledge of every Muslim and Muslim is obligatory.” (by Muslims) (Magdalena, 2017). Because of this is the main essence for fighting the shame on the face of the earth. (Chalabi, 2021). Therefore, it can be said that Islam is just removing a social system that is unfair to women and replacing it with a system that contains justice. Islam considers women equal to men in terms of humanity. Islam gives women the same rights as it gives men and imposes equal duties on both (Tanwir, 2018).
Understanding gender
The word gender comes from the English language, gender, which in the Women’s Studies Encyclopedia is understood as a cultural concept, which seeks to make a distinction in terms of roles, behaviors, mentalities, and emotional characteristics between men and women developing in society. Gender is a concept used to identify the differences between men and women seen from a sociocultural
perspective (Haramain, 2019). Gender is a nature inherent in men and women socially (Khairunisa et al. 2022:7). The public understanding of the meaning of gender itself is still very narrow, many who understand gender is just a discourse to distinguish men and women sexually (Syafe’i et al., 2020). Gender is a thing that appears between men and women in terms of values and behavior (Syafe’i et al. Gender is a concept that indicates the roles and responsibilities of men and women that can be changed according to changing times (Nasir & Sartina, 2020). Gender is the difference in roles, functions, and responsibilities between men and women as a result of social construction. Gender is a characteristic of men and women based on cultural social dimensions (Tanwir, 2018). So equal treatment is needed for both men and women (Maulida, 2021).
Nugroho defines gender as a sociocultural construction of relationships between men and women that are contracted by a social cultural system (Harianti, 2021).
Further, according to Julia Cleves Misse, gender is a role instrument that communicates to others that we are female or masculine(Yumnah, 2021). Feminim is the antithesis of masculinity (Elviandri et al., 2019). According to H. T. Wilson defined gender as a basis for determining the difference in the contribution of men and women to the culture and collective life that resulted in them becoming male and female(Dewi, 2020). According to Ann Oakley, who worked on the development of the term gender, gender was created for symbols used by man by human culture and as a long-term social process between women and laymen, which is merely a gender difference that is not due to genetics and not to God’s character (Nursangadah et al., 2021).
Gender is not God’s destiny but is related to the belief in how men and women should play and act according to the structured system of values, social and cultural conditions in which they are located. Gender is a cultural concept in a particular society that seeks to distinguish men and women in terms of roles, behaviors, mentalities and emotional characteristics that develop in that society (Tanwir, 2018). Gender equality can be formulated as equal conditions for men and women to gain opportunities and rights as human beings, to be able to play and participate in various sectors of life(Anisa et al., 2021). Gender equality is a crucial thing (Baum et al., 2021). The
discussion on gender equality continues in the public sphere. Gender differences are equal to injustice. The relationship between a man and a woman is not a superior and a subordinate, but more to a balanced partner(Supriyadi et al., 2019). Gender issues have had much relevance with diverse aspects of life, both related to individuals and societies(Azzahra et al., 2021). Gender is a controversial concept and occurs with the mediation of nature. It involves the rediscovery, restructuring, and rebranding of a part of feminism that is important in the contemporary era (Antasari et al., 2022). Based on the understanding of gender above, it can be concluded that gender is the difference between men and women in their attitudes and roles both in the domestic and in the public sphere, not the gender difference from the biological aspect, but the sociological gender more to the function and role between man and woman.
Islamic education in gender perspective
In realizing gender justice in society, a role is needed rather than education.
(Yumnah, 2021) Education is not only an instrument for the transfer of social norms, human abilities and knowledge but also an instrument in the study and transmission of new value ideas. But in particular, these practices of marginalization also limit the practice of Islamic education, for example, in terms of assumption, authority to action (Nursangadah et al., 2021). Islamic education can be defined as education based on the values of Islamic teaching(Maharani & Putra, 2018). One of the many basic languages in Islamic teachings is the principle of egalitarianism, that is, the equality of degrees between human beings, both women and men, regardless of tribe, nation or race. It has been said in Q.S. Al-Hujurat paragraph 13 that describes the equal degree of male and female both on the spiritual level and the social dimension including in it intellectual skills. (pendidikan). This is the Qur’an’s revelation to the people of all kinds of oppression and discrimination, including freedom from ignorance. The theory contains the principles of gender equality, but in practice these principles are often overlooked (Prasetyana et al., 2021).
Qasim Amin promotes lifelong education for women. She argues that the educational process of women is not only given through school, but also must go through a lifetime unlimited by time and place. Women have the same right to
education as men, depending on whether the welfare of a country is influenced by the intellectual level of women (Konsep et al., 2022). For Qasim Amin, one of the causes of the Islamic people’s retreat was due to the retreat of his women. In Egypt, half of the population is female, but they have never completed formal education. Education for women is not only in the interest of organizing households well, but more than that to provide basic education for their children. A woman will not attain a high position unless she has the ability of logical science and ethics. He must learn all that men need to learn, a minimum of basic education. With these principles of science, it will give ability according to its habits (Haramain, 2019).
The idea of Qasim Amin that demands equal rights between men and women in the field of education is very correct, because it aims to raise the level of women. In Islam, knowledge is a duty for every human being (Haramain, 2019). The above Qasim Amin idea was reinforced by Muhammad ‘Aliy al-Hasyimiy. The first to be taught by women is the Qur’an and Hadith. Next is the history or stories of friends and tabi’ins of women’s figures. Then the knowledge of the Qur’an and the truth of the Quran will be revealed (Haramain, 2019).
In addition to Qasim Amin, the advocate of gender equality is HAMKA Gender Equality in Hamka educational thought is based on a thought that all humans, men and women are created in balance and in harmony and there must be no oppression between one and the other. Women and men have equal advantages, but ontologically they are equal, so that by themselves all male rights are also women’s rights. In the field of education, both men and women have equal rights, duties, opportunities and opportunities(Putra & Hasbiyah, 2020). Additionally, Hamka has a perception that the role of women is of great influence on a person’s success (Zainuddin, 2021). He believes that men and women are given equal potential and responsibility in the field of educatio. Next is the Arabic. The respect and affection of Ibn Arabi for his female teachers can be interpreted as a form of confession that women also need to engage in education. Searching for science and practicing it is the duty of every human being without exception. Both are entitled to a decent education(Prasetyana et al., 2021).
History has noted that the role of women in the field of education has been exemplified by the wife of the Prophet, such as Siti Aisyah RA, who is famous for his intelligence and his work in the dissemination of some hadiths.(Kartika, 2020). In addition to Aisyah, Ummu Salamah also has a share in education. Ummu Salamah, who originated in the aristocratic family of Qurais, was famous for his physical and intellectual beauty and became a source of reference in important issues in society (Yumnah, 2021). In the present day, many women who became a hafidzah taught their pupils to understand and remember the Qur’an. It has even become a trend that a mother gives her children training, education to remember the Qur’an and active role as well as in the race, talent search, even becoming a performance of a mother who educates her children to be al-Qur’an reader (Kartika, 2020). In terms of equal relations between men and women, Fatima Mernissi believes that Islamic education affirms equal rights and positions before God. The difference is the degree of fear and belief(Konsep et al., 2022). Mernissi as a Muslim feminist gives great attention in combating the injustice that surrounds women. One of Mernissi’s struggles is to fight for women’s rights in order to get education. Mernissi began his study of women by stating that women are equal to men at the spiritual and intellectual level. The difference between the two is biological (Prasetyana et al., 2021). In this regard, Mernissi places education as a strategic step in raising the dignity and dignity of women(Yumnah, 2021).
Fatima Mernissi with her sociological approach, always provides criticism and construction of understanding of all forms of gender inequality both textually and contextually, which is misunderstood by some people. The relationship in Islamic education is how to provide a professional understanding to understand the position of women in Islam, the relationship with Islamic Education is how the spirit of hard work and Fatima Mernissi's thinking about gender justice can be the material of analysis considerations or solutions for the future (Yumnah, 2021).
The next character was Plato, he said that women were reviewed in terms of physical and spiritual strength, female mental weaker than men, but these differences did not lead to differences in their talents(Zainuddin, 2021). The women can think,
learn and then practice what they live from thinking to God and what they know of this world. knowledge concerning the universe is related to various disciplines, so from this verse it can be understood that women are free to learn anything, according to the desires and tendencies of each (Kartika, 2020). On the other hand, Azyumardi Azra signaled that the attention of scholars about the important role of Islamic women in the field of education and Islamic science has been described in a fascinating way by some famous scientists. As written by the Muslim historian, al-Khatib al-Baghdadi in his biographical dictionary entitled The date of Baghdad, it contains biographies of a number of female scholars. Al-Sakhawi also wrote several biographical dictionaries of 15th-century figures, notably al-Daw’ al-Lami, specifically about women titled the Book of al-Nisa. In the last given biographies of about 1075 women, 411 of them have high Islamic education (Marwing, 2021). Related Topics: Faith Faith as a Function of Prayer Fasting Loyalty Praying without Ceasing Relationship with God Trust Unbelief Weaknesses Belief Beliefs Peace Creation/Evolution Anger Doubt Fear Job Money Men & Women Law Conflict and Confrontation Regarding the issue of authority, the rule that applies is the patriarchal system. The resolution of the Qur’an on social problems reflects the attitudes that existed in the Arab society in the past. The general principle in the Qur’an is the same as the rule to fulfill the various obligations that should be held by the person who is more suitable to be chosen based on various qualities such as education, financial, experience and others(Prinanda, 2022).
According to Olive Subhan, women can do all activities that are done either inside or outside the house, independently or in groups. This means that women also have the right to be partners on an equal footing with men in the field of work, as long as the work requires it. In order to preserve the values of Islamic education (Choiri, Moch dan Fathony, 2021). According to Hasan Riffat, when a man understands Islam, he will not do anything against a woman. Since not everyone has a profound understanding of the teachings of Islam, it is necessary to minimize the theological basis that will be used as a legitimacy for violence and restriction of women (Ghufron, 2020). Related Topics: Faith Faith as a Function of Prayer Fasting Loyalty Praying without Ceasing Relationship with God Trust Unbelief Weakness Beliefs Peace
Creation/Evolution Anger Doubt Fear Job Money Men & Women Law Conflict and Confrontation Suffering/Trials Sarah Servanthood (Yumnah, 2021).
CONCLUSION
Gender education is an educational system that refers to the values of Islamic teaching that in its overall aspect reflects the essence of justice and equality between men and women, implants values that uphold the equality of rights between women and men, and implants anti-discrimination attitudes against certain genders. This means that women can think, learn and then practice what they live from thinking to God, and what they know from this world. knowledge concerning the world is related to various disciplines, so that from here it can be understood that women are free to learn anything, according to the desires and tendencies of each.
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