View of THE STRATEGIES OF REQUEST BY INDONESIAN AND AUSTRALIAN STUDENTS

Šƒ‘ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͻȌǤ™‘Ǧ™ƒ› —Ž–—”‡‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ‹ ‰Ž‹•Š‘ –Š‡ ƒ…‰”‘—†‘ˆ

”‘••Ǧ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ ‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ȋ•‡Š”Ȍǡ ͳͺ͸–ͳͻͲǤ

Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤʹͷʹ͵͸Ȁ••‡Š”ǤʹͲͳͻǤͲ͵͵

Zulianti, H. (2018). Speech Acts on Efl Learners’ Teaching Performance and Its

’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‡ƒ…Š‹‰ ƒ† ‡ƒ”‹‰ …–‹˜‹–›Ǥ ƒ”–ǡ ͶȋʹȌǡ ͻ͵–ͳͲ͸Ǥ

Š––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤʹ͸͸͵ͺȀŒ•Ǥ͸ͻ͵ǤʹͲ͵

THE STRATEGIES OF REQUEST BY INDONESIAN AND AUSTRALIAN STUDENTS

Assayyidah Bil Ichromatil Ilmi

‹˜‡”•‹–ƒ•ƒ†ŒƒŠƒ†ƒ

ƒ‹Žǣƒ••ƒ››‹†ƒŠ„‹Ž‹…Š”‘ƒ–‹Ž‹Ž‹̷ƒ‹ŽǤ—‰Ǥƒ…Ǥ‹†

Abstract: ‡“—‡•–‹•ƒ‹†‘ˆƒ…–‹˜‹–›–Šƒ–‹•‡˜‡”•‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡†ˆ”‘Š—ƒ•ƒ•

•‘…‹ƒŽ„‡‹‰•Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ•‘–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ƒŽƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•‹‘—”†ƒ‹Ž›Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡

†‡Ž‹˜‡” –Š‡ ”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡‹” ‹†‡–‹–›ǡ ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ› –Š‡‹”

…—Ž–—”‡ǤŠ‹••–—†›ƒ‹•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„›–™‘†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

…—Ž–—”‡•ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒǤ†‘‡•‹ƒˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡‡ƒ•–‡”…—Ž–—”‡ǡ™Š‹Ž‡

—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•–Š‡™‡•–‡”…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ‘–Š…—Ž–—”‡•ƒ”‡‹–‡”‡•–‹‰‘„Œ‡…–•‘ˆ–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Šƒ„‘—–”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ‘†‡ˆ‹‡–Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰›—•‡†„›„‘–Š…—Ž–—”‡•ǡ

–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”Šƒ•…Š‘•‡–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„›Ž—Ǧ—Žƒƒ†

Ž•Š–ƒ‹Ǥˆ–‡”ƒ’’Ž›‹‰–Š‡–Š‡‘”›–‘–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–„‘–Š

…—Ž–—”‡• ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ ‘–Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‘ˆ

†‹”‡…–‡••ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒŠƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡•—Ž–Ǥ

Keywords: Australian Students, Cross-cultural, Indonesia Students, Request Strategies

INTRODUCTION

–‡”ƒ…–‹‘‹•‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”•–Šƒ–Šƒ•‡˜‡”„‡‡ƒ’ƒ”–

ˆ”‘Š—ƒŽ‹ˆ‡ǤŠ‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘ƒŽ•–—†›Šƒ•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡•’‡‡…Šƒ…–•–Šƒ–Šƒ˜‡

•‘‡ ˆ‘”•ǡ ˆ‘” ‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ ”‡“—‡•–•Ǥ ‡‘’Ž‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡” ƒ› ”‡“—‡•–• ˆ‘” ˜ƒ”‹‘—•

”‡ƒ•‘•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‡ƒ…Š …—Ž–—”‡ Šƒ• ‹–• …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ

”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ‹‡”œ„‹…ƒȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍ•–ƒ–‡•–Šƒ–…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹ˆŽ—‡…‡•

•’‡‡…Šƒ…–••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹ƒ…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡•‹†‡•‰‘‹‰–‘…—Ž–—”ƒŽ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ

–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”ƒ•’‡…––Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡—•–”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡‹ƒ…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡‘’Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†

”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡–Šƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡…ƒ„‡–Š‡ˆƒ…–‘”•–Šƒ–†‡–‡”‹‡–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•

Ž‹‡’‘™‡”‘”•–ƒ–—•ȋ”‘™Ƭ‡˜‹•‘ǡͳͻͺ͹ȌǤ

‘‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ˜‡†‘‡•–—†‹‡•ƒ„‘—––Š‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•–Šƒ–

ƒ”‡—•‡†‹…”‘••Ǧ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…‘–‡š–•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡƒŽƒ‡–ƒŽǤȋʹͲʹͲȌ†‹•…—••‡†

”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹–Š‡‡ƒ‹Ž‡š’‡”‹‡…‡†„›†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•‹ƒ’ƒǤŠ‡

ƒ—–Š‘”•ƒƒŽ›œ‡†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ—•‹‰Ž—ǦKulka’s theory (1989) about a modified

˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†…”‘••Ǧ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘’”‘Œ‡…–ȋȌ

Assayyidah Bil Ichromatil Ilmi

„›…‘‘‹†‘—Ǧ‘‰‡–•‹†‹•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰••Š‘™‡†‹ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”

–‘—•‡‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™Š‹Ž‡™”‹–‹‰Š‹‰Š‹’‘•‹–‹‘”‡“—‡•–•Ǥ

‘–Š‡”•–—†›‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•‹–‡”•‘ˆ…”‘••Ǧ…—Ž–—”ƒŽŠƒ•„‡‡†‘‡„›ƒ

ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍƒ„‘—––Š‡…‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡•–—†›‹”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„›”‹–‹•Šƒ†Š‹‡•‡Ǥ

Š‹• •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† Ž—ǦKulka’s tŠ‡‘”› –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•

•Š‘™‡† –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ ”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǣ †‹”‡…–ǡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ

‹†‹”‡…–‡••ǡ ƒ† ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‹”‡…–‡••Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ –Šƒ– ƒ–‹˜‡

Š‹‡•‡•’‡ƒ‡”•’”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘—•‡†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡”‹–‹•Š‰Ž‹•Š•‡Ž†‘

…Š‘•‡–‘—•‡‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•™Š‹Ž‡”‡“—‡•–‹‰Ǥ

Š‹• •–—†› ‡š’Ž‘”‡• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• „› –™‘ …—Ž–—”‡• ƒ†

…‘’ƒ”‡•–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘…—Ž–—”‡•ǤŠ‹••–—†›†‡…‹†‡†–‘…Š‘‘•‡

—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ• –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” •‡Ž‡…–‡† –™‘

…—Ž–—”‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•ƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ‘–Š…—Ž–—”‡•

”‡’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡

†‡ˆ‹‡† †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• —•‹‰ Ž—ǦKulka and Olshtain’s –Š‡‘”›

ȋͳͻͺͶȌ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‡•• Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹ ”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡‘”› …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†

†‹”‡…–‡•• Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ †‹”‡…–ǡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…–ǡ ƒ† ‘Ǧ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ•‘‹–‰‡–•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘—•‹‰”‡“—‡•–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„‡–™‡‡†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ–—†‡–•Ǥ LITERATURE REVIEW

Speech Acts

‡›‡” ȋʹͲͲͻȌ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ •’‡‡…Š ƒ…–• ƒ”‡ †‹”‡…– ƒ†

‹†‹”‡…–Ǥ‹”‡…–•’‡‡…Šƒ…–•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†™‹–Š‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•Ž‹‡

̵‰‘ƒ™ƒ›Ǩ̵™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•–‘ƒ••‘‡‘‡–‘‰‘ƒ™ƒ›ȋ‡›‡”ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ

‹†‹”‡…– •’‡‡…Š ƒ…–• –‡† –‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– ƒ‹• –‘

ƒ˜‘‹†•‘‡…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǡ‘–Š‡”ƒ•’‡…–•‡‡†–‘„‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡŽ‹‡

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‘…‹ƒŽ …Žƒ••‡•ǡ ‰‡†‡”ǡ ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘” –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ Š—ƒ

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ȋ”‘™ Ƭ ‡˜‹•‘ǡ ͳͻͺ͹Ǣ ‡›‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ ƒ‡ǡ ͳͻͺͷǢ

‹‡”œ„‹…ƒǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽ•ƒ›ǡ̵–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›Š‘–ǡ™Š‹…Š

‡ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”™ƒ–•–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘–—”‘ˆˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‘”‘’‡–Š‡™‹†‘™ǡ

„—––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”—––‡”•‹†‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ

ƒ‡ȋͳͻͺͷȌ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†’ƒ›ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡’—”’‘•‡

‘ˆ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ–‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”•

‹†‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”

ƒ•–‡”• ‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽ ‘” Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ …‘ƒ†• ™‹–Š‘—– …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…• ȋŽ—Ǧ—ŽƒƬŽ•Š–ƒ‹ǡͳͻͺͶȌǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ”‘™ƒ†‡˜‹•‘ȋͳͻͺ͹Ȍ

„›…‘‘‹†‘—Ǧ‘‰‡–•‹†‹•ǤŠ‡ˆ‹†‹‰••Š‘™‡†‹ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”

–‘—•‡‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™Š‹Ž‡™”‹–‹‰Š‹‰Š‹’‘•‹–‹‘”‡“—‡•–•Ǥ

‘–Š‡”•–—†›‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•‹–‡”•‘ˆ…”‘••Ǧ…—Ž–—”ƒŽŠƒ•„‡‡†‘‡„›ƒ

ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍƒ„‘—––Š‡…‘–”ƒ•–‹˜‡•–—†›‹”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„›”‹–‹•Šƒ†Š‹‡•‡Ǥ

Š‹• •–—†› ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† Ž—ǦKulka’s tŠ‡‘”› –‘ ƒƒŽ›œ‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰•

•Š‘™‡† –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ƒ‹ ”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǣ †‹”‡…–ǡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ

‹†‹”‡…–‡••ǡ ƒ† ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‹”‡…–‡••Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ”‡ –Šƒ– ƒ–‹˜‡

Š‹‡•‡•’‡ƒ‡”•’”‡ˆ‡””‡†–‘—•‡†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡”‹–‹•Š‰Ž‹•Š•‡Ž†‘

…Š‘•‡–‘—•‡‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡•™Š‹Ž‡”‡“—‡•–‹‰Ǥ

Š‹• •–—†› ‡š’Ž‘”‡• –Š‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ ”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• „› –™‘ …—Ž–—”‡• ƒ†

…‘’ƒ”‡•–Š‡ˆ‹ƒŽ”‡•—Ž–„‡–™‡‡–Š‡–™‘…—Ž–—”‡•ǤŠ‹••–—†›†‡…‹†‡†–‘…Š‘‘•‡

—†‡”‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• ƒ• –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” •‡Ž‡…–‡† –™‘

…—Ž–—”‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•ƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ‘–Š…—Ž–—”‡•

”‡’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡‘’’‘•‹–‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽ˜ƒŽ—‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•—Ž–•ƒ”‡

†‡ˆ‹‡† †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• —•‹‰ Ž—ǦKulka and Olshtain’s –Š‡‘”›

ȋͳͻͺͶȌ ƒ„‘—– –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‡•• Ž‡˜‡Ž ‹ ”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ –Š‡‘”› …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡†

†‹”‡…–‡•• Ž‡˜‡Ž•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ †‹”‡…–ǡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…–ǡ ƒ† ‘Ǧ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ•‘‹–‰‡–•†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•—Ž–•ˆ”‘—•‹‰”‡“—‡•–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„‡–™‡‡†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ–—†‡–•Ǥ LITERATURE REVIEW

Speech Acts

‡›‡” ȋʹͲͲͻȌ ‡š’Žƒ‹‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ •’‡‡…Š ƒ…–• ƒ”‡ †‹”‡…– ƒ†

‹†‹”‡…–Ǥ‹”‡…–•’‡‡…Šƒ…–•ƒ”‡‘ˆ–‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†™‹–Š‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•Ž‹‡

̵‰‘ƒ™ƒ›Ǩ̵™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•–‘ƒ••‘‡‘‡–‘‰‘ƒ™ƒ›ȋ‡›‡”ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ

‹†‹”‡…– •’‡‡…Š ƒ…–• –‡† –‘ ”‡Žƒ–‡ –‘ ’‘Ž‹–‡‡•••–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– ƒ‹• –‘

ƒ˜‘‹†•‘‡…‘…‡’–—ƒŽ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥˆ–‡”ƒŽŽǡ‘–Š‡”ƒ•’‡…–•‡‡†–‘„‡”‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǡŽ‹‡

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •‘…‹ƒŽ …Žƒ••‡•ǡ ‰‡†‡”ǡ ƒ‰‡ǡ ‘” –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘ –Šƒ– ‹ˆŽ—‡…‡ Š—ƒ

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ȋ”‘™ Ƭ ‡˜‹•‘ǡ ͳͻͺ͹Ǣ ‡›‡”ǡ ʹͲͲͻǢ ƒ‡ǡ ͳͻͺͷǢ

‹‡”œ„‹…ƒǡʹͲͳ͵ȌǤ ‘”‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ’‡‘’Ž‡™‹ŽŽ•ƒ›ǡ̵–Š‡™‡ƒ–Š‡”‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›Š‘–ǡ™Š‹…Š

‡ƒ•‹ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”™ƒ–•–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘–—”‘ˆˆ–Š‡ˆƒ‘”‘’‡–Š‡™‹†‘™ǡ

„—––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”—––‡”•‹†‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ

ƒ‡ȋͳͻͺͷȌ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–’‡‘’Ž‡•Š‘—Ž†’ƒ›ƒ––‡–‹‘–‘–Š‡’—”’‘•‡

‘ˆ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†„›–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‹–‡–‹‘‘ˆ–‡†‡Ž‹˜‡”•

‹†‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ•ƒ”‡•—Ž–ǡ–Š‡…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘…ƒ„‡‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ǡƒŽ–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”

ƒ•–‡”• ‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽ ‘” Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ …‘ƒ†• ™‹–Š‘—– …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…• ȋŽ—Ǧ—ŽƒƬŽ•Š–ƒ‹ǡͳͻͺͶȌǤ–Š‡‘–Š‡”Šƒ†ǡ”‘™ƒ†‡˜‹•‘ȋͳͻͺ͹Ȍ

†‡ˆ‹‡† –Šƒ– ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…• ƒ™ƒ”‡‡•• ‹ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ …”‡ƒ–‡• ƒ •‘‘–Š

…‘˜‡”•ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡‹–‡”Ž‘…—–‘”•ǡ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›‹‹†‹”‡…–•’‡‡…Šƒ…–•Ǥ Request Strategies

‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘…‘‘Ž›—•‡†‹Š—ƒ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘—

”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†Ž‹‡•’‡‡…Šƒ…–•†‹”‡…–Ž›ƒ†‹†‹”‡…–Ž›Ǥ‹‡”œ„‹…ƒ

ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍƒ†‡›‡”ȋʹͲͲͻȌ‡š’Žƒ‹‡†–Šƒ–‹†‹”‡…–•’‡‡…ŠŠ‡Ž’•’‡‘’Ž‡–‘ƒ˜‘‹†

‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡—––‡”ƒ…‡•„›‹–‡•‹ˆ›‹‰–Š‡†‡…Žƒ”ƒ–‹˜‡•‡–‡…‡ǤŽ—Ǧ—Žƒƒ†

Ž•Š–ƒ‹ ȋͳͻͺͶȌ …‘’‘•‡† ƒ –Š‡‘”› ‘ˆ ”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –Š”‡‡

ˆ‘”•Ǥ Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ †‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‘” ‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡƒ†‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‡ƒ–Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡–Šƒ–†‡Ž‹˜‡”•‹†‹”‡…–™ƒ›Ž‹‡‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”Ǥ

‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡

“—‡•–‹‘ •–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ ƒ† ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• †‡Ž‹˜‡” ‹

‹†‹”‡…– •–ƒ–‡‡–• ™‹–Š Š‹††‡ ‡ƒ‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ †‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• …Žƒ••‹ˆ› ‹–‘ ˆ‘—” –›’‡•ǣ ‘‘† †‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡ǡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡ ‘„Ž‹‰ƒ–‹‘

•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ ƒ† ™ƒ– ƒ •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ Š‡ǡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•

…Žƒ••‹ˆ›‹–‘–™‘ˆ‘”•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡•—‰‰‡•–‘”›ˆ‘”—Žƒƒ†“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǤŠ‡

Žƒ•– ‘‡ ‹• ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ™Š‹…Š ƒ”‡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –™‘

ˆ‘”•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡•–”‘‰Š‹–ƒ†‹Ž†Š‹–Ǥ METHOD

Š‹••–—†›ƒ’’Ž‹‡†–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡‡–Š‘†ǡ‡•’‡…‹ƒŽŽ›‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘”

‹•…‘—”•‡‘’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ•Ǥ‹•…‘—”•‡‘’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ•‹•‘‡‹†‘ˆ“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

•–—†›…ƒŽŽ‡††‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡“—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ǤŠ‡–‡”‹•…‘—”•‡‘’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ•™ƒ•

…‘‹‡†„›Ž—Ǧ—ŽƒȋͳͻͺʹȌǡƒ†‹–‹•—•‡†ˆ‘”Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ•…ƒŽ‡•’‡‡…Šƒ…–•ƒ‡†

”‘••Ǧ—Ž–—”ƒŽ’‡‡…Š …– ‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ––‡”• ”‘Œ‡…– ȋȌǤŠ‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘ˆ

–Š‹• •–—†› ‹• –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ –‡š– ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ †‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘†

ȋ”‡•™‡ŽŽǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ‹”Œƒ†‹ƒ†‡œƒ‡‹ȋʹͲͳͲȌ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–‹•…‘—”•‡‘’Ž‡–‹‘

ƒ•‹•ƒ…‘’ƒ–‹„Ž‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡–Š‘†‹…”‘••Ǧ…—Ž–—”ƒŽ’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•Ǥ

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”†‹†–™‘•–‡’•ˆ‘”†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘Ǥ ‹”•–Ž›ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

…”‡ƒ–‡†ˆ‘—”“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ„‘—–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–ˆ‘”–Š‡†‹•…‘—”•‡…‘’Ž‡–‹‘

–ƒ• †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡‹” †ƒ‹Ž› ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ —‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ  ƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ –Š‡

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ™‡”‡ …”‡ƒ–‡† …‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ –Šƒ– ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡

•–—†‡–̵• ”‡Žƒ–‹‘ ‹ —‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ ‡…‘†ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ –ƒ• –‘ –Š‡

’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ†ƒ•‡†–Š‡–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡–ƒ•Ǥˆ–‡”–Šƒ–ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”–‘‘–Š‡

’ƒ’‡” „ƒ… ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ ˆ–‡” …‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

ƒƒŽ›œ‡††ƒ–ƒ‹•‡˜‡”ƒŽ•–‡’•Ǥ ‹”•–ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”†‹˜‹†‡†–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‹–‘–™‘Ǧ

Assayyidah Bil Ichromatil Ilmi

’ƒ”–„ƒ•‡†‘…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ‡…‘†ǡ•Š‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡††ƒ–ƒ‹–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž

„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–Š‡‘”›„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘Ž—Ǧ—Žƒƒ†Ž•Š–ƒ‹ȋͳͻͺͶȌǤƒ•–Ž›ǡ–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…‘…Ž—†‡†„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†

—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ FINDINGS

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Šƒ• …”‡ƒ–‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‹•…‘—”•‡

‘’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ•Ǥ ‘—”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ

˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” —•‡† •‘…‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—• –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”Šƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•‹‰ˆ‘”‡ƒ…ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž‹

•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š‡”ǡ‡“—ƒŽǡƒ†Ž‘™‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”Šƒ•Š‹‰Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ǡ–Š‡•‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡ΪǤŠ‡ǡƒ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”‹•αˆ‘”

‡“—ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”ǡƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•™‹–Š–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹• †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ ’ƒ”–•ǣ …Ž‘•‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ

†‹•–ƒ…‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‹‰Ϊƒ††‹•–ƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‹‰ǦǤ‘

•‡‡ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ ƒŽŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” †‡…‹†‡† –‘ —•‡–Š‡

•ƒ‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡„—–ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ

•‘‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” …”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ˆ‡––Ž‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•

„ƒ…‰”‘—†•Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘†‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†–Š‡

•–ƒˆˆƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹…‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ–‡ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”Šƒ•Š‹‰Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ

•–ƒ–—•„‡…ƒ—•‡Š‡Šƒ•‘”‡’‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ ‘”–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡” Šƒ• ƒ †‹•–ƒ– •‘…‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• †‡•…”‹„‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’™‹–Š•…Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘†‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†–Š‡

Ž‡…–—”‡”Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡

Š‹‰Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡Ž‡…–—”‡”Šƒ•‘”‡’‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǡƒ†

†‹•–ƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡–”›‹‰–‘‡‡’–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

Ž‡…–—”‡”ǤŠ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†™Š‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘

–ƒ•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›Šƒ†‘–ˆ‹‹•Š‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ••‹‰‡–Ǥ

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”†‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡

–Š‡•–—†‡–•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆ”‹‡†•‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‡‡–‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

†‡•‹‰‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•†‘‡•‘–•‡‡•‘…Ž‘•‡Ǥ‘ǡ

‹–…ƒ…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‹•‡“—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡‹•†‹•–ƒ–Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ

–Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ• ƒ —…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡–Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

†‡•‹‰‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” ‹• •‘‹‰ †—”‹‰ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‡–‹‰•ǡ ƒ† ‹–

ƒ‡•–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•†‹•–—”„‡†…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‘‡…‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•Ǥ

’ƒ”–„ƒ•‡†‘…—Ž–—”‡Ǥ‡…‘†ǡ•Š‡…Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡††ƒ–ƒ‹–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž

„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–Š‡‘”›„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘Ž—Ǧ—Žƒƒ†Ž•Š–ƒ‹ȋͳͻͺͶȌǤƒ•–Ž›ǡ–Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…‘…Ž—†‡†„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†

—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ FINDINGS

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Šƒ• …”‡ƒ–‡† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‹•…‘—”•‡

‘’Ž‡–‹‘ƒ•Ǥ ‘—”•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡–Š‡‹”…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ

˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” —•‡† •‘…‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ƒ† •‘…‹ƒŽ •–ƒ–—• –‘ ƒ‡ –Š‡

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘–Š‡„ƒ•‡ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”Šƒ•ƒ†‡ƒ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•‹‰ˆ‘”‡ƒ…ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž‹

•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǤŠ‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ƒ”‡Š‹‰Š‡”ǡ‡“—ƒŽǡƒ†Ž‘™‡”ǤŠ‡–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”Šƒ•Š‹‰Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•ǡ–Š‡•‹‰™‹ŽŽ„‡ΪǤŠ‡ǡƒ‘–Š‡”ˆ‘”‹•αˆ‘”

‡“—ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•™‹–Š–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”ǡƒ†Ǧˆ‘”–Š‡Ž‘™‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•™‹–Š–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ…‡ ‹• †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ –™‘ ’ƒ”–•ǣ …Ž‘•‡ •‘…‹ƒŽ

†‹•–ƒ…‡™‹–Š–Š‡•‹‰Ϊƒ††‹•–ƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•‹‰ǦǤ‘

•‡‡ –Š‡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… †‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡ ‹ ƒŽŽ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” †‡…‹†‡† –‘ —•‡–Š‡

•ƒ‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡„—–ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‘ˆ

•‘‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘• ‹• –Š‡ •ƒ‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” …”‡ƒ–‡† –Š‡ ˆ‡––Ž‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—•

„ƒ…‰”‘—†•Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘†‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†–Š‡

•–ƒˆˆƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‹…‡‘ˆ–Š‡—‹˜‡”•‹–›Ǥ–‡ƒ•–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”Šƒ•Š‹‰Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ

•–ƒ–—•„‡…ƒ—•‡Š‡Šƒ•‘”‡’‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ ‘”–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡ǡ–Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡” Šƒ• ƒ †‹•–ƒ– •‘…‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• †‡•…”‹„‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡

•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’™‹–Š•…Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’ƒ†‹‹•–”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘†‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ†–Š‡

Ž‡…–—”‡”Ǥ–ƒŽ•‘Šƒ•–Š‡•ƒ‡•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡

Š‹‰Š‡”•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡Ž‡…–—”‡”Šƒ•‘”‡’‘™‡”–Šƒ–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǡƒ†

†‹•–ƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ”‡–”›‹‰–‘‡‡’–Š‡”‡•’‡…–‘ˆ–Š‡‹”

Ž‡…–—”‡”ǤŠ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘™ƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†™Š‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘

–ƒ•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›Šƒ†‘–ˆ‹‹•Š‡†–Š‡‹”ƒ••‹‰‡–Ǥ

Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”†‡•…”‹„‡†–Š‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡

–Š‡•–—†‡–•™‹–Š–Š‡‹”ˆ”‹‡†•‹•‹†‡–Š‡‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘‡‡–‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

†‡•‹‰‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•†‘‡•‘–•‡‡•‘…Ž‘•‡Ǥ‘ǡ

‹–…ƒ…‘…Ž—†‡–Šƒ–•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•‹•‡“—ƒŽƒ†•‘…‹ƒŽ†‹•–ƒ…‡‹•†‹•–ƒ–Ǥ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ

–Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ™ƒ• †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ• ƒ —…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡–Ǥ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

†‡•‹‰‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡” ‹• •‘‹‰ †—”‹‰ ‘”‰ƒ‹œƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‡‡–‹‰•ǡ ƒ† ‹–

ƒ‡•–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•†‹•–—”„‡†…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•‘‡…‹‰ƒ”‡––‡•Ǥ

Š‡Žƒ•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹•†‡•‹‰‡†™‹–Š–Š‡•ƒ‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘ƒ•–Š‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

–‹•–Š‡”‡Žƒ–‹‘•Š‹’„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ‹–Šƒ•‡“—ƒŽ•‘…‹ƒŽ•–ƒ–—•

ƒ† †‹•–ƒ– •‘…‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ…‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” †‡•‹‰‡† –Š‡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘

„‡–™‡‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•™Š‘ƒ”‡•–”ƒ‰‡”•–‘‡ƒ…Š‘–Š‡”ǤŠ‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‹•ƒ„‘—––Š‡

•–—†‡–•ƒ•‹‰•‘‡‘‡–‘–ƒ‡ƒ’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡‹”…Žƒ••Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‘ˆ–Š‡”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†‹–Š‡†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ Australian Students

……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ˆ‘—† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘•–

…‘‘Ž›—•‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••„›—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•‹•†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ

•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ˆ‘—† ƒ‘–Š‡” Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ

†‹”‡…–‡••‹…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ•—‰‰‡•–‘”›ˆ‘”ǡƒ†

‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–Ǥƒ–ƒͳ„‡Ž‘™‹•‘‡

‘ˆ–Š‡”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘†ƒ–ƒ–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹‡†–Š‡‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž‹†‹”‡…–

„›—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

“I’m just wondering‹ˆ…‘—Ž†‰‡–ƒƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘Ž‡––‡”™Š‡’‘••‹„Ž‡ǡ’Ž‡ƒ•‡̶

ȋƒ–ƒͳȌ

ƒ–ƒͳ•Š‘™•–Šƒ––Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•™‡”‡‹…Ž—†‡†‹‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”†‹”‡…–

”‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ –›’‡Ǥ – „‡Ž‘‰• –‘

’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”•–ƒ”–‡†„›•ƒ›‹‰ǡ̶ƒŒ—•–™‘†‡”‹‰‹ˆ

…‘—Ž†‰‡–ǤǤ̶Ǥ–•Š‘™•‹ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”…”‡ƒ–‡†ƒ‘”†‡”‘”„‡‰‰‡†ˆ‘”Š‡Ž’Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ•‘

…ƒŽŽ‡††‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰›„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”–‡ŽŽ•™Šƒ––Š‡›™ƒ–†‹”‡…–Ž›–‘–Š‡

‹–‡”Ž‘…—–‘”„›–Š‡•‡–‡…‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡™‘”†̶‹ˆ̶Ǥ˜‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”†‡Ž‹˜‡”•‹–„›

”‡ˆ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡“—‡•– •‘ –Šƒ– –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ †‘‡• ‘– •‡‡ –‘ †‹…–ƒ–‡ –Š‡

‹–‡”Ž‘…—–‘”Ǥ

……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ •‡…‘† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ˆ‘—† –Šƒ–

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ‘•– …‘‘Ž› —•‡† Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ

†‹”‡…–‡••ǤŽŽŽ‡˜‡Ž†‹”‡…–‡••‹•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡

”‡•—Ž–••Š‘™–Šƒ–‡ƒ…ŠŽ‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••‘Ž›…‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ‘‡•—„Ǧ…ƒ–‡‰‘”›ǤŠ‡

‘•– …‘‘Ž› —•‡† ‹• …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –Š”‘—‰Š “—‡”›

’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†’‘•‹–‹‘‹•†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡

ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡–Š‡Žƒ•–Ž‡˜‡Ž‹•‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š‹Ž†

Š‹–•Ǥ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„‡Ž‘™ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…Š‘•‡–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡”‡’”‡•‡–‹‰–Š‡

…‘‘Ž›—•‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••ˆ‘”–Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

“Hi (lecturers name), just on behalf of myself and other classmates, as we have

”‡ƒ•‘ƒ„Ž‡ —‡š’‡…–‡† –‹‡ †‡Žƒ›•ǡ …‘—Ž† ™‡ ”‡“—‡•– ƒ ‡š–‡•‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡

assignment due to be collected today?”ȋƒ–ƒʹȌ

Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ „‡Ž‘‰• –‘ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ

•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†–Š‡’—”’‘•‡

Assayyidah Bil Ichromatil Ilmi

‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡†‘‡•‘–‹…Ž—†‡†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡

–Š‡ˆ‘”‹•ƒ“—‡•–‹‘Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽ‡˜‡Ž†‹”‡…–‡••ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘ˆ‘”

‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘–Šƒ–„‡Ž‘‰•–‘‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡†ƒ•

query preparatory because the words “could we request.." shows if the speaker

ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”Ž‘…—–‘”–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”̵•”‡“—‡•–ǤŠ‡•’‡ƒ‡”†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†

–Š‡’—”’‘•‡†‹”‡…–Ž›„—–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ

‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ‹–Š‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•

—•‡†…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›‹“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘”Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•…‘„‹‡†–Š‡“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›™‹–Šƒ‘–Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž

‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••‹‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•

•Š‘™‹ˆ‘‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘„‹‡†“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›™‹–Š•—‰‰‡•–‹‘…ƒŽŽ‡†•—‰‰‡•–‘”›

ˆ‘”—Žƒ ƒ† ™‹–Š ƒ •–”‘‰ Š‹– ™Š‹…Š ‹• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…Š‘‘•‡•–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„‡Ž‘™–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡

ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

“Excuse me *name*, would you mind going outside to smoke, or even waiting until the meeting is over?”ȋƒ–ƒ͵Ȍ

–Š‡–Š‹”††ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡…‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•Ǥ›

•ƒ›‹‰̶™‘—Ž†›‘—‹†ǤǤ̶ǡ‹–•Š‘™•‹ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ“—‡”›

’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ•‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‘–•‘‡

‹•‹†‡–Š‡”‘‘Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰›

…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‘”›ˆ‘”—ŽƒǤ–‹•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ•‡…‘†“—‡•–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡‡–̶‡˜‡™ƒ‹–‹‰—–‹Ž–Š‡‡‡–‹‰‹•‘˜‡”̶ǤŠ‡•’‡ƒ‡”•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–

–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘•‘‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡‡–‹‰Šƒ˜‡†‘‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–†‹•–—”„•‡˜‡”›‘‡‹

–Š‡”‘‘Ǥ

‘”–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹••Š‘™•–Šƒ–‹ˆƒŽŽ†ƒ–ƒ‹•—•‡†ǡ–Š‡

Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–‡•• ‹• …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› “—‡”›

’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǤŽŽ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ•™‡”‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ†Œ—•–Šƒ†ƒŽ‹––Ž‡

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‰”‡‡–‹‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Šƒ• …Š‘•‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ „‡Ž‘™ –‘

”‡’”‡•‡–ƒŽŽ†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰•–‡’Ǥ

“Hi, if you’ve got a second, could you please take a picture of us?”ȋƒ–ƒͶȌ

Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š†ƒ–ƒ‹•–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘ǤŠ‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ•‡†ƒ”‡“—‡•–‹

–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘ǤŠ‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡††‹”‡…–Ž›–‘–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•‹…Ž—†‡†ƒ•…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ˆ‘”•‹…Ž—†‡•‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ

–Š‹•—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘‰•–‘“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ–•Š‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ

“could you please..” that shows if the speaker were asking for the hearer’s ability

–‘–ƒ‡ƒ’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ

‘ˆ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡†‘‡•‘–‹…Ž—†‡†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡

–Š‡ˆ‘”‹•ƒ“—‡•–‹‘Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆŽ‡˜‡Ž†‹”‡…–‡••ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘ˆ‘”

‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘–Šƒ–„‡Ž‘‰•–‘‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ–‹•ƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡†ƒ•

query preparatory because the words “could we request.." shows if the speaker

ƒ•‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡‹–‡”Ž‘…—–‘”–‘ˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”̵•”‡“—‡•–ǤŠ‡•’‡ƒ‡”†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†

–Š‡’—”’‘•‡†‹”‡…–Ž›„—–‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘Ǥ

‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ‹–Š‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘—†–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•

—•‡†…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›‹“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ˆ‘”Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ•‘‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•…‘„‹‡†–Š‡“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›™‹–Šƒ‘–Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž

‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••‹‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡•—Ž–•

•Š‘™‹ˆ‘‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘„‹‡†“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›™‹–Š•—‰‰‡•–‹‘…ƒŽŽ‡†•—‰‰‡•–‘”›

ˆ‘”—Žƒ ƒ† ™‹–Š ƒ •–”‘‰ Š‹– ™Š‹…Š ‹• ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…Š‘‘•‡•–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ„‡Ž‘™–‘”‡’”‡•‡––Š‡

ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ

“Excuse me *name*, would you mind going outside to smoke, or even waiting until the meeting is over?”ȋƒ–ƒ͵Ȍ

–Š‡–Š‹”††ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡…‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–•ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‘•Ǥ›

•ƒ›‹‰̶™‘—Ž†›‘—‹†ǤǤ̶ǡ‹–•Š‘™•‹ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”’”‡•‡–‡†–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ“—‡”›

’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ•‡†ƒ„‘—––Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”̵•ƒ„‹Ž‹–›–‘‘–•‘‡

‹•‹†‡–Š‡”‘‘Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰›

…ƒŽŽ‡†–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‘”›ˆ‘”—ŽƒǤ–‹•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†ƒ•ƒ•‡…‘†“—‡•–‹‘–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡

•–ƒ–‡‡–̶‡˜‡™ƒ‹–‹‰—–‹Ž–Š‡‡‡–‹‰‹•‘˜‡”̶ǤŠ‡•’‡ƒ‡”•—‰‰‡•–‡†–Šƒ–

–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘•‘‡ƒˆ–‡”–Š‡‡‡–‹‰Šƒ˜‡†‘‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–†‹•–—”„•‡˜‡”›‘‡‹

–Š‡”‘‘Ǥ

‘”–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒƒƒŽ›•‹••Š‘™•–Šƒ–‹ˆƒŽŽ†ƒ–ƒ‹•—•‡†ǡ–Š‡

Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–‡•• ‹• …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› “—‡”›

’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǤŽŽ’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•ƒ•™‡”‡†–Š‡•ƒ‡“—‡•–‹‘•ƒ†Œ—•–Šƒ†ƒŽ‹––Ž‡

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‰”‡‡–‹‰Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Šƒ• …Š‘•‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ „‡Ž‘™ –‘

”‡’”‡•‡–ƒŽŽ†ƒ–ƒˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰•–‡’Ǥ

“Hi, if you’ve got a second, could you please take a picture of us?”ȋƒ–ƒͶȌ

Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š†ƒ–ƒ‹•–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘ǤŠ‡•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ•‡†ƒ”‡“—‡•–‹

–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘ǤŠ‡’—”’‘•‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘‹•†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡††‹”‡…–Ž›–‘–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‹–‹•‹…Ž—†‡†ƒ•…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„‡…ƒ—•‡‘

‘‡‘ˆ–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘ˆ‘”•‹…Ž—†‡•‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡‘”†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›ǡ

–Š‹•—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘‰•–‘“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ–•Š‘™•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–ǡ

“could you please..” that shows if the speaker were asking for the hearer’s ability

–‘–ƒ‡ƒ’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡Ǥ

Indonesian Students

–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘—†–™‘–›’‡•‘ˆŽ‡˜‡Ž‹†‹”‡…–‡••

–Šƒ–†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•—•‡ǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ ‘•– …‘‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–‡•• ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‹”•–

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• †‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ™ƒ– •–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ – ƒŽ•‘ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• „› “—‡”› ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ „‡Ž‘™

”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘‘ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

“Assalamuallaikum, permisi bapak/ibu. Mohon maaf pak/ ibu mengganggu, permisi pak/bu saya mau mendaftar beasiswa. Jika masih sibuk saya bisa menemui bapak/ ibu kapan ya? Baik pak/ bu. Terima kasih.” ȋƒ–ƒͷȌǤ

Š‡ˆ‹ˆ–Š†ƒ–ƒ•Š‘™•‹ˆ–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘‰•–‘†‹”‡…–‹˜‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†

ƒ™ƒ–statement. It is proven by the statement “saya mau mendaftar beasiswaǡ̶

™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•̶™ƒ––‘ƒ’’Ž›ˆ‘”ƒ•…Š‘Žƒ”•Š‹’Ǥ̶Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‡†–Š‡

†ƒ–ƒ™‹–Š–Š‡™‘”†•̶™ƒ–ǡ̶™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•‹–‹•‹…Ž—†‡†ƒ•ƒ™ƒ–•–ƒ–‡‡–Ǥ

‡•‹†‡•ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ‘–Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••–Šƒ–‹•‹…Ž—†‡†‹–Š‡†ƒ–ƒǡ™Š‹…Š‹•

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡“—‡•–‹‘̶Jika masih sibuk saya bisa menemui Bapak kapan yaǫ̶™Š‹…Š‡ƒ•ǡ̶™Š‡›‘—Šƒ˜‡–‹‡–‘‡‡–‡Ǥ̶

Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡ƒ‹•–‘ƒ•ƒ„‘—––Š‡–‹‡™Š‡–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”…ƒˆ—Žˆ‹ŽŽ–Š‡”‡“—‡•–

ˆ”‘–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ‡‡–‹‰ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‹•—––‡”ƒ…‡

–‡†•–‘„‡ƒ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰›„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”†‡Ž‹˜‡”‡†–Š‡™ƒ–•–ƒ–‡‡–

„‡ˆ‘”‡ƒ•‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ

Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–‡†‹–Š‡‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡†…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡƒ‘–Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ

†‹”‡…–‡••‹–Š‡ˆ‹†‹‰•‹•†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–Š”‘—‰Š–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡

ƒ† ™ƒ– •–ƒ–‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ „‡Ž‘™ ‹• ‹…Ž—†‡† ‹ –Š‡ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•–Šƒ–…‘‘Ž›ˆ‘—††ƒ–ƒ‘ˆ–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–”‡’”‡•‡–•–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•

‘ˆ–Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘„›†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

“Mohon maaf Pak/Bu, apakah Anda berkenan jika tugasnya kami kumpulkan maksimal pukul 00.00?” ȋƒ–ƒ͸ȌǤ

ƒ–ƒ ͸ •Š‘™• –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–‡••ǡ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•

–Š”‘—‰Š“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǤŠ‡•’‡ƒ‡”••–ƒ”–‡†–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡„›ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‹‰

ˆ‘”–Š‡ˆ‘”Ǥˆ–‡”–Š‡ƒ’‘Ž‘‰‹œ‹‰ˆ‘”ǡ–Š‡•–ƒ–‡‡–̶apakah anda berkenan,”

which means “Would you mind..” means that the speaker used query preparatory because the speaker asked for a request to the hearer’s willingness to give the

•’‡ƒ‡”ƒ„‘—––Š‡‡š–‡•‹‘–‹‡Ǥ

Š‡ –Š‹”† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒŽŽ †‹”‡…–‡•• Ž‡˜‡Ž• ‹ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ ‘•–Ž›ǡ

†‘‡•‹ƒ •–—†‡–• —•‡† ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ

•–”‘‰ Š‹–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘–Š‡” ˆ‹†‹‰• •Š‘™ ‹ˆ †‘‡•‹ƒ •–—†‡–• ƒŽ•‘ Šƒ˜‡

ƒ‘–Š‡”Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ‹†‹”‡…–‡••ǡ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ›‹“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‹‘ƒŽ

Assayyidah Bil Ichromatil Ilmi

ˆ‘”—Žƒ•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘—•‡‹†‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘™‹•…Š‘•‡

„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡†„›†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•ǡ

™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–Ǥ

“((Pura-pura batuk)), Aduh asep nya bau banget!”ȋƒ–ƒ͹Ȍ

ƒ–ƒ ͹ …‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǣ •’‘‡ ƒ† „‘†›

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘–Š•’‘‡ƒ†„‘†›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Š‘™–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž…ƒŽŽ‡†

‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹•ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–ǤŠ‡—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘‰•–‘ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–„‡…ƒ—•‡

‹– †‘‡• ‘– †‡Ž‹˜‡” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ †‹”‡…–Ž› –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ ‘”

‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”–‡†•–‘†‘•ƒ”…ƒ•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ•‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”†‹”‡…–Ž›

‘––‘•‘‡‹–Š‡”‘‘Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‹–„‡Ž‘‰•–‘ƒ‹†‹”‡…–”‡“—‡•–ǡ–Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡•Š‘™•‹ˆ‹–‹•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ…Ž—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”ǡƒ†‹–‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›’‘••‹„Ž‡‹ˆ–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†•™Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡ƒ•„›–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ

†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•̵‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡††‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž‹–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› “—‡”› ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ǤŠ‡”‡‹•

‘‘††‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‹Ž†Š‹–ƒ•–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ

‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘™”‡’”‡•‡–•‘‡†ƒ–ƒ

‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘„›†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

“ƒ‡Ž‹Šƒ–ƒ›ƒƒ—•‡‘”ang fotografer, minta tolong fotoin dong.”ȋƒ–ƒͺȌǤ

ƒ–ƒ ͺ …‘–ƒ‹‡† –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‡•• ‘ˆ ‘‘† †‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘‘†

†‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘‘††‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–—•‡•

–Š‡‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽ‘‘†‘”‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘ǡ•‘–Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡ ‹• ‘– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” •ƒ‹† ‹ˆ Š‡ ƒ•‡† –Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘–ƒ‡ƒ’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡™‘”†•̶minta tolong fotoin dong!” means

“Take a picture of us, ’lease,” shows if it is an imperativeˆ‘””‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•ƒ

”‡“—‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ DISCUSSION

ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ˆ‘—† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’‘‹–• ‘ˆ

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹…Šƒ’–‡”ʹǡ–Š‹••–—†›—•‡†–Š‡–Š‡‘”›„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘Ž—Ǧ—Žƒ

ƒ†Ž•Š–ƒ‹ƒ„‘—––Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘…Žƒ••‹ˆ›–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ

”‡“—‡•–Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘Ž—Ǧ—Žƒƒ†Ž•Š–ƒ‹ȋͳͻͺͶȌǡ–Š‡†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž‹•

†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘†‹”‡…–‘”‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡•ǡ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡƒ†‘Ǧ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡”–›’‡•Ǥ

ˆ‘”—Žƒ•ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ”‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”

…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ–ˆ”‘–Š‹••‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘—•‡‹†‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘™‹•…Š‘•‡

„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•–Š‡‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡†„›†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•ǡ

™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–Ǥ

“((Pura-pura batuk)), Aduh asep nya bau banget!”ȋƒ–ƒ͹Ȍ

ƒ–ƒ ͹ …‘•‹•–‡† ‘ˆ –™‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ǣ •’‘‡ ƒ† „‘†›

Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ‘–Š•’‘‡ƒ†„‘†›Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡•Š‘™–Š‡•ƒ‡†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž…ƒŽŽ‡†

‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ˆ‘”‘ˆ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‹•ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–ǤŠ‡—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘‰•–‘ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–„‡…ƒ—•‡

‹– †‘‡• ‘– †‡Ž‹˜‡” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ †‹”‡…–Ž› –‘ –Š‡ Š‡ƒ”‡”Ǥ ‘”

‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”–‡†•–‘†‘•ƒ”…ƒ•”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒƒ•‹‰–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”†‹”‡…–Ž›

‘––‘•‘‡‹–Š‡”‘‘Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡˜‡‹ˆ‹–„‡Ž‘‰•–‘ƒ‹†‹”‡…–”‡“—‡•–ǡ–Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡•Š‘™•‹ˆ‹–‹•ƒ˜‹–ƒŽ…Ž—‡ˆ‘”–Š‡Š‡ƒ”‡”ǡƒ†‹–‹•”‡ƒŽŽ›’‘••‹„Ž‡‹ˆ–Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”—†‡”•–ƒ†•™Šƒ––Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‡ƒ•„›–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ

†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•̵‘•–…‘‘Ž›—•‡††‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž‹–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š

•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‹• …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› “—‡”› ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ

‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ‘–Š‡”†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž•™‡”‡ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†„›–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ǤŠ‡”‡‹•

‘‘††‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‹Ž†Š‹–ƒ•–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ

‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǤŠ‡—––‡”ƒ…‡„‡Ž‘™”‡’”‡•‡–•‘‡†ƒ–ƒ

‘ˆ–Š‡Žƒ•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘„›†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

“ƒ‡Ž‹Šƒ–ƒ›ƒƒ—•‡‘”ang fotografer, minta tolong fotoin dong.”ȋƒ–ƒͺȌǤ

ƒ–ƒ ͺ …‘–ƒ‹‡† –Š‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‡•• ‘ˆ ‘‘† †‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡Ǥ ‘‘†

†‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡‹•’ƒ”–‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ–‹•…ƒŽŽ‡†‘‘††‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–—•‡•

–Š‡‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽ‘‘†‘”‹’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ˆ‘”ǤŠ‡”‡‹•‘ˆ‘”‘ˆƒ“—‡•–‹‘ǡ•‘–Š‡

—––‡”ƒ…‡ ‹• ‘– ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡” •ƒ‹† ‹ˆ Š‡ ƒ•‡† –Š‡

Š‡ƒ”‡”–‘–ƒ‡ƒ’‹…–—”‡‘ˆ–Š‡ǤŠ‡™‘”†•̶minta tolong fotoin dong!” means

“Take a picture of us, ’lease,” shows if it is an imperativeˆ‘””‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•ƒ

”‡“—‡•–‘ˆ–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ DISCUSSION

ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” ˆ‘—† •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ’‘‹–• ‘ˆ

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡„‡–™‡‡–Š‡”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•‘ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†‹…Šƒ’–‡”ʹǡ–Š‹••–—†›—•‡†–Š‡–Š‡‘”›„‡Ž‘‰‹‰–‘Ž—Ǧ—Žƒ

ƒ†Ž•Š–ƒ‹ƒ„‘—––Š‡–Š‡‘”›‘ˆ”‡“—‡•–†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž–‘…Žƒ••‹ˆ›–Š‡–›’‡‘ˆ

”‡“—‡•–Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘Ž—Ǧ—Žƒƒ†Ž•Š–ƒ‹ȋͳͻͺͶȌǡ–Š‡†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž‹•

†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘†‹”‡…–‘”‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡•ǡ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡƒ†‘Ǧ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡƒŽŽ–Š‡Ž‡˜‡Ž•Šƒ˜‡‘–Š‡”–›’‡•Ǥ

……‘”†‹‰–‘–Š‡Ž‹•–‘ˆ•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”‘Ž›†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‹–‘–™‘

–›’‡•‘ˆ•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡ΪǡǦǡƒ†αǡǦǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ‡˜‡–Š‘—‰Š

–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–Š‡•‡…‘†Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ–Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†

•–‘”› ‘ˆ –Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ •–‹ŽŽ ‰‹˜‡• ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– …‘†‹–‹‘Ǥ Š‡ –Š‹”† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†

ˆ‘—”–Š•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ƒ”‡ƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•–Š‡ˆ‹”•–ƒ†•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǤŠ‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹

–Š‡”‡•—Ž–„‡–™‡‡†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ‹•‡š’Žƒ‹‡†„‡Ž‘™Ǥ

 –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ ‘•– —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ •–—†‡–• ’”‡ˆ‡” –‘ —•‡ †‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ˆ‘”‘”‡–ŠƒŠƒŽˆ‘ˆ–Š‡–‘–ƒŽ†ƒ–ƒǤŠ‡›—•‡†–Š‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǡƒ†

ˆ‘”–Š‡”‡•–†ƒ–ƒǡ–Š‡›—•‡†–Š‡•—‰‰‡•–‘”›ˆ‘”—Žƒƒ•–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–ƒ•–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ–Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•Š‘™•™Š‡–Š‡”–Š‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•—•‡

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ•“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ‘–Š‡”†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Ž

‹•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†–Š‡ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡†‹”‡…–’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†ƒ‹Ž†

Š‹–‘ˆ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ–Š‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ

•–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘—•‡“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•‹…Ž—†‡†‹…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ ƒ‘–Š‡” …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…–ǡ

•—‰‰‡•–‘”›ˆ‘”—Žƒƒ†‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–ǡ™Š‹…Š‹•ƒ•–”‘‰Š‹–ǤŠ‡

Žƒ•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ƒŽŽ•–—†‡–•—•‹‰ƒ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•’‡‡…Šƒ…– …ƒŽŽ‡†“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ

‘”–Š‡†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘—†‹ˆ†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•

’”‡ˆ‡” –‘ —•‡ †‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ •’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒŽŽ› ™ƒ– •–ƒ–‡‡–•Ǥ Š‡› ƒŽ•‘ —•‡†

ƒ‘–Š‡”’ƒ”–‘ˆ–Š‡†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Žǡ“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ƒ†‹Ž†Š‹–ǡƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ

‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘”–Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”ˆ‘—†–Šƒ––Š‡‘•–

…‘‘Ž›—•‡†Ž‡˜‡Ž‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••‹•…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™Š‹…Šƒ”‡

“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ–Š‡”ˆ‘”•‘ˆ†‹”‡…–‡••Ž‡˜‡Žƒ”‡–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ‹’‘•‹–‹˜‡ǡ

™Š‹…Š‹•’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ƒ†™ƒ–ƒ•–ƒ–‡‡–ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘”‡•—Ž–‡†–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ

•–—†‡–• —•‹‰ ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘•– •–—†‡–• —•‡† ‘Ǧ …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•…ƒŽŽ‡†•–”‘‰Š‹–•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”ˆ‹†‹‰•ƒ”‡’ƒ”–

‘ˆ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Šƒ”‡“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ƒ†•—‰‰‡•–‘”›

ˆ‘”—Žƒ•Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ•– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ †‡•…”‹„‡† ‹ˆ †‘‡•‹ƒ •–—†‡–• ’”‡ˆ‡” –‘ —•‡

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• …ƒŽŽ‡† “—‡”› ’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›Ǥ ‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ

†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†‘‘††‡”‹˜ƒ„Ž‡ƒ•–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ†

ƒ‹Ž†Š‹–ƒ•–‘–Š‡’ƒ”–‘ˆ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ CONCLUSIONS

ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” Šƒ• …‘…Ž—†‡† •‘‡

’‘‹–• ˆ‘—† ƒˆ–‡” ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒǤ  –Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǡ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ†

†‘‡•‹ƒ •–—†‡–• ’”‡ˆ‡” –‘ —•‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ †‹”‡…–‡•• Ž‡˜‡Žǡ –Šƒ– ‹•ǡ †‹”‡…–

Assayyidah Bil Ichromatil Ilmi

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„‘–Š…—Ž–—”‡•”‡•—Ž–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘—•‡™ƒ–•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ„—–—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ

•–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘—•‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ˆ„‘–Š

…—Ž–—”‡• ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–‡•• Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘•– •–—†‡–• —•‡†

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ‡†“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘

”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‹†‹‰• „‡–™‡‡ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ† †‘‡•‹ƒ •–—†‡–•Ǥ

—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ •–—†‡–• ‘•–Ž› —•‡† …‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ› ‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ† “—‡”›

’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ †‘‡•‹ƒ •–—†‡–• ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž› —•‡† ‘Ǧ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›

‹†‹”‡…– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• ƒ •–”‘‰ Š‹–Ǥ Š‡ Žƒ•– •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ „‘–Š

…—Ž–—”‡•’”‡ˆ‡””‹‰–‘—•‡“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ƒ•’ƒ”–‘ˆ…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ

……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ‡š’Žƒƒ–‹‘ ƒ„‘˜‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡” …‘…Ž—†‡• –Šƒ– –Š‡

ˆ‹†‹‰•†‡’‡†‘„‘–Š–Š‡•‘…‹ƒŽ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ƒ†Š‘™–Š‡•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†

‘ˆ –Š‡ •’‡ƒ‡”Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •‡…‘† •‹–—ƒ–‹‘ ‰ƒ˜‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡•—Ž–•

„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”‹–Š‡ˆ‹”•–•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ˆ‡Ž–’”‡••‡†ǡ„—––Š‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘

ƒ†‡–Š‡•–—†‡–•ˆ‡‡Ž‰—‹Ž–›ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘‰ƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–”‡•—Ž–ˆ”‘

–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘†‡•…”‹„‡†—…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž‡…‘†‹–‹‘•ǡƒ†

–Š‡ˆ‘—”–Š†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ•‹‰ˆ‘”–Š‡•’‡ƒ‡”̵•Š‡Ž’ǤŽŽ–Š‡”‡ƒ•‘•ƒ„‘˜‡‡š’Žƒ‹

–Š‡†‹ˆˆ‡”‡…‡‹”‡“—‡•–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•„‡–™‡‡†‘‡•‹ƒƒ†—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ•–—†‡–•Ǥ

Ž•‘ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”…‘…Ž—†‡†–Šƒ––Š‡”‡•—Ž–•†‹†‘–†‡’‡†‘˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡•‘…‹ƒŽ

„—–ƒŽ•‘•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†ǤŠ‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

•Š‘—Ž†—•‡ƒ‘–Š‡”‡–Š‘†Ǥ–…ƒ„‡ƒ‹–‡”˜‹‡™‘”ƒ‘–Š‡”•’‘‡ˆ‘”–Šƒ–

…ƒ…”‡ƒ–‡ƒ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ†…‘…”‡–‡”‡•—Ž–”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡’”‡•‡–•–—†›Ǥ REFERENCES

ƒŽƒǡ Ǥǡ ƒ‰‘ǡ Ǥǡ Ƭ ‘—‡ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲʹͲȌǤ ‡“—‡•– •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ‹ ‡ƒ‹Ž

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ǣ Š‡ …ƒ•‡ ‘ˆ †‘‡•‹ƒ ‰”ƒ†—ƒ–‡ •–—†‡–• ‹ ƒ’ƒǤ Studies in English Language and Education, 7ȋʹȌǡ ͵͹ͻǦ͵ͻʹǤ

†‘‹ǣŠ––’•ǣȀȀ†‘‹Ǥ‘”‰ȀͳͲǤʹͶͺͳͷȀ•‹‡Ž‡Ǥ˜͹‹ʹǤͳ͸ͺͲ͸

‹”Œƒ†‹ǡ Ǥ Ƭ ‡œƒ‡‹ǡ Ǥ ȋʹͲͳͲȌǤ ‡˜‡Ž‘’‹‰ ƒ —Ž–‹’Ž‡Ǧ…Š‘‹…‡ †‹•…‘—”•‡

…‘’Ž‡–‹‘–‡•–‘ˆ‹–‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡’”ƒ‰ƒ–‹…•ˆ‘””ƒ‹ƒ Ž‡ƒ”‡”•ǤILI Language Teaching Journal (Special Issue: Proceedings of the First Conference on ELT in the Islamic World), 6ȋͳǡʹȌǡͶ͵ǦͷͺǤ

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ„‘–Š…—Ž–—”‡•”‡•—Ž–‹†‹ˆˆ‡”‡––›’‡•‘ˆ†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•Ǥ ‘”‡šƒ’Ž‡ǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ•–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘—•‡™ƒ–•–ƒ–‡‡–•ǡ„—–—•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ

•–—†‡–•’”‡ˆ‡”–‘—•‡’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ–‹˜‡ǤŠ‡•‡…‘†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ•‘”‡•—Ž–‡†‹ˆ„‘–Š

…—Ž–—”‡• ‰ƒ˜‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ”‡•—Ž– ‘ˆ †‹”‡…–‡•• Ž‡˜‡ŽǤ ‘•– •–—†‡–• —•‡†

…‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽŽ›‹†‹”‡…–•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ƒ‡†“—‡”›’”‡’ƒ”ƒ–‘”›ǤŠ‡–Š‹”†•‹–—ƒ–‹‘

”‡•—Ž–‡† ‹ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ‹†‹‰• „‡–™‡‡ —•–”ƒŽ‹ƒ ƒ† †‘‡•‹ƒ •–—†‡–•Ǥ

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