*Corresponding author: Water Resources Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, Indonesia E-mail address: [email protected] (Wibi Idho Aristananda)
doi: https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.pengairan.2023.014.02.7 Received: 03-03-2023; Revised: 15-07-2023; Accepted: 04-11-2023
P-ISSN: 2086-1761 | E-ISSN: 2477-6068 © 2023 [email protected]. All rights reserved. 161
Vol. 14 No. 02 (2023)
Jurnal Teknik Pengairan: Journal of Water Resources Engineering
Journal homepage: https://jurnalpengairan.ub.ac.id/index.php/jtp
Original research article
Water Quality Status Determination Using Pollution Index and WQI Methods in Kalimas River, Surabaya
Wibi Idho Aristananda*, Emma Yuliani , Tri Budi Prayogo
Water Resources Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Brawijaya, 65145, Indonesia
A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T Keywords:
Kalimas River;
NSF-WQI;
Pollution Index;
Waste Water Discharge;
Water Quality
The Kalimas River, managed by the Surabaya City Government for both eco-tourism and as a crucial water source for the Kalimas River basin residents, undergoes comprehensive examination in this study. The objectives encompass assessing water quality status, mapping its distribution, and forecasting waste discharge. Employing the Pollution Index and Water Quality Index methods, findings indicate that, according to the Polluter Index, the water quality predominantly falls within the lightly polluted category, ranging from 76.19% to 90.48%.
Conversely, the NSF-WQI method portrays a more concerning picture, categorizing the Kalimas River’s water quality as heavily polluted within the same percentage range. As of 2021, the existing waste discharge stands at 0.392m3/s, serving a population of 233,563 people. Mapping results highlight a general trend of good water quality downstream, with the Upper Kalimas experiencing more compromised conditions. These revelations underscore the critical need for strategic interventions and environmentally conscious policies to address escalating pollution concerns. Ensuring the sustainability of the Kalimas River, pivotal as both a tourist attraction and vital water source, requires concerted efforts in pollution mitigation and water quality management. This study serves as a valuable foundation for informed decision-making in the pursuit of a healthier and more sustainable Kalimas River ecosystem.
1. Introduction
Rivers are open waters that flow and receive input from all discharges from human activities in the surrounding residential, agricultural, and industrial areas [1]. Rivers carry water chemical compounds that have benefits and are the primary needs of humans and other living things. The quality of water sources from important rivers in Indonesia is generally very heavily polluted by organic waste from residents and other industrial wastes [2], [3]. Several factors affect the quality of water in a river, one of which is the amount of waste generated in a river basin. The more waste that pollutes the river flow, the more it can cause the existing water quality to deteriorate. The number of residents in the river area also influences the amount of incoming waste discharge [4].
The Kalimas River is one of several rivers in Surabaya [5].
The Kalimas River flows northwards through several trading areas until it empties into the Madura Strait [6]. Kalimas through 10 Districts and 15 Villages in the City of Surabaya [7]. In the daily activities of the City of Surabaya, the Kalimas River is used as public transportation or tourism
transportation, clean water raw materials, drainage canal shelters, WWTP-treated water sewers for industry, and fishing [8].
In the area around the Kalimas River, various kinds of domestic activities can generate domestic waste and decrease the quality of the river’s water. Domestic waste sources in the Kalimas River basin include residents’ residences in areas commensurate with the river, hotel activities, shopping centers, and other domestic activities. Human activities in fulfilling their life needs originating from agriculture, industry, and household activities will produce waste, contributing to a decrease in river water quality [9]. The waste generated by various activities in the Kalimas Watershed can potentially increase pollution.
The problem faced in the water quality of the Kalimas River in the BOD, COD, and TSS parameters exceeds class II quality standards [10]. The condition of Kalimas River water quality is also influenced by population growth in the area.
The dense population and the increasingly diverse activities in metropolitan areas, such as the City of Surabaya, will further exacerbate the condition of the Kalimas River water
quality. Decreasing water quality can cause problems, such as damage, danger, and disturbance to the living things in it [11].
Given the designation of the Kalimas River for various kinds of community activities in the city of Surabaya, it is necessary to have a study related to the status of the existing water quality of the Kalimas River, which aims to determine the condition and distribution of water quality.
The study of the status of water quality carried out in this study uses two methods of analyzing the status of water quality: the Pollution Index and the National Sanitation Foundation – Water Quality Index (NSF–WQI) [12], [13], [14].
These two methods are used because the Pollution Index is the standard water quality analysis method used in Indonesia, while NSF-WQI is the best method for analyzing raw water quality from the entire WQI method. Once the water quality status results are known from the two calculation methods, a mapping will be done using the ArcGIS application [15]. The mapping method used in the ArcGIS application is the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method [16]. Mapping using the ArcGIS application is done to make it easier for readers to understand the data presented. Besides that, the ArcGIS application is a commonly used application to map data.
Besides knowing the water quality status and the distribution of water quality in the Kalimas River, other analysis carried out also calculated the discharge air waste existing and existing projections on the Kalimas River based on population data. The analysis was carried out using the approach of calculating domestic clean water needs. The purpose of the simulation is to know the correlation of existing water quality with the total population in the area. So you can see the existing water quality graph with the estimated population.
2. Method 2.1. Study Area
The research is located on the Kalimas River, Surabaya City, and flows along it ±13.44 km to the Madura Strait. The location of the study is shown in Figure 1. This river is part of the Lower Brantas River and is divided into 3 water quality monitoring points. The locations and distribution of monitoring points were obtained from BBWS Brantas. The Upstream Kalimas monitoring point is located at the Tretek Bungkuk Bridge, Ngagel District. The Middle Kalimas River is on the Yos Sudarso Bridge, Genteng District. Meanwhile, the Downstream Kalimas is on the Petekan Bridge, Pabeancantikan District.
2.2. Research Data Collection
In the analysis of the water quality status of the Kalimas River, Surabaya, data on Kalimas water quality parameters from 2016-2021 is needed. Data is taken from BBWS Brantas.
The water quality data used include 8 parameters, namely temperature, pH, TSS, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Nitrate (NO3), Phosphate (PO4), and Fecal Coliform. The parameters used are based on the use of the method and the availability of data from BBWS Brantas.
Meanwhile, in calculating the discharge of generated wastewater, data on the number of residents is needed in the catchment area Kalimas from 2016 to 2021. Population data obtained from BPS. In addition, other supporting data is also needed, such as the Kalimas Area Map, Data Elevation Model (DEM) Kalimas, the coordinate point for sampling Kalimas water quality, as well as data on local environmental conditions.
Figure 1. Kalimas River Map
163 2.3. Research flow
The analysis and completion stages in this study are divided into 4 parts. The first is the uniformity test of Kalimas River water quality data using the ANOVA test, calculation and analysis of quality status using the Pollution Index method and Water Quality Index (NSF – WQI), analysis of the discharge of wastewater in the Kalimas River, and finally the presentation of the calculation results using the Geographic Information System with the ArcGIS application.
2.4. Statistical analysis of Kalimas River water quality data
In the statistical analysis performed on the Kalimas River water quality data, the stationary test method used was the ANOVA test. The ANOVA test carried out aims to provide information that the data used is homogeneous. The F value obtained will be compared with the critical F value (Fcr) from table F [17]. The following is the ANOVA test formula in equation (1):
F = (n−k) ∑ki=1ni(X̅i−X)2
(n−k) ∑ki−1∑ki=1ni (X̅ij−X)2 (1) where F is the F test distribution function, n is the number of observations, ni is many observations in class i, X ̅I is the average figure of class i, X is the average figure for all classes,
X ̅ij is observations for class I in year j, k is the number of
classes.
2.5. Analysis of water quality status with the Pollution Index method
The Pollution Index Method [18], [19] is used as one of the methods for calculating water quality by determining the level of pollution relative to established quality standards.
Equation (2) used in the Pollution Index method is as follows:
IPj= √(Ci/Lij) 2M+(Ci/Lij) 2R
2 (2)
where IPj is the Pollution Index value, CI is a concentration of water quality parameters based on laboratory test results, Lij
is a concentration of water quality parameters allowed by quality standards, (CI/Lij)M is a maximum value of comparison between laboratory test results and the quality standards, (CI/Lij)R is the average value of the comparison between laboratory test results and quality standards.
If the value of CI/Lij > 1, then it is recalculated using the formula equation (3):
Ci
Lijnew = 1,0 + P. log (Ci
Lij) (3) where P is an independent constant, usually the value 5 is used.
2.6. Analysis of water quality status using the Water Quality Index method
The WQI method used in this study is the National Sanitation Foundation-Water Quality Index. This method can be used for water quality analysis both for the population’s water supply and for the survival of fish and other animals [19]. The equation (4) used in the NSF – WQI method is as follows:
NSF – WQI = ∑n Wi
i=1 qi (4)
where NSF-WQI is the NSF-WQI Index, Wi is the Weight of each water quality test parameter, qi is the sub-index value of each parameter (sub-index curve reading), n is a number of parameters tested for quality.
2.7. Kalimas River wastewater discharge analysis
In the analysis of wastewater discharge carried out on the Kalimas River, the clean water use approach method was used in the catchment area of the Kalimas River. This analysis aims to determine the discharge of wastewater entering the Kalimas River in 2021 and projections for the next few years.
The data used in this analysis includes population data. In addition to population data, this analysis also uses standard water requirements for the City of Surabaya (Metropolitan) based on the Director General of Human Settlement, Department of Public Works. The equation used in this analysis is as follows:
Qclean water = Water requirement per person ×
Population (190 L/day/person) (5)
Qwaste water = Qclean water ×Percentage of domestic
wastewater generation (60–80 %) (6) After calculating the wastewater discharge, we then proceeded with simulating the effect of wastewater discharge on the Kalimas River water quality. The method used is simple cross multiplication with the water quality index value as the control point.
2.8. Mapping and display of results through the ArcGIS application
After carrying out the 3 previous analyses, the next step is to map the calculation results using the help of the ArcGIS application. The method used in this mapping is the Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) method. The IDW method is a simple deterministic method that considers the surrounding points. The advantages of the IDW method include that the interpolation characteristics can be controlled by providing input point boundaries to the interpolation process.
Meanwhile, the weakness of the IDW method is that it cannot produce point values that are above the maximum value and below the minimum value from the existing sample points [20].
3. Result and Discussion 3.1. ANOVA test
The ANOVA test is carried out by calculating the F value, which will then be compared with the F value obtained from the table. The ANOVA test was carried out on the parameters Temperature, pH, DO, BOD, TSS, Nitrate, Phosphate, and Fecal Coliform from 2016 to 2021, showing homogeneous water quality data. An example of the results of the ANOVA test carried out on the Kalimas River water quality parameters in 2021 is as follows.
Based on Table 1, it can be concluded that the existing water quality test parameters in 2021 obtained the results of the ANOVA test to be homogeneous. Statistically, the population being measured must be homogeneous so that the measurement results are valid and accurate.
Table 1. Results of ANOVA test calculations for 2021
Parameter Calculated F
value Fcr table value Information
Temperature 0.947 19.330 Homogen
Ph 0.342 19.330 Homogen
DO 5.695 19.330 Homogen
BOD 2.332 19.330 Homogen
Nitrate 0.113 19.330 Homogen
Phosphate 8.745 19.250 Homogen
TSS 3.105 19.250 Homogen
Fecal Coliform 1.268 19.250 Homogen
Figure 2. Recapitulation of Kalimas River water quality status analysis pollution index method
Figure 3. Recapitulation of Kalimas River water quality status analysis NSF – WQI Method
3.2. Analysis of Water Quality with Pollution Index Method
Based on the water quality analysis conducted in the Kalimas River using the Pollution Index method, the results showed that the Kalimas River from 2016 to 2021 was predominantly lightly polluted with a percentage of 85.71% of the 63 water quality test periods, while the other 14.29% were included in the category moderately polluted. The highest value of the water quality index using the Pollution Index
method was 6.994, namely in 2016 for the December period with moderately polluted information. Meanwhile, the lowest index value based on the Pollution Index method was in 2019 for the 2nd Quarter period, which was 1.029, describing lightly polluted water quality. Recapitulate the results of the analysis of water quality status in the Kalimas River using the Pollution Index method, which can be seen in Figure 2.
AUG AUG DEC
DEC
3.3. Analysis of Water Quality with WQI Method
B
ased on the water quality analysis carried out in the Kalimas River using the NSF-WQI method, the results show that the Kalimas River from 2016 to 2021 is dominantly heavily polluted with a percentage of 77.78% of the 63 water quality test periods, while the other 22.22% are included in the medium polluted category. The highest value of the water quality index using the NSF - WQI method was 58.11, namely in 2018, the 2nd Quarter period with moderately polluted information. Meanwhile, the lowest index value based on the NSF – WQI method is in 2021 for the 4th Quarter period, which is 29.50, describing heavily polluted water quality.Recapitulate the results of the analysis of water quality status using the NSF - WQI method in the Kalimas River can be seen in Figure 3.
3.4. Comparison of Analysis Results of Kalimas River Water Quality Status
The following is a comparison of the results of the analysis of determining the water quality status of the Kalimas River using the Pollution Index and National Sanitation Foundation – Water Quality Index method (NSF-WQI).
Based on the results of a comparison of the Kalimas River water quality status for 2016-2021 in Table 2, different results were obtained from the two methods used.
The Pollution Index method shows the results of the calculation analysis, which are dominantly lightly polluted at each location monitoring the Kalimas River water quality. In contrast, the NSF-WQI method shows that the analysis results are more dominantly polluted at each location monitoring the water quality of the Kalimas River. The purpose of comparing the quality of the water that has been tested using these two methods is to find out the influences that can distinguish the two methods, including differences in the calculation method and the existence of different coefficients.
The water quality data obtained from this study shows similarities with previous research, where in 2013 (Laili), water quality data was obtained that was not in accordance with class II quality standards for tourism needs and raw water. Meanwhile, in its implementation, the Kalimas River is still used as a water tourism location for residents of the City of Surabaya. In 2017, the Kalimas River was categorized as a heavily polluted river using the STORET method. Meanwhile, using the Pollution Index, the Kalimas River water quality was obtained in a slightly polluted state [21].
Table 2. Comparison of Kalimas River water quality status in 2016 - 2021 Monitoring Location
Pollution Index NSF – WQI
Light Contamination
Moderate Contamination
Moderate Contamination
Heavy Contamination
Upstream Kalimas 90.48% 9.52% 9.52% 90.48%
Middle Kalimas 76.19% 23.81% 19.05% 80.95%
Downstream Kalimas 90.48% 9.52% 23.81% 76.19%
Table 3. Percentage of district area in Kalimas River catchment area
No Subdistrict Subdistrict area (km2) Catchment Area (km2) Percentage (%)
1 Wonokromo 8.47 0.997 11.77
2 Gubeng 7.99 1.069 13.38
3 Tegalsari 4.29 0.807 18.80
4 Genteng 4.05 3.436 84.83
5 Tambaksari 8.99 0.779 8.66
6 Bubutan 3.86 0.270 6.98
7 Simokerto 2.59 0.390 15.04
8 Krembangan 8.34 0.651 7.80
9 Semampir 8.76 2.415 27.57
10 Pabeancantikan 6.80 3.130 46.03
Table 4. Total population in the Kalimas River catchment area in 2021 No Subdistrict Population in 2021
(inhabitants)
Percentage of catchment area in subdistrict (%)
Total Population of Catchment Area
1 Wonokromo 144.821 11.77 17.048
2 Gubeng 124.008 13.38 16.598
3 Tegalsari 92.032 18.80 18.369
4 Genteng 53.170 84.83 45.102
5 Tambaksari 215.175 8.66 18.639
6 Bubutan 90.650 6.98 6.331
7 Simokerto 87.074 15.04 13.093
8 Krembangan 109.123 7.80 8.514
9 Semampir 173.232 27.57 47.758
10 Pabeancantikan 70.835 46.03 32.604
Total Population Catchment Area Kalimas River 222.989
3.5. Kalimas River Wastewater Discharge Analysis Analysis of the discharge of wastewater carried out in this study is the analysis of the discharge of existing wastewater and the existing projections on the Kalimas River. This analysis was carried out to find out how the population rate influences the water quality in the Kalimas River. The method used to calculate population projections is the Arithmetic and Geometric method.
The data used is in the form of population data in the city of Surabaya based on the BPS Surabaya. This analysis begins by calculating the percentage of the sub-district area included in the catchment area Kalimas River. After knowing the percentage of the area of each sub-district, a calculation of the total population will be carried out in the catchment area Kalimas River, both with data on the existing population and with the projected population. After calculating the number of residents in the catchment area of Kalimas River, the calculation of the amount of wastewater discharge is carried out using the method of calculating the amount of clean water in an area. Table 3 shows that the area of the largest sub- district in the catchment area Kalimas River, based on percentage, is Genteng District, with an area of 3,436 km2 or 84.83% of the actual area. In contrast, the smallest area is Bubutan District, with an area of 0.270 km2 or 6.98% of the actual area.
3.5.1. Analysis of Existing Wastewater Discharge
After the projection of the number of residents in the Kalimas River area is known, the calculation of the projected wastewater discharge will be used to compare the existing water quality in the projection year. This analysis of the existing wastewater discharge on the Kalimas River uses
population data in 2021. The population is multiplied by the percentage of the sub-district area, including the catchment area Kalimas River (Table 4).
Once the population is known for the catchment area of Kalimas River, then the calculation of the required clean water discharge in that area is carried out. Based on the Director General of Human Settlement standards, the Ministry of Public Works, Surabaya City is included in the category of Metropolitan City with a water requirement of 190 liters per day per person. The following is a calculation of clean water discharge at the catchment area of Kalimas River:
Qclean water = 42,367,990.82 Liters/day
= 0.49 m3/s
The arising of domestic wastewater used is 80% of the required amount of clean water discharge, so the calculation of wastewater discharge as follows :
Qwaste water = 0.392 m3/s
Based on the existing wastewater debt in 2021, it is known that the amount of wastewater flowing is 0.392 m3/s with a total population of 222,989 people.
3.5.2. Analysis of Projected Wastewater Discharge
The analysis of the waste discharge from the Kalimas River projection uses the calculation of the population using arithmetic and geometric methods. Table 5 shows the results of calculating the population of areas crossing the Kalimas River in 2022. After knowing the population of each sub- district, the process proceeds with calculating the number of residents in the catchment area of Kalimas River. The population catchment area on the Kalimas River in 2022 can be seen in Table 6.
Table 5. Total population of the regions passed by the Kalimas River in 2022 Subdistrict Arithmetic Method
Population
Geometric Method
Population Average
Wonokromo 144.410 145.737 145.074
Gubeng 122.212 122.686 122.449
Tegalsari 91.745 92.523 92.134
Genteng 52.903 53.668 53.285
Tambaksari 220.433 221.584 221.008
Bubutan 91.203 92.007 91.605
Simokerto 87.625 88.573 88.099
Krembangan 109.046 108.686 108.366
Semampir 176.987 179.327 178.157
Pabeancantikan 70.453 71.028 70.741
Table 6. Number of residents of the Kalimas River catchment area in 2022 Subdistrict Average Population Percentage of
Catchment Area
Total Population in Catchment Area
Wonokromo 145.074 11.77 17.078
Gubeng 122.449 13.38 16.389
Tegalsari 92.134 18.80 17.320
Genteng 53.285 84.83 45.200
Tambaksari 221.008 8.66 19.145
Bubutan 91.605 6.98 6.398
Simokerto 88.099 15.04 21.901
Krembangan 108.366 7.80 8.455
Semampir 178.157 27.57 49.116
Pabeancantikan 70.741 46.03 32.560
167
Table 7. Recapitulation of Kalimas River projection wastewater discharge calculation results Year Total Population
Clean Water Needs (L/day/person)
Clean Water Debit (m3/s)
Waste Water Debit (m3/s)
2022 233.563
190
0.514 0.411
2023 227.119 0.499 0.399
2024 229.119 0.504 0.403
2025 231.160 0.508 0.406
2026 233.251 0.513 0.410
2027 235.392 0.518 0.414
Table 8. Simulation of the effect of waste water discharge on the water quality index value method pollution index condition II (4.859)
Year Total Population
Waste Water Debit
Projected
Index Information
2022 233.563 0.411 5.095 Moderate Contamination
2023 227.119 0.399 4.946 Light Contamination
2024 229.119 0.403 4.995 Light Contamination
2025 231.160 0.406 5.033 Moderate Contamination
2026 233.251 0.410 5.082 Moderate Contamination
2027 235.392 0.414 5.132 Moderate Contamination
Table 9. Coordinate points for Kalimas River water quality monitoring locations Coordinate Point Name X coordinate Y coordinate
Upstream Kalimas 112.7418 -7.29695
Middle Kalimas 112.7463 -7.2623
Downstream Kalimas 112.738 7.22238
Figure 4. Simulation recapitulation of the effect of wastewater discharge on Kalimas River water quality status in 2022 – 2027 condition II pollution index method
After counting the residents in the Kalimas River area, the next step involves calculating wastewater discharge using the same method as before. This ensures a consistent and thorough approach to assessing the environmental impact of these discharges in this important ecological area. The distinction in this particular calculation arises from the variance in the quantity of residents taken into account for the computation. Notably, this meticulous consideration of population numbers enhances the accuracy of the
environmental impact assessment. The outcomes derived from the computation of wastewater discharge within the Kalimas River are explicitly presented and delineated in Table 7 for comprehensive observation and analysis.
Researchers and environmental stakeholders can utilize these detailed findings to make informed decisions regarding conservation efforts and sustainable management practices in the region.
Figure 5. Distribution of Kalimas River Water Quality IP method 2021 quarter 4
Figure 6. Distribution of Kalimas River water quality method NSF – WQI year 2021 quarter 4 The calculation results of the projected wastewater
discharge in Table 7 show that the highest wastewater discharge will be in 2027, with a wastewater discharge of 0.414 m3/s and a projected population of 235.392 people.
Meanwhile, the smallest debit is 0.399 m3/s in 2023, with a projected population of 227.119 people. After knowing the magnitude of the projected wastewater discharge each year, a simulation of the effect of wastewater discharge on the water quality of the Kalimas River will be carried out. The simulation was carried out using a simple cross-multiplication method. The calculation of the results using the water quality index value of the Pollution Index method in 2021 can be seen in Table 8.
The simulation results of the effect of wastewater discharge carried out using the Pollution Index Condition II
method (IP value = 4.859) in Table 8 show that the water discharge can affect the water quality status in the Kalimas River. This can be seen in 2023 when there is a change in the status of water quality from lightly polluted to moderately polluted (IP value = 5.095).
From this simulation, it can be seen that in 2023, the water quality in the Kalimas River will change its status from moderately polluted to slightly polluted. This case is influenced by the amount of designed wastewater discharge and the number of residents in that year. In 2025, the quality of the Kalimas River water will again become moderately polluted due to the design of wastewater discharge, and the number of residents in the Kalimas River area will also increase.
The simulation was carried out using population
169 projection based on BPS data. No land use data was used in the simulation. Recapitulation simulation of the effect of wastewater discharge on Kalimas River water quality status for 2022-2027 condition II Pollution index Method can be seen in Figure 4.
3.6. Mapping Kalimas River Water Quality Distribution The method used in mapping the distribution of water quality in the Kalimas River is Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW). The data used include the coordinate data of the Kalimas River water quality monitoring location as x and y data and data from the results of water quality analysis on the Kalimas River using the Pollution Index and Water Quality Index (WQI) as z data. Table 9 shows the locations for monitoring Kalimas River water quality.
By using the method IDW, the results of the distribution of water quality using the Pollution Index method were 3.189- 3.536, which were included in the lightly polluted category and can be seen in Figure 5. Meanwhile, using the NSF-WQI method, the distribution of water quality in 2021 for the 4th quarter period was 29.50-48.08, which was included in the heavily polluted category and can be seen in Figure 6.
4. Conclusion
Based on the results of the water quality test conducted, it can be concluded that from 2016 to 2021, the status of the Kalimas River was lightly polluted using the Pollution Index method. Meanwhile, by using the NSF – WQI method, it was found that the water quality status of the most dominant Kalimas River was Heavily Polluted. The percentage of water quality in the Kalimas River shows that based on the Pollution Index method, the most dominant water quality status is Lightly Polluted, at 76.19% to 90.48%. While using the NSF – WQI method, the results show that the most dominant water quality status of the Kalimas River is Heavily Polluted, with a percentage of 76.19% to 90.48%. The water quality status analysis results using the Pollution Index method and the NSF-WQI method in the Kalimas River show differences in water quality status, which can be caused by differences in calculation methods and the load for each parameter used.
The wastewater discharge analysis that has been carried out shows that the lowest projected wastewater discharge will be in 2023, with a wastewater discharge of 0.399 m3/s, while the largest wastewater discharge will be in 2027, with a wastewater discharge of 0.414 m3/s. The results of the mapping of the water quality distribution of the Kalimas River concluded that the worst water quality, in general, is in the Kalimas Hulu River. Meanwhile, the status of good water quality is in the Kalimas Hilir River. The population density can influence differences in water quality in the Kalimas River in each segmentation. The more population in the segmentation, the greater the discharge of wastewater that enters the river. Therefore, it is necessary to have a policy regarding environmental control and land use that is suitable for the Kalimas River.
Acknowledgments
Thank you to the Brantas River Basin Center, BPS, and DLHK Surabaya for their assistance in obtaining information
and data requirements for this research.
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