Nash, The American West Transformed: The Impact of the Second World War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985); Marilynn S. About half of the vital synthetic rubber produced during the war came from the Gulf region. Pfeffer, A Philip Randolph, Pioneer of the Civil Rights Movement (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990); Merle E.
Witte, The Politics and Development of the Federal Income Tax (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985). The size and power of the federal government had grown significantly during the Progressive Era, World War I, and the 1930s. Marriages and births picked up later in the decade and then increased significantly in the first few years of the war.
Grantham, The Life and Death of the Solid South (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1988); Kari Frederickson, The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001). Spinney, World War II in Nashville: The Transformation of the Home Front (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1998); articles on Tennessee during World War II in Tennessee Historical Quarterly 51 (Spring 1992); Mary Watters, Illinois in World War II, 2 vols. Kaiser, was the general manager of two large Kaiser shipyards in the Portland, Oregon area.
School children became politically aware during the war and participated in the patriotic fervor that had become part of the school day. Today, the 1.1 million employees work for Wal-Mart, the largest company in the world and one of the most. August 6 Meier and Elliott Rudwick, Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979).
First, trade unionists did not think they had a sufficiently influential role in organizing the war effort. Most of the participants in the election did not oppose the general support for the war. or even from a non-strike agreement. Three out of four African Americans lived in the South, the poorest residents of the poorest region.
By the end of World War II, nearly a million African Americans would serve in the armed forces.
ASSOCIATED PROPERTY TYPES
PROPERTY TYPES
The opening of new opportunities for minorities and other traditionally underemployed groups in industry and the military;. Government and private programs to provide housing and other social services needed to attract and retain critical defense workers. Changes in the political agenda for Democrats and other liberals from centralized economic planning to Keynesian fiscal policy and from an emphasis on job security to civil rights;.
Places associated with civil rights would include war relocation centers and other internment facilities for enemy aliens, persons of Japanese descent, and prisoners of war; the locations of significant racial or ethnic conflicts or incidents; courts where important trials took place; refugee camps; civil service camps and prisons where conscientious objectors were held; segregated training facilities and housing; and organizational headquarters and other buildings associated with wartime groups and individuals working for civil rights. Continued hostility in the workplace and in communities against newcomers, women, African Americans and other minorities, sometimes leading to violence;. The growth and increased militancy of individuals, groups and institutions representing African Americans and other minority groups;.
Places associated with morale and propaganda would include film studios, radio stations, United Service Organization canteens and other rest and recreation facilities, Victory Gardens and the sites of War Bond runs, scrap yards, draft boards, and ration stamp allotments. The importance of film, radio and other public communication media in maintaining civil morality. The contributions of bond drives, scrap drives, and other such programs and their importance in giving the home front population a sense of participation in the war effort.
Places associated with home defense would include coastal defense fortifications, radar stations, coast guard stations and other facilities, aircraft observation stations, "filter boards", bases for submarine and civil air patrols and other civil defense facilities, and ports where convoys were assembled. Civil Defense and other government programs that enabled private citizens to participate directly in the defense effort;. Fortifications, patrols and other activities which may have detected or actively prevented submarine attacks or other hostile action.
REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK DESIGNATION
Places associated with individuals or organizations that played a central role in debates over participation in the war, such as America First; Places associated with nationally significant actions by African Americans and other minorities in protest against unfair or discriminatory treatment. Randolph Field Historic District, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas (designated June 13, 1962) Property Type: Places associated with manpower.
The Pentagon, Arlington County, Virginia (Designated October 5, 1992) Property Type: Politics & Government Related Sites. HA-19, Fredericksburg, Gillespie County, Texas (Assigned June 30, 1989) Property Type: Moral and Propaganda Related Sites. Charles Richard Drew House, Arlington County, Virginia (Designated May 11, 1976) Property Type: Manufacturing Sites.
Wheeler House, Butte, Silver Bow County, Montana (Designated December 8, 1976) Property Type: Places associated with politics and government. Properties are likely to be eligible for NHL designation under this criterion only in the rare cases where they are strongly associated with ideas and ideals of the highest order in the history of the World War II home front. To date, no National Historic Landmarks associated with the World War II home front have been designated under Criterion 3.
Places associated with the Second World War home front that are likely to be eligible for NHL designation under Criterion 4 will be outstanding examples of war, landscape architecture, engineering, planning or construction techniques. Randolph Field Historic District, San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas (Designated August 7, 2001) Property Type: Workforce Related Sites. To date, no World War II homeland-related National Historic Landmarks have been designated under Criterion 6.
REGISTRATION REQUIREMENTS FOR LISTING IN THE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
Many, perhaps most, of those that survive intact will meet the criteria for listing in the National Register at the state or local level. In order to be eligible for listing in the National Register under criterion A, properties must be associated with events or patterns of events that were significant at the state or local level. Places related to individuals or organizations that supported or opposed American participation in the war;.
The original position was listed in the national register in 1973; additional documentation, accepted in 2000, expanded the district and provided information about the wartime internment camp. To be eligible for inclusion in the national register under this criterion, properties must be. Individuals who played important roles in mobilizing, training or transporting members of the armed forces or civilian war workers in the state or community.
Places likely to be eligible for listing in the National Register under criterion D may include: To date, no properties related to the World War II home front are listed in the National Register under Criterion D. Usually cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that move are from their original locations,. reconstructed historic buildings, properties that are primarily monumental in nature, and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years will not be eligible for the National Register. Properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places under this theme study must also possess integrity.
A property that has been moved from its original location can only be considered for listing on the National Register if it meets the requirements of National Register Exemption b (see above). A property must retain much of its exterior materials dating from the World War II period to qualify for listing on the National Register under this thematic study, even if it has been rehabilitated. Finally, each individual property considered for listing on the National Register of Historic Places under the World War II and American Home Front context must be evaluated against the others.
GEOGRAPHICAL DATA
SUMMARY OF SURVEY AND IDENTIFICATION METHODS
Site Assembly Building and Gun Site, Los Alamos, Los Alamos County, New Mexico Property type: Places associated with production
Associated with the design and development of the first production helicopter for the Army Air Forces, this complex represents the importance of research and engineering innovation in World War II defense production. Bantam produced the original design for the jeep, one of the most successful developments of the war. Bonneville Power Administration Master Grid, various counties, Oregon and Washington Property type: Locations associated with generation.
One of the Navy's two largest depots, it was responsible for supplying the entire Pacific theater. New Castle Army Air Base, New Castle, New Castle County, Delaware Property Type: Places associated with labor. This huge facility, built in 1940, was one of the first built by the Defense Plant Corporation.
Reynolds Metals Smelter and Sheet Mill, Listerhill, Colbert County, Alabama Property Type: Manufacturing Sites. The plant was located in the Tennessee Valley to take advantage of the cheap electricity available from the Tennessee Valley Authority. Thompson Aircraft Products (TAPCO), Cleveland, Cuyahoga County, Ohio Property Type: Manufacturing Related Sites; workforce related positions.
United States Naval Submarine Base Groton, New London County, Connecticut Property Type: Workforce Related Sites. Whitehall Building, New York, New York County, New York Property Type: Manufacturing Sites. The factory produced many of the air-cooled Wright engines used in World War II aircraft.
MAJOR BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES
Civil Rights Unionism: Tobacco Workers and the Struggle for Democracy in the Mid-Twentieth-Century South. Smith, We're in This War Too: World War II Letters from American Women in Uniform. Unpublished sources (These are primarily cultural resource surveys prepared by consultants to the Department of Defense; they are included as possible resources for additional information on World War II home front properties. This list is not exhaustive.).
Temporary Military Buildings of World War II: A Brief History of the Architecture and Planning of Cantonments and Training Stations in the United States. USACERL Technical Report CRC-93/01. Florida’s Historic Military Resources from World War II.” Multiple Property Submission, National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service, U.S. Historical Context for the World War II Ordnance Department's Government-Owned Contractor-Operated (GOCO) Industrial Facilities.
