डॉ. कलाम

MkW- dyke

Hkkjr esa rduhdh uoksUes"k ds iz.ksrk

11 ebZ] 1998 Hkkjr ds bfrgkl esa Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr gks x;k tc ml fnu ns'k us jktLFkku ds iks[kj.k esa ,d lkFk rhu ijek.kq foLQksV fd,A ;s rhuksa ijek.kq

;qfDr;k¡ rhu vyx rjg dh FkhaA muesa ls ,d ijek.kq ce Fkk] ,d NksVh ;qfDr

¼lc&fØfVdy½ Fkh] rFkk rhljk gkbMªkstu ce FkkA mu foLQksVksa ds ckn ns'k us [kqn dks ijek.kq 'kfDr laiUu jk"Vª ?kksf"kr fd;kA blds nks fnu ckn 13 ebZ dks nks vkSj ijek.kq ;qfDr;ksa dk lQyrkiwoZd ijh{k.k laiUu fd;k x;kA bl rjg nks

fnuksa esa Hkkjr us dqy ik¡p ijek.kq ijh{k.k ih,l,yoh rFkk th,l,yoh jkWdsVksa dss fodkl ij dke py jgk gSA ns'k us panz;ku] eaxy;ku tSls fe'ku Hkstdj nqfu;k esa viuh rduhdh {kerk dk yksgk euok fy;k gSA Hkkjr }kjk varfj{k esa ekuo;qDr fe'ku Hkstus vkSj Lo;a dk varfj{k LVs'ku LFkkfir djus dk liuk Hkh MkW- dyke us ns[kk Fkk] ftl ij jk"Vª rsth ls vxzlj gSA MkW- dyke us varfj{k fe'kuksa esa Hksts tkus okys ,d ,sls ;ku dh dYiuk dh Fkh ftls ckjackj bLrseky fd;k tk ldsA os ns'k ds fy, t:jh rduhd vius

;gk¡ gh fodflr fd, tkus ds i{kèkj FksA MkW- ,-ih-ts- vCnqy dyke dks ^Hkkjr dk felkbyeSu* dgk tkrk gSA os Hkkjr ds felkby dk;ZØe ds tud FksA muds }kjk lQyrkiwoZd fodflr ^vfXu* vkSj ^i`Foh*

tSlh cSysfLVd felkbyksa us ns'k dks lqjf{kr djus esa egrh Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA

fd,A ;g gekjs ns'k dh rduhdh {kerk dk izn'kZu FkkA muesa tfVy Lrj ds dkS'kyksa dh t:jr gksrh gSA ijek.kq

;qfDr;ksa esa HkkSfrdh] jlk;u] bysDVªkWfuDl]

daI;wVj lkbal ls ysdj dbZ vU; foèkk,¡

'kkfey gksrh gSaA blhfy, Hkkjr ljdkj us 11 ebZ dks jk"Vªh; izkS|ksfxdh fnol ds :i esa eukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA bu ijh{k.kksa dh

;kstuk ls ysdj mUgsa lQyrkiwoZd laiUu djus esa MkW- dyke dh vxz.kh Hkwfedk FkhA MkW- dyke us ns'k esa jkWdsVksa ds fodkl esa cqfu;knh dke fd;kA lkmafMax jkWdsV ls 'kq: ;g ;k=kk] lSVsykbV ykWUp g~ohdy

¼,l,yoh½] fQj vkXessaVsM lSVsykbV ykWUp g~ohdy ¼,,l,yoh½] iksyj lSVsykbV ykWUp g~ohdy ¼ih,l,yoh½ ls gksrs gq, ft;ksflaØksul lSVsykbV ykWUp g~ohdy

¼th,l,yoh½ rd tkdj iw.kZrk dks izkIr gksrh gSA ns'k esa vc vkSj T;knk rkdroj

O;fDrRo

MkW- Ñ".k dqekj feJ

tUe %15 ekpZ] 1966] tkSuiqj ¼m-iz-½A f'k{kk %,e-,l&lh- ¼jlk;u'kkL=k½] ih&,p-Mh-A laizfr % ,lksfl,V izksQslj] gkseh HkkHkk foKku f'k{kk dsanz] VkVk ewyHkwr vuqlaèkku laLFkku] eqacbZA ys[ku ,oa izdk'ku %dqy 25 iqLrdsa rFkk 300 ys[k izdkf'kr] o"kZ 2008 ls 'kSf{kd iksVZy

¼https://vigyanshiksha.in½ dk lapkyuA lEeku % jktHkk"kk xkSjo] jktHkk"kk Hkw"k.k ,oa gkseh tgk¡xhj HkkHkk Lo.kZ iqjLdkj lfgr vusd jk"Vªh; iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfurA

laidZ %eksckbyµ 9969078625 bZ&esyµvigyan.sahityakaar@gmail.com

izks- lrh'k èkou vkSj MkW- dyke rRdkyhu izèkkuea=kh Jherh bafnjk xkaèkh dks ,l-,y-oh-&3 ds ifj.kkeksa dh tkudkjh nsrs gq,

MkW- dyke dk tUe 15 vDrwcj] 1931 dks enzkl jkT; ¼vc rfeyukMq½ ds jkes'oje~ dLcs esa ,d eè;e oxhZ; rfey ifjokj esa gqvk FkkA buds firk tSuqykcnhu dh dksbZ cgqr vPNh vkSipkfjd f'k{kk ugha gqbZ Fkh vkSj u gh os dksbZ cgqr vehj bulku FksA blds ckotwn os cqf)eku Fks vkSj muesa mnkjrk dh lPph Hkkouk FkhA os yksx vius iq'rSuh ?kj esa jgrs Fks] tks fd 19oha 'krkCnh ds eè; cuk Fkk rFkk jkes'oje~ ds izfl) f'koeafnj ls egt nl feuV dh nwjh ij fLFkr efLtn okyh xyh esa fLFkr FkkA buds firkth ,d

LFkkuh; Bsdsnkj vgen tykyqn~nhu ds lkFk feydj ydM+h dh ukSdk,¡ cukus dk dke djrs Fks] tks rhFkZ;kf=k;ksa dks jkes'oje~ ls èkuq"kdksfM ys tkrh FkhaA ckn esa vgen tykyqn~nhu dh 'kknh budh cM+h cgu tksgjk ls gks xbZA bUgsa gj cPps dh rjg vius firkth ls fojklr ds :i esa bZekunkjh vkSj vkRekuq'kklu rFkk ek¡ ls bZ'oj esa fo'okl vkSj d#.kk dk Hkko feykA

mUgksaus viuh izkjafHkd f'k{kk jkes'oje~ ds izkbejh Ldwy ls izkIr dhA blds ckn vkxs dh Ldwyh f'k{kk bUgksaus jkeukFkiqje~ ds 'okV~tZ gkbZ Ldwy ls izkIr dhA lu~ 1950 esa fr#fpjkiYyh ds lsaV tkslsQ dkWyst esa ch-,l&lh- esa nkf[kyk ys fy;kA ch-,l&lh- iwjk djus ds ckn mUgksaus ;g eglwl fd;k fd HkkSfrdh mudk fo"k;

ugha gSA bUgsa viuk liuk iwjk djus ds fy, bathfu;fjax esa tkuk pkfg, FkkA fQj mUgksaus rduhdh f'k{kk ds fy, e'kgwj enzkl baLVhV~;wV vkWQ VsDuksykWth ¼,e-vkbZ-Vh-½ esa nkf[kyk ys fy;kA ,e-vkbZ-Vh- esa mM+ku lacaèkh e'khuksa dh fofHkUu dk;Ziz.kkfy;ksa dks le>kus ds fy, izn'kZu ds rkSj ij j[ks x, nks foekuksa us bUgsa dkQh vkdf"kZr fd;kA mUgksaus igyk lky iwjk djus ds ckn oSekfudh

¼,;jksukWfVdy½ bathfu;fjax dks vius fo'ks"k fo"k; ds :i esa pqukA Lukrd ds ckn os ,e-vkbZ-Vh- ls ,d izf'k{kq ds :i esa fganqLrku ,;jksukWfVDl fyfeVsM ¼,p-,-,y-½] caxykSj pys x,A ogk¡ mUgksaus ,d Vhe ds lnL; ds :i esa batuksa dh ejEer dk dke fd;kA ;gk¡ mUgksaus nksuksa rjg ds batuksa] fiLVu ,oa Vjckbu batu

ds j[k&j[kko dk dkS'ky lh[kkA ;gk¡ ij mUgksaus jsfM;y batu rFkk Mªe vkWijs'kuksa esa Hkh izf'k{k.k izkIr fd;kA

tc os ,p-,-,y- ls ,d oSekfudh bathfu;j cudj fudys rks muds ikl ukSdjh ds nks cM+s volj Fks vkSj nksuksa gh muds o"kks±

iqjkus mM+ku ds lius dks iwjk djus okys FksA ,d volj Hkkjrh;

ok;qlsuk esa lsok djus dk Fkk] vkSj nwljk j{kk ea=kky; ds rduhdh fodkl ,oa mRiknu funs'kky; dkA mUgksaus nksuksa txgksa ij lk{kkRdkj fn;kA os j{kk ea=kky; esa p;fur gks x,A ukSdjh ds igys lky ds nkSjku mUgksaus ,d ijkèofud y{;Hksnh foeku dk fMtkbu rS;kj djus esa lQyrk gkfly dj yhA foekuksa ds j[k&j[kko dk vuqHko gkfly djus ds fy, mUgsa ,;jØkW¶V ,aM vkekZesaV VsfLVax ;wfuV ¼foeku ,oa gfFk;kj izf'k{k.k bdkbZ ,- ,aM ,-Vh-;w-½] dkuiqj Hkstk x;kA ml le; ogk¡ ,e-ds-&1 foeku ds ijh{k.k dk dke py jgk FkkA bldh dk;Ziz.kkfy;ksa ds ewY;kadu dks iwjk djus ds dke esa mUgksaus Hkh fgLlk fy;kA okil ykSVus ij mUgsa caxykSj esa LFkkfir oSekfudh fodkl izfr"Bku

¼,-Mh-bZ-½ esa Hkst fn;k x;kA ;gk¡ xzkmaM bfDoiesaV e'khu ¼tSe½ ds :i esa Lons'kh gksojØkW¶V dk fMtkbu rS;kj djus rFkk mls fodflr djus ds fy, 'kq#vkrh vè;;u ds vuqHkoksa ds vkèkkj ij ,d Vhe cukbZ xbZA oSKkfud lgk;d ds Lrj ij blesa pkj yksx 'kkfey Fks ftldk usr`Ro djus dk dk;ZHkkj funs'kd MkW- vks-ih- esnhjÙkk us dyke ij lkSaikA mM+ku esa bathfu;fjax ekWMy 'kq: djus ds fy, mUgsa rhu lky dk oDr fn;k x;kA Hkxoku f'ko ds okgu ds izrhd :i esa bl gksojØk¶V dks ^uanh* uke fn;k x;kA

blds mijkar mUgsa ^bafM;u desVh QkWj Lisl fjlpZ* dh vksj ls lk{kkRdkj ds fy, cqykok vk;kA mudk lk{kkRdkj MkW- foØe lkjkHkkbZ us fy;kA bl lk{kkRdkj ds ckn Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku lfefr esa jkWdsV bathfu;j ds in ij mUgsa p;fur fd;k x;kA Hkkjrh; varfj{k vuqlaèkku lfefr esa mudk dke VkVk baLVhV~;wV vkWQ QaMkesaVy fjlpZ] ¼^TIFR½ eqacbZ ds daI;wVj dsanz esa

jkes'oje~ dh efLtn okyh xyh e­ fLFkr MkW- dyke dk ?kj

jkeukFkiqje~ ds 'okV~tZ gkbZ Ldwy dk ckgjh n`';

daI;wVj izf'k{kd ds :i esa 'kq: gqvkA lu~ 1962 ds eè; esa Hkkjrh;

varfj{k vuqlaèkku lfefr us dsjy esa f=kosanze ds ikl Fkqack xk¡o esa jkWdsV iz{ksi.k dsanz LFkkfir djus dk QSlyk fd;kA Fkqack dks bl dsanz ds fy, lcls mi;qDr LFkku ds :i esa pquk x;k Fkk] D;ksafd ;g LFkku i`Foh ds pqacdh; v{k ds lcls djhc FkkA mlds ckn 'kh?kz gh

MkW- dyke dks jkWdsV iz{ksi.k dh rduhfd;ksa dk izf'k{k.k ysus ds fy, vesfjdk esa us'kuy ,;jksukWfVDl ,aM Lisl ,MfefuLVªs'ku

¼uklk½ Hkstk x;kA ;g izf'k{k.k Ng eghus dk FkkA tSls gh MkW- dyke uklk ls ykSVs] 21 uoacj] 1963 dks Hkkjr dk ^ukbd vikps* uke dk igyk jkWdsV NksM+k x;kA ;g lkmfMax jkWdsV uklk esa gh cuk FkkA MkW- lkjkHkkbZ us jkVks ifj;kstuk ds fy, MkW- dyke dks izkstsDV yhMj fu;qDr fd;kA MkW- dyke us fo'ks"k foÙkh;

'kfDr;k¡ gkfly dha] iz.kkyh fodflr dh] rFkk 08 vDrwcj] 1972 dks mÙkj izns'k esa cjsyh ,;jQkslZ LVs'ku ij bl iz.kkyh dk lQyrkiwoZd ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA

Mk-W dyke dks lVSyskbV ykUWp go~hdy ¼,l-,y-oh-½ ifj;ktsuk ds fy, ikztsDsV euStsj fu;Dqr fd;k x;kA ,l-,y-oh-&3 ifj;ktsuk dk e[q; mnn~'s; ,d Hkjklsesna ykUWp go~hdy fodflr djuk Fkk] tks 40 fdykxskze ds lVSyskbV dks iF`oh ls 400 fdykeshVj Åp¡kbZ ij d{kk eas LFkkfir djrkA ;g ,d cMk+ dke FkkA ;ku ds pkj pj.kkas ds fy, ,d jkdWVs ekVsj flLVe dk fodkl] gkbZ ,uthZ ikzisysVaskas ds bLresky eas l{ke jkdWVs ekVsj flLVe eas bLresky ds fy, 8-5 Vu ikzisysVas xusz fuferZ fd;k tkuk FkkA ,d vU; dk;Z Fkk fu;=ak.k rFkk ekxnZ'kuZA ;g ,d cMh+ ifj;ktsuk Fkh ftleas 250 miHkkx vkjS 40 cMh+ mii.zkkfy;k¡ 'kkfey FkhAa 18 tyqkb]Z 1980 dks lcqg vkB ctdj rhu feuV ij JhgfjdkVsk jkdWVs i{zkis.k dnasz ls ,l-,y-oh-&3 us mMk+u HkjhA bl ifj;ktsuk dh lQyrk us Mk-W dyke dks jk"Vhª; igpku nhA mUgas bl miyfCèk ds fy, Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk 26 tuojh] 1981 dks ^ine~Hk"wk.k* lEeku ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA

Mh-vkj-Mh-,y esa mudh Vhe dh egRoiw.kZ miyfCèk;ksa ds ckotwn felkby dk;ZØe èkhek FkkA lSU; jkWdsVksa ds lkjs dk;ZØeksa esa f'kfFkyrk vk xbZ FkhA Mh-vkj-Mh-vks- esa fdlh ,sls O;fDr dh t:jr Fkh tks felkby dk;ZØe dk usr`Ro dj ldsA izks- jkeUuk us MkW- dyke ds lkeus funsZf'kr felkby dk;ZØe dks vkdkj nsus dh ftEesnkjh vius daèkksa ij ysus dk izLrko j[kkA 01 twu] 1982 dks MkW- dyke us Mh-vkj-Mh-,y ds funs'kd dk in l¡Hkky fy;kA blh le; vUuk fo'ofo|ky;] enzkl us bUgsa ^MkWDVj vkWQ lkbal* dh ekud mikfèk ls lEekfur fd;kA ,;jksukWfVdy bathfu;fjax esa fMxzh gkfly djus ds djhc 20 lky ckn ;g ekun mikfèk MkW- dyke dks izkIr gqbZA MkW- dyke us j{kkea=kh ds rRdkyhu oSKkfud lykgdkj MkW- oh-,l- v:.kkpye ds ekxZn'kZu esa baVhxzsVsM xkbMsM felkby MsoyiesaV izksxzke ¼vkbZ-th-,e-Mh-ih-½ dk izLrko rS;kj fd;kA Lons'kh felkbyksa ds mRiknu ds fy, ,d Li"V vkSj lqifjHkkf"kr felkby dk;ZØe rS;kj djus ds mn~ns'; ls MkW- dyke dh vè;{krk esa ,d lfefr cukbZ xbZA

bl ifj;ktsuk ds iFzke pj.k eas ,d de Åp¡kbZ ij rjqra ekj djus okyh VfsDVdy dkjs go~hdy felkby vkjS tehu ls tehu ij eè;e njwh rd ekj ldus okyh felkby dk fodkl ,oa mRiknu 'kkfey FkkA nlwjs pj.k eas tehu ls gok eas ekj ldus okyh felkby] rhljh ih<+h dh VdaS Hknsh funfZs'kr felkby vkjS Mk-W dyke ds lius jh&,Vahª ,DlifsjeVas ykUWp go~hdy ¼jDsl½ dk iLzrko j[kk x;k FkkA tehu ls tehu ij ekj djus okyh felkby i.zkkyh dks ^iF`oh* vkjS VfsDVdy dkjs go~hdy felkby dks ^f=k'kyw*

uke fn;k x;kA tehu ls gok eas ekj djus okyh j{kk i.zkkyh dks

^vkdk'k* vkjS VdaSjkèskh felkby ifj;ktsuk dks ^ukx* uke fn;k x;kA Mk-W dyke us vius eu eas lt¡k,s jDsl ds cgiqrzhf{kr lius dks ^vfXu* uke fn;kA 27 tyqkb]Z 1983 dks vkb-Zth-,e-Mh-ih- dh vkiSpkfjd :i ls 'k#qvkr dh xbAZ felkby dk;ØZe dk igyk i{zkis.k 16 flrcaj] 1985 dks fd;k x;kA bl fnu JhgfjdkVsk fLFkr ijh{k.k jtas ls ^f=k'kyw* dks NkMs+k x;kA ;g ,d rts ifzrfØ;k MkW- dyke dks jkWdsV iz{ksi.k dh rduhfd;ksa dk izf'k{k.k

ysus ds fy, vesfjdk esa us'kuy ,;jksukWfVDl ,aM Lisl ,MfefuLVªs'ku ¼uklk½ Hkstk x;kA ;g izf'k{k.k Ng eghus dk FkkA tSls gh MkW- dyke uklk ls ykSVs] 21 uoacj] 1963 dks Hkkjr dk

^ukbd vikps* uke dk igyk jkWdsV NksM+k x;kA ;g lkmfMax jkWdsV uklk esa gh cuk FkkA MkW- lkjkHkkbZ us jkVks ifj;kstuk ds fy, MkW- dyke dks izkstsDV yhMj fu;qDr fd;kA MkW- dyke us fo'ks"k foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ gkfly dha] iz.kkyh fodflr dh] rFkk 08 vDrwcj] 1972 dks mÙkj izns'k esa cjsyh ,;jQkslZ LVs'ku ij bl iz.kkyh dk lQyrkiwoZd ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA

jk"Vªifr MkW- uhye latho jsM~Mh ls ^in~eHkw"k.k* xzg.k djrs gq,

i.zkkyh g]S ftls uhph mM+ku Hkjus okys foekuk]as gyshdkIWVjkas rFkk foeku&Hknsh felkbykas ds f[kykQ bLresky fd;k tk ldrk gAS 25 Qjojh] 1988 dks fnu eas 11%23 ij ^iF`oh* dks NkMs+k x;kA ;g n'sk eas jkdWVs foKku ds bfrgkl eas ,d ;xqkradkjh ?kVuk FkhA ;g 150

fdykeshVj rd ,d gtkj fdykxskze ikjiafjd ;)q foLQkVsd lkexhz ys tkus dh {kerk ls ;Dqr tehu ls tehu ij ekj djus okyh felkby gAS 22 eb]Z 1989 dks ^vfXu* dk i{zkis.k fd;k x;kA ;g ycah njwh ds

¶ykbV go~hdYl ds fy, ,d ikz|Skfsxdh inz'kdZ gAS lkFk gh] ^vkdk'k* 50 fdykeshVj dh vfèkdre vrajkèZskh njwh okyh eè;e ok;&qj{kk i.zkkyh gAS tc ,d :lh diauh ,u-ih-vk-s e'khuksLVªksbfu;k us ,d foeku&Hknsh ijkèofud Øtw felkby fodflr djus ds fy, Mh-vkj-Mh-vks- ls lkFk l;aDqr :i ls dk;Z djus dk iLzrko j[kk rks Mk-W dyke us ljdkj dks bl iLzrko dks Lohdkj djus rFkk l;aDqr i;zkl eas fuo'sk djus ds fy, ifszjr fd;kA Qjojh 1998 eas Hkkjr vkjS :l ds chp le>krSs ds vulqkj Hkkjr eas cgze~kls ikzboVs fyfeVMs dh LFkkiuk dh xbAZ ^cgze~kls* ,d ijkèofud Øtw felkby g]S tks èkjrh] lenq]z milkxj rFkk ok;q vkèkkfjr fofHkUu ekè;ekas ls i{zkfsir fd, tkus eas l{ke gAS

o"kZ 1990 ds x.kr=ak fnol ij jk"Vª us vius felkby dk;ØZe dh lQyrk ij [k'qkh eukbAZ Mk-W dyke vkjS Mk-W v:.kkpye dks

^ine~ foHk"wk.k* ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA vDrcwj 1992 ls fnlcaj 1999 rd j{kk e=akh ds oKSkfud lykgdkj] fMikVeZVas vkQW fMQlas fjlpZ ,Ma MosyieVas vkxWuZskbt'sku ds lfpo vkjS fMQlas fjlpZ ,Ma MosyieVas vkxWuZskbt'sku ¼Mh-vkj-Mh-vk-s½ ds egkfun'skd ds :i eas Mk-W dyke dks vulqèakku o fodkl eas lHkh i;zkxs'kkykvkas dk ekxnZ'kuZ djus vkjS Qynk;h lHakkO;rk okyh ifj;ktsukvkas dh ixzfr ij fuxjkuh j[kus dk lia.wkZ nkf;Ro ikzIr gvqkA

jk"Vªifr in ds fy, jk"Vªh; turkaf=kd xBcaèku ds mEehnokj ds :i esa ukekafdr fd, tkus dk lHkh us Lokxr fd;k rFkk 18 tqykbZ] 2002 dks MkW- dyke dks ^Hkkjr dk 11ok¡ jk"Vªifr* pquk x;k vkSj mUgsa 25 tqykbZ] 2002 dks jk"Vªifr in dh 'kiFk fnykbZ xbZA bl laf{kIr lekjksg esa rRdkyhu izèkkuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h] muds eaf=keaMy ds lnL; rFkk vfèkdkjhx.k mifLFkr FksA budk dk;Zdky 25 tqykbZ] 2007 dks lekIr gqvkA MkW- dyke us

'Wings of Fire', 'India 2020 : A vision for the Millennium', 'Ignited Minds' tSlh dbZ izfl) iqLrdsa fy[kh

gSaA mUgsa lu~ 1997 esa ^Hkkjr jRu*] baLVhV~;w'ku vkWQ bathfu;lZ dk us'kuy fMtkbu vokMZ ¼1980½] ,jksukWfVdy lkslkbVh vkWQ bafM;k dk MkW- fcjsu jkW; Lisl vokMZ ¼1986½] ,LVªksukWfVdy lkslkbVh vkWQ bafM;k }kjk lu~ 1994 ds fy, vk;ZHkV~V iqjLdkj

¼1996½] foKku ds fy, th-,e- eksnh iqjLdkj ¼1996½] jk"Vªh;

,drk ds fy, bafnjk xkaèkh iqjLdkj ¼1997½ tSls lEeku feysA 27 tqykbZ] 2015 dks f'kykax esa lk;adky MkW- dyke dk vkdfLed fuèku gks x;kA os Hkkjrh; izcaèk laLFkku] f'kykax esa O;k[;ku ns jgs FksA rHkh mUgsa fny dk nkSjk iM+k vkSj reke dksf'k'kksa ds ckotwn mUgsa cpk;k u tk ldkA os thou Hkj lfØ; jgsA thou ds gj iy dk jk"Vªfgr esa mi;ksx fd;kA vafre le; esa Hkh os yksxksa dks lacksfèkr djrs gq, gh bl nqfu;k ls fonk gq,A

tc ,d :lh daiuh ,u-ih-vks- e'khuksLVªksbfu;k us ,d foeku&Hksnh ijkèofud Øwt felkby fodflr djus ds fy, Mh-vkj-Mh-vks- ls lkFk la;qDr :i ls dk;Z djus dk izLrko j[kk rks MkW- dyke us ljdkj dks bl izLrko dks Lohdkj djus rFkk la;qDr iz;kl esa fuos'k djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA Qjojh 1998 esa Hkkjr vkSj :l ds chp le>kSrs ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa czg~eksl izkbosV fyfeVsM dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA ^czg~eksl* ,d ijkèofud Øwt felkby gS] tks èkjrh] leqnz] milkxj rFkk ok;q vkèkkfjr fofHkUu ekè;eksa ls iz{ksfir fd, tkus esa l{ke gSA

jk"Vªifr MkW- ds-vkj- ukjk;.ku ls ^Hkkjr jRu* xzg.k djrs gq, MkW- dyke