Agricultural research in India faced a major paradigm shift in the 1990s in response to issues arising from the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) agreement. So there is a need for the involvement of the private sector for the contribution of funding in the areas of agricultural research and comprehensive activities. The result of the collective change in thought was that the sociology of science and technology became a sociology of knowledge also called 'the new sociology of science'.
In the fourth stage, bureaucrats examine the program and allocate resources to implement the policy. The need to liberalize world trade in agriculture was felt due to extensive subsidization by developed countries, which resulted in price distortions of agricultural products. The triple helix model in the case of biotechnology has not been sufficiently explored in the context of developing countries such as India.
The interaction of the triple helix model/government, academia and industry is complex and its qualitative analysis is difficult in the case of developing countries like India. It critically examines how the various actors involved in the process have their own interests and meanings. It also seeks to understand the networking between government, academia and industry on agricultural biotechnology in India and how this networking leads to innovation/knowledge production in the agricultural biotechnology sector.
The primary data includes in-depth personal interviews with scientists involved in research in plant biotechnology in government, academic and private R&D institutions in India.
Chapter Scheme of the Thesis
INTRODUCTION
Debating the Controversies: A Study of Agricultural Innovation System in India
The importance of the private sector must be understood in the context of changed priorities in scientific research. Phenotype' of the triple helix partners (government, academia and industry) can be expected to carry genotypic functions such as knowledge production (in science), income generation (in the market) and governance at different levels (Ivanova and Leydesdorff 2012; Hodgson and Knudsen 2011). The triple helix is one of innovation's most important insights because the most favorable innovation occurs at the intersection of government, academia, and industry.
A total of 44.3 percent of the researchers are engaged in network collaboration with the academic world and industry. Looking at government, academia and industry networks in India, 31 percent of researchers work in collaboration with government, academia and industry. A total of 18.6 percent of the researchers are engaged in network collaboration between government, academia and industry on an international level.
Although the Ministry of Biotechnology of the Government of India has taken some initiatives to involve public and private research organizations in certain projects, the growth of this type of partnership is limited to a few research institutes and universities. As a scientist from the University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru, he suggests involving public institutions for the broader development of farmers, as this will bring together both the concepts of public welfare and the commercial interests of the industry. One of the shortcomings in the case of science and policy-making in India is that reports relating to field testing of GM crops are not public.
In the context of GM crops in India, the notion of public is more often absent in the realms of the triple helix, calling for reflexivity outside research laboratories. Understanding the enhanced network between different actors such as government, academia and industry is necessary to develop R&D in agricultural innovation system in India, i.e. how far the model of triple helix is relevant in the current agricultural innovation system in India. If we analyze it from the perspective of society, then the real research will reach the field of laboratories.
A university or research institutes will flourish and develop more if more scientists work on the mandates of the institutes. One of the knowledge flows in agricultural innovation systems is the networking between the public and private sector. One of the advantages of triple helix is that academia and industry play the role of the other.
Similarly, the role of the university has been transformed from teaching and research to being an entrepreneur where individual scientists are trying to network with farmers and the market. Still the triple helix I and triple helix II forms of knowledge production of the triple helix pattern are prevalent as far as the case of Bt Cotton is concerned.
Conclusion
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