• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

ashwini deshpande

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2024

Membagikan "ashwini deshpande"

Copied!
13
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

       ​ASHWINI DESHPANDE   

      Curriculum Vitae   

 

Research Areas 

Current: Economics of Discrimination and Affirmative Action, with a special focus on caste and        gender in India. 

Earlier research: Aspects of the Chinese economy, International debt. 

   

Education 

Ph.D. (1994) on "Some Aspects of the International Debt Crisis of Developing Countries" from        the Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. 

  

M.A. (1987) in Economics from the Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi. Graduated        with a first division (top 8% in the university). 

  

B.A. (1985) in Economics (Honours) from Hindu College, University of Delhi. Graduated with a        first division (top 10% in the university). 

  

 ​Employment    

November 2007 to present: Full Professor, Department of Economics, Delhi School of        Economics. 

2000­ 2007: Reader (Associate Professor), Department of Economics, Delhi School of        Economics. 

July 1998­ July 2000: Post­doctoral research fellow, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill,        USA. 

1997­2000: Senior Lecturer, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics. 

1996­1997: Lecturer, Ramjas College, University of Delhi 

1993­1996: Research Associate, Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics  1990­1993: Lecturer, Ramjas College, University of Delhi. 

     

Awards and Scholarships    

V.K.R.V. Rao Award for economists under 45 years for original and significant contributions to        Indian economics for the year 2007.  

  

EXIM Bank award for outstanding dissertation in the area of international trade and related        issues for 1994. 

  

University Grants Commission (UGC) Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) in 1989.       

[Simultaneously qualified the National Eligibility Test (NET) for teaching]. 

  

(2)

Other scholarships during the course of the MA programme at the Delhi School of Economics. 

 

Fellowships   

Honorary Fellow, Institute of Chinese Studies, New Delhi  (2013 to present)   

Fellow, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Warwick, UK, October 1 to December 6,        2014 

 

Fellow, India­China Institute, New School, New York, 2008­2010. 

   

Indo­Shastri Fellowship to visit University of British Columbia, May­June 2005   

 

Publications    

Books    

“Affirmative Action in India”, Oxford India Short Introductions Series, Oxford University Press,        New Delhi, March 2013. 

   

"The Grammar of Caste: Economic Discrimination in Contemporary India", Oxford University        Press, New Delhi, July 2011. 

   

Edited Volumes   

“Boundaries of Clan and Color: Cross national comparisons of inter group inequality” (edited        with William Darity Jr.), Routledge, London, 2003. 

  

“Globalisation and Development: A Handbook of New Perspectives”, (edited volume),  Oxford        University Press, New Delhi, Hardcover 2008; Paperback 2010 . 

  

“Capital without Borders: Challenges to Development”, (edited volume), Anthem Press, London,         Hardcover 2010; Paperback 2012. 

 

“Global Economic Crisis and the Developing World” (edited with Keith Nurse), Routledge,        London, 2012. 

         

(3)

Journal papers    

"​Rethinking strategy for the global debt crisis      ​", ​Economic and Political Weekly      ​, vol. 30, no.21,        May 27, 1995.  

 

 "​The Strategic role of international credit as an instrument of trade      ​" (with Kaushik Basu),          Japanese Economic Review​, Vol. 46, No. 4, December 1995.  

 

"​Structural Adjustment in India: a critical assessment      ​", (with Prabirjit Sarkar),       ​Economic and    Political Weekly​, vol XXX, no. 49, December 9, 1995.  

 

 "​Role of foreign capital in Chinese Economic Reforms: A survey      ​", ​China Report  ​, vol 32, no.2,        1996.  

 

 "​The Debt overhang and the disincentive to invest      ​", ​Journal of Development Economics      ​, Vol.   

52, 1997, 169­187.  

 

 “​Continuing the open door policy: promoting capitalism?      ​”, ​China Report  ​, Vol. 34, No. 1, Jan­       

March 1998, pp 111 ­118.  

 

 "​Loan Pushing and triadic relations"        ​, ​Southern Economic Journal    ​, Vol.  65, No. 4, April 1999,        pp. 914­926.  

    

“​Recasting Economic Inequality    ​”, ​Review of Social Economy      ​, Vol. 58, No. 3, October 2000, pp.       

381­399. 

 

“​Tracing the divide: Intergroup disparity across countries      ​”, (with William A. Darity, Jr),       ​Eastern  Economic Journal​, Vol.26, No.1,Winter 2000, pp. 75­85.  

    

“​Does Caste still define disparity: A look at inequality in Kerala, India      ​”, ​American Economic    Review​, papers and proceedings, Vol. 90, No.2, May 2000, pp. 322­325.  

    

“​Caste at Birth? Redefining disparity in India      ​”, ​Review of Development Economics      ​, Vol. 5 No. 1,          February 2001, pp. 130­144  

  

“​Assets versus autonomy? The changing face of the gender­caste overlap in India      ​”, ​Feminist  Economics​, 8 (2), 2002, pp. 19­35.  

  

“​Tale of two cities: Regional Inequality in China on the eve of its entry into WTO      ​”, ​China  Report​, 38 (4), 2002, pp. 523­546. 

   

(4)

“Does Caste Still matter in Kerala?”,        ​South India Journal of Social Sciences          ​, Vol. II, No.1, June          2004, pp. 7­20 

 

“​The Eternal Debate​” in ​Economic and Political Weekly​, June 17, 2006.  

  

“​Overlapping identities under liberalisation: gender and caste in India​”, ​Economic Development  and Cultural Change​,​ Vol. 55, No. 4, July 2007, pp.735­760 

    

“ ​Where the path leads: the role of caste in post university employment expectations​”, with  Katherine Newman, ​Economic and Political Weekly​, Vol. XLII, No. 41, October 13, 2007, pp. 

4133­4140. 

 

 “Quest for Equality: Affirmative Action in India”, ​The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations​,  Vol. 44, No.2,  October 2008, pp. 154­163. 

  

 "​Merit, mobility and modernism: caste discrimination in contemporary Indian labour markets​",   Indian Journal of Labour Economics​, Volume 53, Number 3, July­September, 2010, pp. 

433­455. 

 

“​Who is eligible: should affirmative action be group­ or class­based​?”, with William Darity, Jr. 

and Thomas Weisskopf, ​American Journal of Economics and Sociology​, ​Vol. 70, No. 1, January  2011, pp. 238­268  

   

“​Entrepreneurship or Survival? Caste and Gender of Small Business in India      ​”, with Smriti      Sharma, ​Economic and Political Weekly​, Vol. XLVIII, No. 28, pp. 38­49, July 13, 2013 

 

Media citation:​ The Mint on Sunday, May 31, 2015   Blog entry: ​Ideas for India, September 23, 20113   

“​Does Affirmative Action Reduce Productivity? A Case Study of the Indian Railways      ​”, with    Thomas E. Weisskopf, ​World Development​,​ Vol. 64, December 2014, pp. 169­180  

 

Media citations: ​The Hindu, February 5 2015​, two stories ­­ page 1 and page 10. 

       ​The Hindu, February 12, 2015     ​The Mint on Sunday, May 31, 2015     ​Indian Express, May 13, 2016  Blog entry: ​Ideas for India, January 21, 2015   

“​Who is the Identifiable Victim?: Caste and Charitable Giving in Modern India      ​”, with Dean      Spears, ​Economic Development and Cultural Change​, Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 299­321, January 2016   

(5)

Media citations: ​The Wall Street Journal, October 24, 2012   

 

“​Disadvantage and discrimination in self­employment: caste gaps in earnings in Indian small  businesses​”, with Smriti Sharma, ​Small Business Economics: An entrepreneurship journal​,  46(2):325­346, February 2016  

 

Book Chapters​:   

“Casting off servitude: assessing caste and gender disparity in India”, in       ​Feminism and Anti­     

racism: International Struggles for Justice        ​, edited by Kathleen Blee and France Winddance        Twine, New York University Press, New York and London, 2001, pp. 328­348. 

   

“Gender Discrimination at the Workplace: India, China, Bangladesh”,  in Bill Kosanovich,        editor,  ​“Improving labour market opportunities and security for workers in developing        countries”​, ILAB Symposium Papers, Bureau of International Labour Affairs,  Washington DC,        2003, pp. 223­267. 

  

“Graded Inequalities: An assessment of affirmative action in India”, in Elaine Dubourdieu,        editor, “​Affirmative Action Policies: a trans­national analysis​”, Ashgate, 2006. 

 

“Decomposing Inequality: Significance of caste” in Bibek Debroy and D. Shyam Babu, editors,       

“​The Dalit Question: Reforms and Social Justice      ​”, Rajiv Gandhi Institute for Contemporary        Studies, Globus Books, New Delhi, 2004, pp. 33 to 52 (Chapter 3) 

  

“Do markets discriminate? Some insights from economic theories” , in “      ​Reservations and the      private sector: Quest for equal opportunity and growth      ​”, editors Sukhadeo Thorat, Aryama,          Prashant Negi, Rawat Publications, Delhi, 2005, pp. 59­65. 

  

“Affirmative Action in India and the USA”: Background Paper,       ​World Development Report    ​,  2006 

 

“Growth, reforms and inequality: comparing India and China”, with Lopamudra Banerjee, Yan  Ming, Sanjay Ruparelia, Vamsicharan Vakulabharanam, Wei Zhong, ​in Bagchi, Amiya K. and  D'Costa, Anthony P. (eds.) ​Transformation and Development: The Political Economy of  Transition in India and China, Delhi​: Oxford University Press, 2012.  

 

“Social Justice Through Affirmative Action in India: An Assessment”, in Jeannette Wicks­Lim  and Robert Pollin (editors) “​Capitalism on Trial: Explorations in the Tradition of Thomas  Weisskopf​”, Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing Inc. (Northampton, MA), 2013. 

 

“Caste, Class and Gender: Dynamism or Stasis” in Ashima Goyal (editor), “​Handbook of the  Dynamic Indian Economy​”, Oxford India Handbook Series, Oxford University Press, New  Delhi, 2014, pp. 352­373 

(6)

 

“Deprivation, Caste inequality and the Maoist Conflict in India”, in N.Jayaram (editor), “​For  Satish Saberwal: Essays in Historical and Comparative Studies​”, Orient Blackswan, 2015   

 

Working Papers   

“​How Backward are the Other Backward Classes? Changing Contours of Caste Disadvantage in  India​”, with Rajesh Ramachandran, Centre for Development Economics, Working Paper No. 

233, November 2014, under revision. 

 

Blog entry: ​Ideas for India, December 4, 2013   

 

“​Bad Karma or Discrimination? Male­Female Wage Gaps Among Salaried Workers in India​”,  with Deepti Goel and Shantanu Khanna, Centre for Development Economics, Working Paper  No. 243, May 2015 and IZA Discussion Paper, DP No. 948, under submission  

 

Media piece: “Forget the Glass Ceiling, Indian Women Must Worry About the Sticky  Floor Instead”, ​Quartz, March 18, 2016​; ​Scroll, March 21, 2016  

 

“​The Impact of a Computer Based Adult Literacy Program on Literacy and Numeracy: Evidence  from India​”, with Alain Desrochers, Christopher Ksoll, Abu S. Sonchoy, Centre for 

Development Economics, Working Paper No. 251, January 2016, under submission   

“​Double Jeopardy? Caste, Affirmative Action and Stigma​”, 2016/71, Helsinki:UNU­WIDER   

Encyclopaedia entries    

“Affirmative Action”, in Kaushik Basu (editor),       ​Oxford Companion to Economics in India,        Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2007, pp. 5­6 

  

“Caste” in Kaushik Basu (editor),         ​Oxford Companion to Economics in India,       ​Oxford University    Press, New Delhi, 2007, pp 48­50 

  

“Women in the Labour Force” in    Kaushik Basu (editor),       ​Oxford Companion to Economics in          India, ​Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2007, pp 557­559 

  

“The Theil Index” in William Darity, Jr. (editor)        ​The International Encyclopaedia of  the Social        Sciences​, 2​nd​ Edition, Thomson. ​http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2­3045302737.html 

    

(7)

“Creamy layer” in William Darity, Jr. (editor)        ​The International Encyclopaedia of  the Social        Sciences​, 2​nd Edition, Thomson. 

 

“Caste and Diversity in India”, in The Companion to Social Economics , editors John Davis & 

Wilfred Dolfsma, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2008, pp. 171­187. 

     

Other Papers​:    

"Some aspects of international debt of developing countries"       ​EXIM Bank Occasional Paper      ​,  1995. 

  

“Economic Survey 1998­99 and the external sector: myth and reality”, in       ​The Indian Economy      1998­99: An alternative survey​,  Delhi Science Forum, Delhi, 1999. 

  

“Employment and unemployment in Nepal”, a chapter in the UNDP study of Nepal as a part of        the “Macro economics of poverty reduction” project, 2002. 

 

"Gender Caste and Growth Assessment – India, Report to Department for International 

Development", (with Rao, N., Verschoor, A., and  Dubey, A.), DEV Reports and Policy Paper  Series, The School of International Development, University of East Anglia, UK, 2010. 

 

“Exclusion and inclusive growth”, UNDP Discussion Paper, 2013. 

 

Work in Progress: 

 

“Education, Social Mobility and Affirmative Action”: two primary surveys in New Delhi, as a  part of the NOPOOR consortium funded by EU (​www.nopoor.eu​) 

 

“Affirmative Action, Political Representation and Caste Disadvantage: Mapping Changes in  post­Mandal India”, joint with Rajesh Ramachandran 

 

“The effects of female literacy and numeracy on household decision­making and child  outcomes”, a collaborative project based at the University of Ottawa and Centre for  Development Economics, funded by the SSHRC, Canada. 

 

Blog Entry: “Adult Education, Knowledge and Confidence”, ​Ideas for India, 21  September 2015 

 

Impact evaluation of the Maharashtra State Rural Livelihoods Mission (MSRLM) programme,  through a “Maharashtra Well­Being and Livelihoods Panel Survey”, funded by the Social  Observatory unit of the World Bank. 

 

“Caste Identity and Institutions: Perceptions About Remunerative Earnings from 

(8)

Self­Employment in India”,  joint with Deepti Goel, Delhi School of Economics. 

 

“Being Muslim in India”, joint with Hilary Silver, Brown University. 

   

Editorial experience​:    

Member, Editorial Board, ​Review of Social Economy​ from September 15, 2004. 

 

Associate Editor, ​Feminist Economics​, 2010­2013. 

 

Member, Editorial Board, ​Indian Economic Review​.   

With William Darity Jr., edited a special issue of the       ​Review of Social Economy       ​(Vol. 58, no. 3,        October 2000)  on cross national comparisons of racial and ethnic inequality. 

     

Writings on music​:    

“​The singer and the voice: where is the music      ​”, ​Economic and Political Weekly      ​, vol. 39, No.48,        November 2004 and on the Underscore Records website.    

 

“​Understanding the singer​”, ​Economic and Political Weekly​, 28 May 2005    

 “​Not understanding the singer​”, ​Economics and Political Weekly​, Vol. 40, No. 22­23, 2005. 

 

"​A Matter of Name and Shame      ​", ​Economic and Political Weekly      ​,  Vol. XLIV, No. 44, October        31, 2009  

 

"A man who resides in music", translated from original Marathi by P.L.Deshpande to English,        published in the      ​Mallikarjun Mansur Centenary Celebration Volume        ​, September 2010,      reproduced in the ​Open Magazine​, 24 September , 2010:  

 

“​Scholar Extraordinaire: Ashok Ranade on Hindi Film Music      ​”, ​Economic and Political Weekly      ​,  Vol XLVI, No. 39, September 24, 2011  

 

“​New Voices in Songs: Do Women in Hindi Films Have Greater Agency      ​?”, ​Economic and    Political Weekly​, Vol. L, No. 37, pp. 25­27.  

              

(9)

Op­ed pieces​:   

“The Deep Sounds of the Mughals”, ​Indian Express,   

“​Behnon and Bhaiyon​: Cibaca Geet Mala”,​ Indian Express   

“New Sounds of Hindi Film Music”, ​Indian Express​,   

‘​Because it breaks silences​’, Indian Express, May 22, 2013,    

‘​Can Dalit Capitalism be a vehicle for Social Mobility in India​” (with Smriti Sharma),​ Live  Mint​, September 23, 2013  

 

‘​The Primary Trauma​’, ​Indian Express​, 3 May 2014  

 

‘​Contours of Caste Disadvantage​’, ​The Hindu​, 27 September 2014. 

 

‘​Reserve but Verify​’, India Today, April 2, 2015.  

 

‘​Poor Transmission​’, ​Indian Express​, 19 March 2015    

‘​The Quota Rush​’, Indian Express, February 27, 2016.  

   

Other popular pieces   

Book reviews for dailies such as       ​Indian Express   and ​The Hindu   etc., as well as periodicals such        as ​Economic and Political Weekly​, ​The Book Review​ etc.  

     

Seminars and Conferences​:    

Recent ​select​ presentations: 

 

October 2015, February 2016, April 2016 and May 2016: “Double Jeopardy? Caste, Affirmative        Action and Stigma”, presented at UNU­WIDER, Helsinki and at the Delhi School of Economics,        Shiv Nadar University and Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. 

 

December 2015: “Affirmative Action, Political Representation and Caste Disadvantage:       

Mapping Changes in post­Mandal India”, at the Annual Conference on Growth and        Development, Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi 

 

September 2015: Presentations at SOAS and University College, London. 

 

(10)

June 2015: Paper presentation at the conference on “Institutions and Social Norms”, University        of Warwick, 10­11 June. 

  

June 2015: Talk at the summer institute on       ​"Ethnicity, Conflict and Inequality in Global        Perspective", Brown University, 16​th June. 

 

June 2015: presentation at University of Goettingen, Center for Monitoring Indian Economy        (CeMIS), 3​rd June. 

  

March/April 2015: Hyderabad: one paper presented at University of Hyderabad and another at        ISB, Hyderabad. 31​st March and 1​st April. 

  

February 2015: Paper presentation at the First Annual Shiv Nadar University Political Economy        Workshop, 20​th​ February. 

  

February 2015: Panelist at a conference on “Sustainable Development: Natural and Human        Capital Dimensions”, Gujarat Institute for Development Research, Ahmedabad, 12 February. 

  

February, 2015: Panelist at the launch of "India and the MDGs: Towards a Sustainable Future        for All", New Delhi, 4​th​ February. 

 

December 2014: two papers presented at the “Growth and Development” conference at Indian        Statistical Institute, New Delhi, 18­20 December. 

  

December 2014: Seminar at the Oxford India Centre for Sustainable Development, University of        Oxford, 3​rd December. 

  

November 2014: Presentation at University of Warwick, 11​th​ November. 

  

November 2014: Seminar at the University of Sussex, Migrating out of Poverty Research        Programme Consortium, 27​th​ November.  

 

September 2014: paper presentation at a workshop on “Reservations in Education in India”, at        Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, organised by organised by the South Asian        Research and Information Institute,  

 

August 2014: paper presentation at a conference on “Asian Approaches to Social Mobility”,        Colombo, 21­22, organised by the Asia Foundation and Korea Development Institute 

 

July 2014: paper presentation at the IHDS users’ conference “Human Development in India:       

Evidence from IHDS”, 18­19, New Delhi   

June 2014: paper presentation at the International Economic Association­ World Bank        roundtable on “Shared Prosperity and Growth”, Jordan. 

 

(11)

Februray 2014: Paper presentation at the conference on “Development from the Perspective of        Labour”, Giri Institute for Development Studies, 21­23  

  

March 2014: Paper presentation at the conference on “Growth and Social Transformation in        India”, IEG, Delhi, 20­22  

 

1995 ­ 2014: several conferences and seminars in different parts of India and the United States,        including major conferences such as the American Economic Association. 

     

Major Research/Organisational Experience: 

  

Chairperson, Annual Conference for Development and Change (an international conference        aimed at young, heterodox scholars, supported by Ford Foundation, New York, for three years,        starting December 2005). First conference in Neemrana, India, December 2005. Second        conference: Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 2006. Third conference: Cape Town, South Africa,        December  2007.  Fourth  conference  :  Johannesburg,  April,  2010. 

http://www.policyinnovations.org/calendar/ACDC    

One of the four principal investigators in a project on       ​Urban Labour Market Inequality in India          ​,  initiated by Princeton University, USA and Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, New Delhi,        completed in 2007. 

  

One of the four authors an DFID funded study called “      ​Gender­caste growth assessment    ​”  designed to bring out the interconnections between growth and gender/caste inequalities in India        (full citation in "Other Papers" above) 

 

One of the three regional authors for the UN (2010) report: "      ​Can the MDGs provide a pathway            to social justice? The challenge of intersecting inequalities"​ by Naila Kabeer.  

  

Member, Expert Group on the creation of the Diversity Index (as a part of the implementation of        the Sachar Committee Report on Muslims in India), Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government        of India, September 2007. 

  

Member, Consultative Group on the External Sector, Planning Commission, Government of        India, September 2004. 

  

Member, Consultative Group on Industry, Planning Commission, Government of India,        September 2004. 

  

July 2002:    ​Deputy Director  ​, Cambridge Advanced Program on Development Economics        (CAPORDE), University of Cambridge, UK. 

     

(12)

Research Supervision:  

Ph.D: 

 

Usha Jayachandran: awarded 2010:  "Socio­economic Analysis of Elementary Education in        India" (jointly supervised with Jean Dreze and Badal Mukhopadhay). 

  

Smriti Sharma: “Three Essays on Disadvantage and Discrimination in Contemporary India",        submitted February 2014, awarded January 2015. (working at UNU­WIDER, Helsinki) 

 

Apoorva Gupta (under progress): “Education and Social Mobility in India” 

 

Mrinalini Jha (under progress): “Economics of Discrimination”  

  

M.Phil:  

 

Shantanu Khanna (submitted 2012 and awarded):  "Wage inequality decomposition: quantile        regressions" (jointly supervised with Deepti Goel) 

 

Pilu Chandra Das (submitted 2012 and awarded): "Total Factor Productivity in Indian        Manufacturing: the story of the Noughties" (jointly supervised with Deb Kusum Das) 

  

Consulting experience​:    

Consultant to a project on the “Diversity of Muslim Women’s Lives in India”, conducted by        Zoya Hasan and Ritu Menon under the Teen Murti Memorial Library, New Delhi (2001­2002)    

Consultant to the World Bank: background paper on affirmative action in India: 2002 and on the        MSRLM project, 2014­2015 

  

Consultant to UNDP on the “Macro economics of poverty reduction” project on the Nepal case        study.  2002­2003 and on other assignments. 

  

Consultant to DFID: gender and caste in India: 2007­8 (five months)    

Consultant to UN: “Can MDGs Provide a Pathway to Social Justice? The Challenge of        Intersecting Inequalities”, 2010 

 

Consultant to a Council for Social Development (Hyderabad) project on Socio­economic profile        of Tribals in India (2012­2014) 

             

(13)

       

Personal information​: Born 4 July 1965, Nationality Indian, female. 

 

Languages: Fluent in English, Hindi and Marathi. Good working knowledge of Bangla. 

 

Contact Information:  

Department of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007   

Telephone: (+91­11) 2766 6533 –35; 2766 6703­05  Fax: (+91­11) 2766 7159 

Email: ​[email protected] 

Referensi

Dokumen terkait

Besides these principles, ideas and resolutions of the Congress, the impact of other political parties of India and the role played by Indian Civil Service in

Through the annual supply chain mapping performed by Transition as part of the industry collaboration, Action for Sustainable

Biswas Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India Received 8 July 2012; revised 27 December 2012; accepted 26 May 2013

Deendayal, D Nigitha Response of single pile under dynamic loading Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference December 14th-16th, IIT Guwahati, India 2017 Deendayal R,

India is a standout amongst those speediest developing retail businesses in the world, with Over December 2011, under weight from those opposition, indian administration set those

Image for representation: Screengrab from YouTube HIGHLIGHTS  India may require up to 1 million ventilator units to deal with Covid-19 pandemic  Indian hospitals are estimated to

Subba Rao Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai 410 218, India Received May 13, 2013; Revised August 28, 2013; Accepted September 2, 2013; Online published

He started this through marriages between imperial dynasties and Muslim/Indian ruler families, among local public of north India and people from Mughal Empire, political members and