Some of the most commonly used risk assessment techniques are: preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), fault tree analysis (FTA) and event tree analysis (expected time of arrival). This project work discusses in detail the concept and steps in safety and environmental risk assessment and their different approaches in risk assessment (qualitative and quantitative), various risk analysis techniques and important features of a mine safety management system. It emphasizes the need to assess the risks of different mining activities and the need to take cost-effective appropriate measures to prevent, eliminate and minimize risks.
LIST OF TABLES
INTRODUCTION
Safety risk assessment is the systematic identification of potential hazards in the workplace as a first step to control the potential risk involved. Environmental health risk assessment addresses human health concerns and ecological risk assessment addresses environmental media and organisms.
LITERATURE REVIEW
- RISK NOMENCLATURE
Intolerable risk
Undesirable risk, and tolerable only if risk reduction is impracticable
Tolerable risk if the cost of risk reduction would exceed the improvement gain Class IV Negligible risk
Assessing the vulnerability of elements at risk: After an inventory has been made of the elements at risk further examination has to be made of how they will be affected by hazards to
- BENEFITS OF RISK ASSESSMENT
- SAFETY RISK ASSESSMENT .1 Introduction .1 Introduction
- Conducting a Safety/Risk Assessment in Six Steps 1) The group that will conduct the analysis is chosen first,
- QUALITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS
- QUANTITATIVE APPROACH-RISK ASSESSMENT
- Risk Evaluation
- RISK ANALYSIS METHODOLOGIES .1 Introduction
- Event Tree Analysis
- HAZOP
The risk assessment from the detailed site assessment is then carried out on each of the three highest risk site groups, in order of the group's risk level. 12 3) All possible hazards that exist in the area selected for investigation are included. Nevertheless, we must accept that most risk analyzes conducted in our environment will be qualitative in nature.
Some of the most commonly used techniques include preliminary hazard analysis (PHA), failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), hazard and operability studies (HAZOP), fault tree analysis (FTA), and event tree analysis (ETA). The tops of the hole will fail at the angle of repose when the column is pulled down. The force exerted on the coal at the surface above the feeder is most likely due to the weight and vibration of the bulldozer.
If a solution emerges during the problem identification process during the HazOp study, it is recorded as part of the HazOp result;.
EVENT OR FAULT
BASIC EVENT OR FAULT
INCOMPLETE EVENT OR FAULT
INHIBIT GATE
TRIGGER EVENT
AND GATE
OR GATE
PRA (probabilistic risk analysis)
Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) (or Probabilistic Safety Assessment/Analysis) is a systematic and comprehensive methodology to evaluate the risks associated with a complexly designed technological entity. Consequences are expressed numerically (e.g. the number of people who could potentially be injured or killed) and the likelihood that this will happen is expressed in probabilities or frequencies (i.e. the number of occurrences or the probability of this happening per unit time). What and how serious are the potential disadvantages, or the adverse consequences to which the technological entity may ultimately be exposed as a result of the initiator's actions.
The common paradigm of Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) is to analyze a system in order to express a complex risk as a logical function (structural function) of a set of elementary events whose probabilities can be inferred, so that a probability of hazard occurrence is derived. A pragmatic approach to environmental risk assessment can transform what can sometimes seem like an extremely detailed, complex and resource-intensive process into a practical decision aid. The figure provides a framework for a tiered approach to environmental risk assessment and management where the level of effort put into assessing each risk is proportional to its priority (relative to other risks) and its complexity (relative to understanding of potential impacts).
The importance of correctly defining the actual problem, the need to review and rank all risks before quantification, the need to consider all risks in the option evaluation phase, and the iterative nature of the process.
Key stages
At all stages of risk assessment, several key features should be considered, as described below. The geographic scale of damage resulting from an environmental impact will often extend significantly beyond the boundaries of the source of the hazard. Failure to consider this at an early stage can result in the scope of the risk assessment being too limited.
For example, a major accident at a chemical plant is likely to have significant environmental impacts far beyond the site area. The duration of the damage that occurs may raise questions of intergenerational justice, or may be so prolonged that the damage may be assumed to be permanent and to transcend the environment. However, the damage, once established, is likely to last for decades and will threaten the value of this aquifer as a source of water for future generations.
The ability to predict the timescale and magnitude of the environmental impact through robust and long-term modeling is therefore valuable, particularly at the quantifiable end of the risk spectrum.
Estimation of the probability of the consequences
Therefore, risk assessment and management should pay as much attention to long-term problems as to more immediate risks. On the other hand, there will be situations in which it is necessary to assign a probability distribution to the likelihood of the event occurring—for example, that a non-GM crop will be widely pollinated by a GM crop. For example, the exposure of a receptor to an atmospheric emission of sulfur dioxide will depend on the direction and strength of the prevailing wind at the time of release.
The impact of a coastal flood on a tourist area can be dictated by the time of year in which the flood occurs; Property loss can be greater in the summer when caravan parks are busy than in the winter when it is likely to be low. Even after exposure, the likelihood of harm resulting is probabilistic and will depend on the potential sensitivity of an individual receptor to the hazard and the amount and duration of exposure. This is often simplified in terms of a dose-response relationship, which directly relates exposure to the magnitude of damage to certain types of receptors.
For example, in flood damage assessment, standard depth damage curves are used to relate the depth of flood water to the amount of damage sustained by a building or its contents, again according to the duration of exposure to the flood water.
Evaluating the significance of a risk
- RISK MANAGEMENT
- Safety Management Systems
During a risk assessment, hazards are evaluated in terms of the likelihood that a problem may occur and the damage it may cause. In some cases, the responsibility for rehabilitating the landfills can be attributed, but economic conditions have prevented rehabilitation. In general, the former requires the land to be aesthetically similar to the environment and capable of supporting a self-sustaining ecosystem typical of the area.
In many areas, much of the liability or risk is associated with the uncertainty of closure and remediation requirements from the next custodian (be it a government agency, community organization, or legal entity). Early identification of the next custodian and their involvement in the development of the closure plan allows closure requirements to be determined and agreed upon and considered in the development of the closure plan. Unstabilized mine dumps are a potential thread due to the possibility of dump slides, which endanger people, infrastructure and the environment.
Treatment of AMD could also involve chemical neutralization of acidity followed by precipitation of iron and other suspended solids.
DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND CASE STUDIES FOR SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK
FAULT TREE+ 11.0
- OUTPUT
- Calculation of risk for the hazards that were identified 1) Risk Assessment
In addition to the intrinsic characteristics of coal, the environment originating from mining activities is also responsible for the fire. Several models have been developed in different countries to assess the fire hazard potential of mine slabs. In this project, a computer program was written in C++ to assess the spontaneous fire risk potential of Bord and Pillar underground constructions. Assign an appropriate fire risk value to each major mine parameter that may affect an underground slab fire and then estimate the overall slab fire risk score.
The CRF allows closure risks at each mine to be broken down into as many individual components. The closure risk model was developed as a new tool to assist decision makers in the complex area of mine closure. For the purposes of the model, it is assumed that a neutral weight of 1.0 should be assigned to those primary issues considered to be less important or to have minimal risks, with a weight of 2.0 for extreme risks.
The constipation risk factor is simply the sum of these components, ie. 64 Table 3.5 Relationship between CRF and risk assessment of constipation. 71 Case Study 1: A Uranium Mine on Aboriginal Land Surrounded by a World Heritage National Park. Constipation risk factor CRF=∑(RE+RSH+RC+RLU+RLF+RT). Design replacement for RMR change to be studied for various in situ geological phenomena Quality control Quality of supports.
CONCLUSION
The program is user friendly and can help classify Board and Pillar works into low/high/very high categories. Data was also collected from MCL mines to assess and quantify safety risk and suggest appropriate risk management. Risk assessment and management to ensure better workplace safety and eliminate health risks in the mining industry is an important tool for assessing, prioritizing and controlling risks.
Conducting environmental and safety risk assessment in Indian mines is new and lacks expertise; therefore, efforts are being made by various mining companies and statutory agencies to train manpower in this area to make risk assessment scientific, prudent and realistic and a fruitful exercise so that appropriate corrective actions can be taken timely to minimize the hazards. 2005), The Basics of Risk Assessment, Conference on Technological Advancements and Environmental challenges in Mining and Allied Industries in the 21st Century, NIT, Rourkela, p. 2008), Analysis and Assessment of Safety Risk in Mines, The Indian Mining and Engineering Journal ,NIT,Rourkela, pp.21-30. Paliwal, Rakesh (2006), Assessment and Management of Trucking Risk – A Case Study, ENTMS, The Indian Mineral Industry Journal, Bhubaneswar, p. 2006) ―A Handy Objective Model for Estimation of Spontaneous Fire Risk Potential of Underground Panels in Bord and Pillar Method of Mining‖, Journal of Mines, Metals and Fuels, pp.
