Structural scientometrics has come up with results such as the remapping of the epistemological structure of science based on, for example, co-citation, "bibliographic linking" techniques or co-word techniques. Today, bibliometrics is one of the rare truly interdisciplinary fields of research that extends to almost all scientific fields.
Historical remarks
- The origin of the name ‘Bibliometrics’
- The pioneers in bibliometrics
- Bibliometrics since deSolla Price
- The three “components” of present-day bibliometrics
Later, since the early 1980s, bibliometrics could evolve into a separate scientific discipline with a specific research profile, different subfields and the associated scientific communication structures (publication of the international journal Scientometrics in 1979 as the first journal specialized in bibliometric topics, international conferences since 1983, the journal Research Evaluation since 1991). The fact that bibliometric methods are already being applied to the field of “bibliometrics” also indicates the rapid development of the field.
The elements of bibliometric research and their mathematical background
Basic concepts of elements, units and measures of bibliometric research
More complex measures can be obtained as statistical functions defined on sets of bibliometric elements and units. Elements, units and measures of bibliometric research will be discussed in detail in the following sections devoted to concrete applications.
Data sources of bibliometric research
In the 90s, especially the CD editions of the three ISI databases, SCI, SSCI and AHCI (Arts & Humanities Citation Index), became very popular. From the second half of the 90s onwards, the excellent retrieval system supplied with the CD database allowed bibliometric work on any advanced PC system.
Minimum bibliographic description for paper identification
The online versions of the SCI and SSCI databases, for example SCISEARCH and SOCIAL SCISEARCH offered by DIMDI (Cologne), appeared to be a serious alternative to the offline editions, also for bibliometric research ("online bibliometrics". According to empirical investigations the above errors can be corrected, for example using the group key '91ZWIE 571094[A]'.
Mathematical models and the “distributional” approach
- Historical sketch of mathematical methods used in bibliometrics
- Basic postulates and the “axiomatic approach” to bibliometrics
- Deterministic models of productivity and citation processes
- The stochastic approach to bibliometrics
The additional condition to Eq. 3') says that the process is non-homogeneous, i.e. the dust flow may depend on the elapsed time. Then the following partition can be obtained from the first system of differential equations by successive integration .. i.e. the distribution of substance over the units is negative binomial at any time.
Indicators of publication activity
- Counting schemes and main levels of aggregation
- Problems of subject assignment
- Statistics on scientific productivity: Frequency distributions
- Factors influencing publication activity, subject characteristics
- Publication profiles of institutional and national research activity
- Publication profiles by discipline
- Publication profiles by sectors
- Publication profiles by funding
- Characterising research dynamics of institutions, regions or countries
Papers are assigned individually, based on the authors' classification and corrections by reviewers. The multidisciplinarity of the database can be considered the main reason for the lack of paper-based subject classification. The trend in a unit's publication output is one of the basic criteria in research evaluation.
This is also apparent from the purchase of journals that fall under this edition of the SCI. AI = the world share of the given country (region) in publications in the given field the total world share of the given country (region) in publications or, equivalent. AI = the share of the given field in the publications of the given country (region) the share of the given field in the world total of publications.
The figure below (Figure 3.13) is taken from the 2nd Edition of the European Report on Science and Technology Indicators (REIST-2, 1997).
Indicators of citation impact
- The notion of citations in information science and bibliometrics
- The role of self-citations
- Factors influencing citation impact
- Journal citation measures: the Impact Factor
- Relative citation indicators
At the level of individual authors or for research teams, the deviation of the proportion of. Instead of integer counting of citations: weighting a citation on the basis of the journals it is made in. There is no indication of deviations from this statistic (see, e.g., Schubert and Glänzel, 1983).
This formula can be reformulated as the product of the square root of the impact factor and the number of citations. The indicator is the reciprocal of an estimator of one of the N parameters of the distribution. An overview of the applications, problems and limitations of the Impact Factor is given by Glänzel and Moed (2002).
According to section 4.4, it is the reciprocal of the parameter N in the negative-binomial model by Glänzel and Schubert (1995).
Indicators of scientific collaboration
Co-authorship as a measure of scientific collaboration
The most important results are that extramural collaboration is characterized by equality in the social status, while intramural collaboration shows significant differences in the social status of the co-authors. Scientific collaboration – measured by co-authorship patterns – has increased significantly over the past decades at all levels of aggregation. The most frequently used levels of aggregation in co-publishing studies are the level of individual authors, extramural domestic, collaboration between sectors (eg university/higher education, non-university academic, industry) and international collaboration.
For the authors in all three fields there is a peak of productivity close to the average value of cooperativeness characteristic for the field in question. For example, in biomedical research the maximum productivity is achieved for teams with 6 co-authors, while in mathematics, the average publication activity takes its maximum value in the case of 1-2 co-authors. Although "teamwork" exhibits higher productivity than sole authorship in the other two domains, beyond the characteristic level of the domain productivity decreases significantly as collaboration increases. 2001) have shown a similar effect in the field of neuroscience.
The positive effect of cooperation and especially international cooperation on the impact of citations has been shown in many studies, although international cooperation does not always pay off for all partners involved (cf. Glänzel, 2001).
Indicators of co-operativity and co-publication networks
Nevertheless, two examples of the use of the Salton criterion in the context of international co-publication structures will be given here. Figures 5.5 and 5.6 visualize networks of international co-publications based on the strength of cooperation links between pairs of countries. International scientific cooperation in the first period was not as intense as ten years later, so lower thresholds of the Salton measure had to be used in Figure 5.5.
First, the overall strength of links increased; thus dashed lines in Figure 5.5 are frequently replaced by solid lines in Figure 5.6. The bond between these two countries (5.9%) is one of the strongest in the period under study (a few years before the crown colony returned to China). Using the shares of joint papers with other countries in all co-publications and their share in the world total, a certain asymmetry in case of mutual affinity can be uncovered.
The examples presented in Figure 5.7 are taken from the study by Glänzel (2001) on national characteristics in international scientific co-authorship relationships.
Indicators and advanced data-analytical methods
- Bibliometric transaction matrices
- Bibliographic coupling and co-citation analysis
- Co-word, Co-heading and Co-author Clustering Techniques
- Techniques of Matrix Analysis
Finally, the matrix R = Diag(B)–½·B·Diag(B)–½ = [rij]= [CA(didj)] contains Salton's measure of the strength of the bibliographic connection of all paper pairs. These properties guarantee that Salton's measure is an appropriate measure of the strength of bibliographic linkage. The product matrix C = AT·A then indicates the number of co-citations of the given articles.
The matrix S = Diag(C)–½·C·Diag(C)–½ = [rij]= [CA(rirj)] contains Salton's measure of the strength of the co-citation association of all pairs of papers. It is known that the maximum likelihood estimator of the expected number of transactions eij. Model independence cannot be assumed if the main diagonal of the transaction matrix is dominant.
In addition, the elements of the main diagonal of the matrix C reveal interesting additional information about self-transactions.
The borderland of bibliometric research
Linkage between science and technology
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Links established through patent citations to the scientific literature are considered the most important, and are therefore most frequently applied (see, for example, Narin et al., 1997, Verbeek et al., 2002). However, even the inverse relationship created by patent citation in the scientific literature reveals interesting aspects of science-technology connections (see, for example, Hicks, 2000, Glänzel and Meyer, 2002). The high importance of patents in chemistry research, among others, reflected by the indexing of patents in the bibliographic database Chemical Abstracts, can also be confirmed by Glänzel and Meyer (2002).
Nevertheless, reliable studies of this relationship can be conducted at lower levels of aggregation or in specific domains (cf. Noyons et al., 1994).
New horizons: bibliometric methods in webometrics
The connections between science and technology can basically be studied on the basis of the following bibliotechnometric relationships. All versions of the work cited that have appeared in the Web of Science database are presented in Figure 8.1. Essays of an Information Scientist, 8. GARFIELD, E., The Evolution of Physical Chemistry to Chemical Physics, Current Contents, 3, 1986b, 3-12. GARFIELD, E., Essays of an Information Scientist.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, Bielefeld, Federal Republic of Germany, June 10-12, 1990 Leiden: DSWO Press, 1992b, pp. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics, held at River Forest, Illinois, June 7-10, Learned Information Inc., Medford. SMALL, H., Co-citation in the scientific literature : a new measure of the relationship between two documents, Journal of the American Society for Information Science.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Bibliometrics, Scientometrics and Informetrics, gehouden in Londen (Canada), 4-7 juli 1989).
Introduction to bibliometric technology
Outlines of cleaning-up and computerised data processing of
Developed by Glänzel in 1995, Lupus - Visual Bibliometrics is designed to be used alongside the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) CD-ROM edition of (S)SCI. It supports the process of building a literature base and the creation of knowledge maps and analysis of content by. ASAI, I., The adjusted age distribution and its application to impact factor and immediacy index, Journal of the American Society for Information Science.
F., (ed.), Journal impact measurements: their role in research policy and scientific information management., Selected papers from the Special Day Session of the 8th International Conference on Scientometrics and Informetrics, held in Sydney (Australia) on July 17 , 2001 , dedicated issue of the journal Scientometrics. KRETSCHMER, H., (1992a), The significance of the logarithm of the number of publications for measuring social stratification in co-author networks. Bibliographic linkage and subject relatedness, I: 1984: Challenges to an Information Society, Proceedings of the 47th ASIS Annual Meeting (compiled by B.
1981, The Adequacy of the Science Citation Index (SCI) as an Indicator of International Scientific Activity, Journal of the American Society for.
Bibliometric sortware
