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“BIOMASS GASIFICATION OF AGRO – WASTE: - A POTENTIAL ASSESSMENT FOR SEONI, REGION”- A REVIEW
Sweta Singh
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology & Sciences, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Dr. Ruchi Pandey
HOD, Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology &
Sciences, Jabalpur (M.P.) Mr. Anand Goswami
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology & Sciences, Jabalpur (M.P.)
Abstract - Present study was carried out to find the availability of methane and hydrogen gas in three major crops residue i.e. wheat, rice and maize for Seoni district MP through downdraft gasification process. During the analysis ultimate and proximate analysis were carried out which shows a rich potential as a gasification feedstock. For the above analysis CFD based tool is being used and it has been found that methane yields ore in rice husk and less in maize stalks and average yields was 1 ton per 2.76 tons of biomass residue.
The CFD tools also suggest that around 4% of methane and 10% of hydrogen by volume fraction is available in gas produced by these crop residues. The result will be helpful for academicians and person involved in energy generation through gasification from biomass.
1 INTRODUCTION
Gasification is a chemical process that transforms organic materials like biomass into convenient gaseous fuels or chemical feedstock. Pyrolysis, partial oxidation, and hydrogenation are the related processes of gasification. Combustion also transforms carbonaceous materials into product gases, but there are important differences among them. Some of the reason are that, combustion product gas does not have optimum heating value, but product gas from gasification has. Gasification stores energy into chemical bonds while combustion free it. Gasification takes place in oxygen-deficient environments requiring heat; while the combustion process takes place in an oxidizing environment giving off heat.
The aim of gasification or pyrolysis is not only energy conversion; but the production of chemical feedstock is also one of the important application. In historical view, the first application of pyrolysis of wood into charcoal are found around 4000 B.C.E. was not for heating but for iron ore reduction. In now of the days, gasification is not limited to solid hydrocarbons. Its feedstock incorporates liquid or even gases to produce more useful fuels. Partial oxidation of methane gas is generally used in production of synthetic gas, or also called syngas, which is a mixture of Hydrogen and CO.
1.1 What Is Biomass?
Biomass can be defined as any organic materials that are obtained from plants or animals (Basu, et al. 2010). A generally accepted definition is much more difficult to find. However, the one which is accepted by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2005) is applicable here:
“Non-fossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals and microorganisms. This shall also include products, by-products, residues and waste from agriculture, forestry and related industries as well as the non-fossilized and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes.”
Biomass also includes gases and liquids regain possession from the decay of nonfossilized and biodegradable organic materials. In the world scenario, there has been a formal discussion on a legal definition.
As a sustainable and renewable energy resource, biomass is continuously being formed by the interaction of CO2, air, soil, water and sunrays with plants and animals. After the organism dies, microorganisms separate down biomass into elementary component parts like H2O, CO2, and its potential energy. Due to
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the carbon dioxide, a biomass producesthrough the action of micro – organisms or combustion process was absorbed by it in the recent time, biomass combustion does not increase the total CO2 amount of the Earth. It is thus known as green house gas neutral or GHG neutral. [2]
1.2 Concise Project Definition:
Motivation for Current Work
Product gas from biomass gasification can be used in many applications such as in industrial or residential area. Most of this energy production application are decentralized and coupled with gas turbine or engine and also boiler. A solid fuel fired for gas turbine combustor should have a high intensity and produce complete carbon utilization. Besides that it should maintain fine fly ash particle size and also have low pressure drop and good turndown.
India is an agriculture based country where more than 65% of the total population lives in rural areas. Biomass stills the primary energy source in the developing countries of Asia.
Most of the part of biomass energy in India has been derived from owned sources like farm trees or cattle, or is collected by households from common property lands. The biomass energy consumption is limited to only cooking needs in Indian households and traditional industries like farmlands in rural areas. Due to the lack of a developed energy market in rural areas, most biomass fuels are not utilized nor do they compete with other commercial energy resources. In developing countries like India, due to much labor, biomass has no resource value so long as it is not severe.
Due to the short of an energy market in the country, the traditional biomass fails to exchange value in part substitution.
1.3 AIM and Objectives of the Study
“The research objective of the study is to find out the amount of power generation potential of Seoni district based on gasification of agricultural residue of three major crops i.e. Wheat Maize and Rice.”
Table 1.1 Productivity of important Kharif and Rabi crops of the district
[34]
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter summarizes several aspects related to the biomass and its gasification process based on some of the information available in the literature and the experience.
2.1 Small Scale Biomass Gasification Technology in India- An Overview (Rajiv Varshney et. al.)
Gasification of biomass for use in internal combustion engines for power generation provides an important alternate renewable energy strategy. Solar energy captured by photosynthesis and stored in the biomass makes it a high-energy density system (16 MJ/kg).
Gasification of this fuel is taken to mean partial combustion of biomass to produce gas and char at the first stage and subsequent reduction of the product gases, chiefly Carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O), by the charcoal into Carbon monoxide (CO) and Hydrogen (H2). The process also generates methane and other higher hydrocarbons depending on the design and operating conditions of the reactor. The development of the technology to harness this route has taken place in spurts. The most intensive of these was during the Second World War to meet the scarcity of petroleum sources for transportation both in civilian and military sectors.
2.2 Scientific Aspects of Reactor Design
The first element in a gasification system is a reactor where the thermo-chemical
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conversion from solid fuel to gaseous fueltakes place with reactions taking place with air drawn from the atmosphere in a temperature range of 800 to 1400oC. This is the most critical of the components from the point of view of
(i) Conversion into high-energy gas, (ii) Reduction of tar and particulates,
and
(iii) Managing to function under high temperature, oxidative or reducing atmospheres with long life.
2.3 Biomass Based Power Prospects in India
In developing countries like India, biomass is an important energy source for power generation (Table 2.1). With presently available technologies these
surplus agricultural residues, can produce more than 16,000 MW of grid quality power In fact it is considered that about 5000 MW of power can be produced, if all the sugar mills which are 550 in numbers in the country are switched to modern techniques based on of co- generation. Thus, the surplus estimated biomass power potential is about 21,000 MW.
For the last 15 years, biomass potential to generate power has become an industry attracting annual investment.
Which is more than Rs.1000 crores, and it is continuously generating more than 9 billion units of electricity per year and beneficial for creating employment opportunities in rural areas.
Table 2.1 Biomass as an important energy source
Table 2.2 presents the different conversion technologies along with their primary product and applications.
Table 2.3 presents the cumulative achievements under distributed renewable energy power as on 2013-2014.
Table 2.4 presents proposal for 11th Plan for Grid-interactive Renewable
Power. Conservative estimates indicate than even with the present utilization pattern of these residues, and by using only the surplus biomass material, more than 17,000 MW of power could be generated and saved.
Table 2.2 Thermochemical Conversion Technologies, Primary Products and Applications
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Table 2.3 Cumulative achievements under distributed renewable power as on 2013-2014 [18]
Table 2.4 Proposal for 11th Plan for Grid-interactive Renewable Power [19]
2.4 Surplus Biomass Available in the Country
Surplus biomass in large amount is available in different parts of the country (Table 5). For example the pine tree needles which is available in abundance in Himachal Pradesh which also cause forest fires in the Himachal Pradesh can be used directly as a fuel, briquetting or for gasification. This in turn alsoled to saving of forest wealth from fires [5]. India being an agricultural country has a big potential of biomass availability in the form of crop residue and also the saw dust. In the agricultural sector, according to the agriculture report a total 24697 Mt/y of the residue is generated, out of
which 71% is consumed in various domestic and commercial activities within the country and rest of wasted. [19-20]
Madhya Pradesh UrjaVikas Nigam (MPUVN) Limited, Bhopal has carried out a number of biomass assessment studies in selected areas of Madhya Pradesh which reveals that there is a potential of generating at least 200 MW of power using rice husk, mustard crop residue, soy husk, ground nut shell, bagasse and cotton stalk among others.
Further, MPUVN has identified certain locations in the various potential tehsils of the state for suitable installation of the biomass based power generation units [10].
Table 2.5 Surplus Biomass as a Percentage of Total Biomass in Different Zones of the Country[18]
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2.5 Latest Work Performs in the field ofPotential Assessment of Biomass
According to different biomass source, Mustafa Ozcanet. al. (2015) perform the study to find out the primary electrical energy potential obtainable from the biomass potential. In this study, they considered the biomass sources like municipal solid wastes, field crops, animal waste and sludge obtain after urban wastewater treatment. For each and every source, the calculation for individual biogas and biomass energy potential have been performed. [16]
The condition of Turkey have been evaluated for methods of energy conversion from wastes, and also the technical and economic parameters of the country is considered during the study.
As a result about 188.21 TWh/Year of energy can be obtained by the primary biomass. The total primary energy value related to the potential of the evaluated biomass sources is 278.40 TWh/year.
The considerable factors for the stability and productivity of the organic anaerobic digestion (AD) process, has been summarized by Michael Lebuhn and Bernhard Munk (2013) They have been shown the latest findings about molecular biology tools, the bio indicators, and the
“metabolic quotient” and also the cDNA/DNA ratios for biomass gasification process analysis. Due to the big diversity of agricultural biogas, they have been discussed the cost-benefit ratio of M&C effort and equipment. In the view of conversion of the energy system in Germany towards renewable sources (“Energiewende”), they have been given an outlook on various prospects and concepts for the future role of biogas technology in agriculture and energy supply.
In most speedily developing countries like India and China, the number of small biogas plants (Gobar gas plant) specially for rural households strongly increased in the 70s of the last century due to various government development programs along with subsidies. Finally, more than a million small biogas digesters called Gobar gas plant is in India and more than seven million of these plants currently working in China. In china in fact about 28 million households use biogas, as of 2008.
Barun Kumar Das and S.M.
Najmul Hoque (2013) enhances the biomass based power production potential of Bangladesh by gasification technology an optimum thermo chemical process for distributed power generation system. It has been calculated that the total power generation capacity of the country from the agricultural residue is about 1178MWe. While the generation potential from rice husk and bagasses is 1010MWe and 50MWe respectively. Apart of that, wheat straw, jute stalks, maize residues, and coconut shell are also the acceptable biomass resources for power production which can produce up to 118MWe.The forest residue and municipal solid waste are the another option that could also contribute to the total power generation of the country it can be up to 250MWe and 100MWe, respectively.
María Elena (2013) Arce in there study proposes a new grey relational analysis tool along with error propagation theory, for making quickest and right decisions regarding the fuel performance.
The main advantages of this new relation analysis tool are its simplicity, versatility and reliability, which have been provided by comparing obtained results. The effect of functional parameters and fuel properties areanalyzed by the author. The results obtained by the study showed that air supplied on the bed basis and size particle are the most affecting variables on the combustion.
3 CONCLUSION
Present study reveals that gasification route of energy generation from biomass residue is a potential sustainable energy sources. It will also add in clean and green India mission (Swakch Bharat Abhiyaan).
Present results confirm that CH4 and Hydrogen in the stalk is in the ratio of 4 and 10% which is higher that the results aided in the literature. Also the energy yields is higher if calculated in absolute condition.
Three biomass i.e. maize stalks, rice husk and wheat straw has been considered for the study. For the assessment of biomass gasification downdraft gasifire has been considered.
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