Correct Citation:IARI (2014), Technological Options for Improved Productivity and Profit, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110 012, India. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute, popularly known as Pusa Institute, was the premier agricultural research, education and extension institution of the country.
HD 3059 (Pusa Pachheti)
An early maturing (121 days), semi-dwarf (93 cm) wheat variety, which possesses a high degree of resistance to all three rusts, including stem rust race Ug99 and its variants. It showed excellent quality parameters with high protein content (13.6%), high sedimentation value (52 ml), best Glu-1 score (10/10) and met all the criteria for superior bread and chapati making properties.
HD-3043 (Pusa Chaitanya)
Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan (except Kota and Udaipur Units), U. Jhansi Division), J&K Parts (Kathua District), HP Parts (Una District and Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan (except Kota and Udaipur Units), J&K Plains, HP, Uttrakhand, Eastern UP, Bihar,.
HD 2967 (Pusa Sindhu Ganga)
Has very high mature plant resistance to most common leaf rust disease as well as 78S84 and 46S119, two most virulent strains of yellow rust disease.
HD 2894 (Pusa Wheat 109)
HD 2851 (Pusa Vishesh)
North Eastern Plains Zone
HD 2985 (Pusa Basant)
HD 2888 (Pusa Wheat 107)
WR 544 (Pusa Gold)
HD 2824 (Poorva)
HD 2733 (VSM)
HW 2045 (Kaushambi)
Central Zone
HI 8638 (Malavkranti)
HI 1544 (Purna)
HD 2932 (Pusa Wheat 111)
HI 1531 (Harshita)
HD 2864 (Urja)
HI 8627 (Malavkirti)
HI 1500 (Amrita)
HI 1479 (Swarna)
HD 4672 (Malavratna)
HI 8498 (Malavshakti)
HW 2004 (Amar)
HI 8713 (Pusa Mangal)
Peninsular Zone
HD 2987 (Pusa Bahar)
HD-3090 (Pusa Amulya)
HI 8663 (Poshan)
HD 2833 (Pusa Tripti)
Southern Hills Zone
HW 5207 (Pusa Navagiri)
HW 5216 (Pusa Thenmalai)
Northern Hills Zone
HI 1563 (Pusa Prachi)
HW 1098 (Nilgiri Khapli)
HS 375 (Himgiri)
HS 490 (Pusa Baker)
HS 507 (Pusa Suketi)
Hilly areas of J&K, HP, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal and NE states : Timely (summer) sowing conditions. Hilly areas of J&K, HP, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, West Bengal and NE states: timely sown, rainfed and low fertility.
Barley
BHS 380 (Pusa Losar)
HS 420 (Shivalik)
Recommended cultivation practices for wheat and barley*
BHS 352 (Himadri)
Rice
Fine grain aromatic (basmati) rice varieties
Pusa Basmati 1509
Pusa 1612
Pusa 1401 has a significant improvement over Pusa Basmati 1121; its grains during cooking have a uniform shape compared to the conical end in Pusa Basmati 1121.
Pusa Basmati 6 (Pusa 1401)
Improved Pusa Basmati 1 (Pusa 1460)
Pusa Basmati 1121
Pusa Sugandh 5 (Pusa 2511)
Pusa RH 10 (Hybrid)
Pusa Sugandh 3
Pusa Sugandh 2
Pusa Basmati 1
Recommended cultivation practices
Non-aromatic Rice varieties
MaizeCoarse Cereals
Normal sowing
Pusa Composite 3
Pusa Composite 4
Recommended cultivation practices
Hybrid AH 421 (PEHM 5)
Hybrid AH 58 (PEHM 3)
During the year 2012-13, bajra was grown in an area of 7.20 million hectares in India with a production of 8.74 million tonnes. The productivity of this crop is 1,214 kg per hectare, which can be increased by using quality seeds of improved varieties and appropriate agronomic methods.
Pearl Millet (Bajra)
Pusa Composite 612
Pusa Composite 443
Pusa Composite 383
Pusa Hybrid 605
Pusa Hybrid 415
Spray the solution of 0.5 kg Atrazine (A. I.) in 800 liters of water/ha after sowing but before germination; Disease control: Spray Ridomil M Z -72 @ 2.5 grams/liter of water for control of downy mildew and Bavistin @1g/liter of water for ergot disease; Insect control: Spray Carbaryl (85% WP) 2.35 g/litre water or chlorpyriphos 20 EC @2.5 ml/L or Triazophos 20 EC @ 2 ml/L for control of hairy caterpillar, brown beetle and grasshopper. During the year 2012-13, the area under chickpea cultivation was 8.70 million hectares in India with a production of 8.88 million tonnes and a productivity of 1,021 kilograms per hectare.
Chickpea (Gram)
Pulse Crops
Northern India Pusa 2085
Pusa Green is a high-yielding desi green seed chickpea variety with high resistance to Fusarium wilt and drought. Green seed chickpeas are in high demand in urban areas for culinary and table purposes.
Pusa Green 112
Pusa 5023
Pusa 5028
Pusa 547 (Desi)
Pusa Chamatkar (BG 1053) (Kabuli)
Pusa 362 (Desi)
Pusa 372 (Desi)
Central India
Pusa Dharwar Pragati (BGD 72)
Pusa Subhra (BGD 128)
National Capital Region
Pusa 2024 (Kabuli)
Pusa 1105 (Kabuli)
Pusa 1108 (Kabuli)
Pusa 1088 (Kabuli)
Pusa 1103 (Desi)
Insect control: HaNPV spray @ 250 LE/500 liters of water/ha lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC or indoxacarb 14.5 SC Year of issue. It is resistant to soil borne diseases such as Fusarium wilt, root rot and stunt virus drought.
Pusa Panna (DDR 27)
Pusa Prabhat (DDR 23)
Field pea
West-Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, dele van Rajasthan en Himachal Pradesh: Besproei en reënvoed.
Pusa Vaibhav (L 4147)
Lentil
Pusa Shivalik (L 4076)
Pusa Lentil 5 (L 4594)
Pigeonpea (Arhar)
Pusa 2002
Pusa 2001
Two sprays of Sulfex solution @ 0.3% for control of white powdery mildew and seed treatment by Thiram. Two irrigations during the pre-sown and pod formation stages; Disease control: Sow on bunds after seed treatment with Bavistin or Ridomil MZ-72 @ 2.5 g/kg seed for control of wilt and late blight; Insect control: Spray Monocrotophos 36 WSC @ 1 ml/liter water or Indoxacarb 14.5 SC @ 1ml/2L for insect control.
Pusa 992
Pusa 991
Mungbean
Pusa Ratna
Pusa 0672
Pusa Vishal
Pendimethalin @ 1 kg/ha 1-2 days after sowing the crop, dissolving in 500 liters of water per hectare; Insect control: Spray methyldemeton 25 EC or monocrotophos 36 SL @ 1 ml/liter water to control thrips, jassids and whiteflies. Seed treatment with imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 3 ml/kg seed and spray profenophos 50 EC @ 2 ml/ L.
Pusa 9531
National Capital RegionMustard
Oilseed Crops
Pusa Tarak (EJ-13)
It is tolerant to abiotic stress, viz. high temperature during seedling stage, salinity up to 12 ds/m and place of residence.
Pusa Vijay (NPJ-93)
Pusa Mustard 22 (LET -17)
Pusa Karishma (LES-39)
Central India (Zone III)
Pusa Jagannath (VSL-5)
Pusa Mustard 30 (LES-43)
Pusa Mustard 27 (EJ-17)
North-Western Plains Zone (Zone II)
North-Western Plains Zone (Zone II) and Central India (Zone III)
Pusa Mustard 21 (LES-127)
Pusa Mustard 29 (LET-36)
Pusa Mustard 28 (NPJ-124)
Pusa Mustard 26 (NPJ-113)
Pusa Mustard 25 (NPJ-112)
Pusa Mustard 24 (LET-18)
North Western Plains Zone (Zone II) and Eastern Zone (Zone V)
Pusa Agrani (SEJ-2)
Pusa Mahak (JD-6)
All Over India
Pusa Bold
Karan Rai
National Capital Region of Delhi
Pusa Aditya (NPC-9)
In rain-fed agriculture, all fertilizers are halved and applied as a basal dose; Irrigation: Depending on water availability, one irrigation at 60-70 days after sowing, two irrigations at 40-50 and 90-100 days after sowing respectively, and three irrigations at 35-40 days after sowing, 35- 40 days after the first irrigation, i.e. it is completely free of white rust and has a very low incidence of Alternaria disease.
Pusa Swarnim (IGC-01)
2.5-3.0 cm; Sowing time: last week of August to first week of September (early sowing), October 15-20 (timely sowing), November 1-20 (late sowing); Fertilizer (NPK & S, kg/ha Apply half amount of nitrogen and full amount of other fertilizer as basal dose and the remaining nitrogen after first watering).
Northern and North Western Plains Zone
It is resistant to yellow mosaic virus, soybean mosaic virus, bacterial blight, charcoal rot, Myrothecium leaf spot and stem fly.
Pusa 9712
National Capital RegionSoybean
Pusa Soybean 14 (DS 26-14)
Possesses resistance to yellow mosaic virus (YMV), rhizoctonia airborne disease (RAB) and bacterial boil (BP). It has excellent germination and emergence in the field and is therefore able to maintain a good plant population in the field, leading to higher yields.
Pusa Soybean 12 (DS 12-13)
Northern Plains Zone
Pusa 9814
Fodder Crop
Pusa Chari Hybrid 106
Pusa Chari 615
Pusa Chari Hybrid 109
Aurobindo (PSS 2)
Fibre Crop
Cotton
Tobacco
Cash Crop
Vaishali Special
Lichhavi
Prabha
Sona
Gandak Bahar
Tomato
Improved Varieties
Solanaceous Vegetables
Pusa Rohini
Pusa Hybrid 1
Hybrids
Pusa Hybrid 4
Pusa Hybrid 2
Pusa Hybrid 8
Irrigation: first irrigation after transplanting and then at 10-day intervals; Weed control: spraying with Stomp @ 2.5 l/ha immediately after transplanting; Disease control: For control, seed treatment with Thiram/Apron SD 35 @ 2 g/kg seed; Insect control: To control the fruit borer, spray with Spinosad (2 ml/10L) or methyldemeton (2 ml/L) and for whitefly and jasida, spray with thiamethoxam (2g/10L) or NSKE (5%).
Brinjal
Pusa Shyamla
Pusa Divya
Pusa Ankur
Pusa Purple Cluster
Pusa Uttam
Pusa Hybrid 5
DBL-02
Pusa Hybrid 9
The fruits are long, dark purple, shiny, weighing 90-100 grams and it takes about 55 days from transplanting to the first harvest.
DBHL-20
California Wonder
Sweet Pepper A. Improved Varieties
Medium plant, bushy and upright, fruits greenish yellow, conical; turns dark red at maturity; first harvest 70-75 days after planting. 60-80 cm long; fruits 6-8 cm long, borne in clusters of 6-14 fruits per bunch, ripe fruits dark red, very pungent, resistant to CMV, TMV and leaf curl complex; the first reception in 75-80 days after transplantation.
Pusa Deepti
Pusa Sadabahar
Chilli Improved Variety
Seed rate: 1.0-1.5 kg/ha; Distance: 45-60 cm x 30-45 cm; Sowing time: Feb-Mar, June-July, transplanting 30-40 DAS; Fertilization (NPK, kg/ha P & K full, half N as basal dose and remaining N before flowering; Watering: First irrigation after transplanting and subsequent watering after 10-12 day intervals in winter and once a week in summer; Weed control: Two to three hoeing and weeding are necessary to keep the field free from weeds; Disease control: For dehumidification, the seeds are treated with Apron SD 35 or Thiram @ 2 g/kg seed and for anthracnose, Dithane M-45 or Bavistin @ 2 g/liter of water is sprayed ;.Plant erect with several branches drooping fruit-bearing, not n - p u n g e n t ; flowering end sharply curved, dark green fruits turning dark red at maturity.
Paprika
Cucurbitaceous Vegetables
Bottle gourd
Pusa Santushti
Pusa Sandesh
Pusa Naveen
Pusa Samridhi
Two hoes and weeders are necessary to keep the field free of weeds; Disease control: Spray 0.1% Karathane or Bavistin for powdery mildew and 0.2% Dithane M-45 or Metalaxyl for powdery mildew; Insect control: Spray 0.2%.
Pusa Hybrid 3
Hybrid
Pusa Uday
Cucumber Improved Varieties
Fruit medium long (20-25 cm), smooth, almost straight and dark green with black-green narrow stripes with soft flesh and hard skin, suitable for long distance transport. Maturity in 45-50 days, high temperature tolerant, suitable for spring-summer and rainy seasons in northern plains.
Pusa Sneha
Sponge gourd
Improved Variety
Pusa Barkha
Pusa Nutan
Ridge gourd Improved Variety
Pusa Vishesh
Bitter gourd A. Improved Varieties
The fruits are light green, medium long and medium thick (average fruit length 16.5 cm and width 6.0 cm) with 7-8 continuous narrow ridges, the fruits ripen in 48-52 days.
Pusa Aushadhi (Sel-1)
Suitable for growth during spring-summer and kharif seasons in both North and South Indian plains. Vines are medium long (average length 7.5m) and fruits are elongated ellipsoid with greenish white skin and white flesh.
Pusa Ujwal
Pusa Urmi (DAGH-16)
Improved Variety
Ash Gourd
Vines semi-dwarf to dwarf (2.0-2.5m tall); leaves soft with pale green or yellow spots; fruit small weighing 2 kg, flat round; flesh yellow, rich in vitamin A.
Pusa Vikas
Pusa Shreyali (DAGH-14)
Pusa Vishwas
Improved VarietiesPumpkin
Australian Green
Improved VarietySummer Squash
Fruits are green with bright light green stripes, long (25-30 cm); it is planted during the months of March-April in the hills and January-February in the fields.
Pusa Alankar
Cauliflower
Cole Crops
Pusa Meghna
Pusa Paushja
Pusa Sharad
Pusa Shukti
Pusa Snowball Kt. 25
Pusa Kartik Sankar
Pusa Snowball K-1
Plant medium height, dark green, sprouts dark green with small buds weighing 300-400 g; maturity 90- 100 days after transplanting.
Pusa Broccoli KTS-1
Sprouting Broccoli Improved Variety
Pusa Drum Head
Golden Acre
Cabbage A. Improved Variety
Pusa Mukta
The heads are compact, round, green, covered with serrated wavy leaves, the hybrid is resistant to black rot and tolerant of high temperatures.
Pusa Cabbage Hybrid 1
Knol-Khol A. Improved Variety
Pusa Virat
Pusa Red
Pusa Madhvi
Brussels Sprout A. Improved Variety
Bulb Crop
Improved VarietiesOnion
Hilds Ideal
Brown Spanish
Selection 126
Pusa Riddhi
Bunching Onion
Pusa Soumya
Carrot
Root Crops
Pusa Vrishti
Pusa Rudhira
Pusa Asita
Pusa Meghali
Long red roots with self-colored core, triangular shape, suitable for sowing from mid-September to October. Carrots are smooth, attractive, vigorous, self-colored, red, sweet, juicy, rich in total carotenoids, lycopene, TSS and minerals.
Pusa Vasuda
Pusa Yamdagni
Pusa Nayanjyoti
60:40:40, full doses of P&K, half dose of N as basal, one fourth N @ 25-30 days after sowing and the remaining N after 45-50 days after sowing; Irrigation: First irrigation after germination and thereafter at 8-10 day interval.
Pusa Chetki
Radish
Pusa Mridula
Improved Varieties
Pusa Jamuni
Pusa Gulabi
Pusa Vidhu
September-February (Pusa Mridula), mid-April-August (Pusa Chetki); Fertilizer (NPK, kg/ha half of N and full of P&K as basal dose for both Pusa Mridula and Pusa Chetki; remaining half dose of N 15-20 days after transplanting for Pusa Mridula and 30-35 days after transplanting for Pusa Chetki; Watering: At 6-7 days interval; Insect control: Spray malathion 50 EC @ 2.0 ml/litre or dimethoate (2 ml/L) water to control aphids.
Purple Top White Globe
Pusa Chandrima
Turnip Improved Varieties
Suitable for planting from June to October in hilly areas and from October to December in plains.
Pusa Swarnima
Pod Vegetables
Garden pea
Improved Varieties Pusa Shree
Broad Bean
Pusa Udit
Cowpea
Pusa Sukomal
Vegetable mustard
Leafy Vegetables
Pusa Sag 1
Amaranth
Pusa Kiran
Upper surface of leaves dark red or crimson, lower surface crimson red; stem dark red; first harvest after 35 days in spring summer and 25 days in kharif.
Pusa Lal Chaulai
Pusa A-4
Okra
Malvaceous Vegetable
Celery
Chinese Yellow
LettuceExotic Vegetables
Vegetable based profitable crop rotations
No. Principal crops Intercrops
Additional crop production in intercropping vegetables
Cultivation of radish almost round the year
No. Varieties Sowing time Availability Yield (t/ha)
Based on temperature requirements for growth and curd development, cauliflower varieties have been classified into four groups, namely early, mid-early, mid-late and late types.
Cultivation of cauliflower in different seasons
A nursery is a place where young vegetable seedlings are raised or cultivated until they are ready for permanent planting in the field. The vegetables are first grown in the nursery and when the seedlings reach the appropriate size, they are transplanted to a well-prepared field.
Improved technique for raising vegetable nursery
Details of important vegetables raised in the nursery
Tools and equipments for nursery
Location and layout of nursery
No. Crop Improved varieties Sowing time in
Low cost polyhouse technology for raising off-season nursery of cucurbitaceous vegetables during winter season
Mango
Developed Varieties
Pusa Shreshth
Pusa Pratibha
Pusa PeetamberPusa Lalima
Pusa Arunima
Pusa Surya
Mallika
Amrapali
Grape
Pusa Seedless
Pusa Navrang
Pusa Urvashi
Kagzi Kalan
Lemon
Disease control: Spray Bordeaux mixture 5:5:50 on plants after removing canker-infected branches; Insect control: Spray dimethoate 30% EC @ 2 ml/liter water to combat leaf miners and aphids.
Papaya
Pusa Majesty
Pusa Giant
Pusa Delicious
Pusa Dwarf
A gynodioecious variety with female and hermaphrodite plants, the fruits begin at a height of about 80 cm from the ground. The fruit begins at a height of 30 cm, and the total height of the plant is 120 cm.
Pusa Nanha
Summer Nursery
Nursery Raising
Papaya Cultivation
Preparing pits
Transplanting seedlings
Fertilizer application
Irrigation
Yield
Care
High Density Planting Technique
Comparative cost and profit under Conventional method and High Density Planting technique
Citrus (Kinnow Mandarin)
Comparative cost and profit under Conventional method and High Density Planting technique
Guava
A new concept of high density planting in Kinnow mandarin was developed by growing the plants on Troyer citrange rootstock spaced 6' x 6' apart in a square system (3,086 plants/ha). Pusa Dwarf and Pusa Nanha varieties could be planted very closely (1.25 m ´ 1.25 m) in a square system, and as a result there could be room for 6,400 plants/ha.
Veneer grafting
Improved Propagation Techniques for Fruit Plants
Stooling
Epicotyl/Stone Grafting
Citrus
Kurukkan
Troyer Citrange
Rootstock Development
Cleopatra mandarin
Guava Sweet orange
Pusa Srijan
With the expansion of the area under horticultural crops and increasing demand for planting material of improved varieties, the nursery business has turned into a profitable venture. IARI periodically provides assistance to the youth through counseling, training programs etc. to establish the nursery business.
Fruit Nursery - An Alternative Enterprise
Intercropping in Fruit Orchards
Rose
Pusa ShatabdiPusa Arun
Each plant produces 15-20 flowers in winter and 35-40 flowers in spring: The foliage is pigmented, shiny and dark. It is moderately tolerant to insect pests such as thrips and diseases such as powdery mildew and black spot.
Pusa KomalPusa Ajay
The flowers, which are slightly fragrant, are suitable for the cut flower industry and for exhibitions.
Pusa Mohit
Pusa Narangi Gainda
Marigold African Marigold
Produces medium-sized, bright orange flowers in mid-December to mid-February in the plains of northern India.
Pusa Arpita
Gladiolus
Pusa Shubham
French Marigold
Pusa Manmohak
Spikes are more than 93 cm long with good rachis length (55 cm) and about 19-21 number of florets per plant. Compact arrangement of florets on one side of spike combined with 5-6 florets that remain open at a time with vase life of 11 days.
Pusa Vidushi
The florets are purplish white in color with gray-purple spots on the base of the throat.
Pusa Red Valentine
This is a medium to late blooming hybrid and takes 107 days to open the first flower after planting. This is also an early blooming hybrid and takes 73.22 days to open the first flower after planting.
Pusa Srijana
The flower color is red purple group (72B) (the two inner leaves are dark/. pink with a white stripe in the middle and the outer leaves are bright white at the base) with a vase life of 7 days.
Pusa Unnati
Pusa Centenary
Chrysanthemum
Pusa Anmol
The variety is a spray type that produces star-shaped semi-double flowers similar to gazania flowers. The variety is a spray type that produces single flowers that are a deep magenta color.
Pusa Aditya
The florets are spatulate in shape with a magenta color (59A) on the periphery with a silvery white ray floret tube. Due to its rich flowering nature, the variety is suitable as a pot plant and as a garden display.
Pusa Chitraksha
The flowers are yellow in color (5 A) on the edge and orange-red (45A) in the center. The variety blooms early, at least 20 days in advance, compared to other varieties.
Pusa Sona
Red colored ray flowers (171A) emerged as chimeras which were used for in vitro regeneration to establish as a new variety.
Pusa Kesari
TQP-06-01
Annual chrysanthemum: Annual chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium) is gaining popularity in recent times in northern India. The division has a strong annual chrysanthemum research program with a number of promising lines in the pipeline for release.
Dry Flower Technology
Freshly harvested flowers are embedded in silica gel and then dried in hot air oven at 45 C for 48 hours which was ideal for O. To add value to the varieties released by the Institute to increase earnings, the division has also standardized the drying techniques for the white and yellow varieties by to embed them in silica gel and dry at 40 C for 48 hours.
Crop-specific drying technologies for annual flowers
Spacing: 30 x 30 cm; Cutting time: May-June; Pinch: After one month; Transplantation time: the first fortnight of August; Pinching time: One month after transplanting; Fertilizer requirement (NPK, kg/ha) Irrigation: As required; Insect control: To control aphids, spray Rogor (30%) @ 2 ml/liter of water. Chrysanthemum drying: Drying technology is standardized for chrysanthemum varieties like Vasantika, Gauri , Maghi White and Jayanti.
Optimum size and cost of construction of polyhouse
Protected Cultivation
Naturally ventilated polyhouse technology
Economics of vegetable cultivation in naturally ventilated polyhouse (per 1000 m area) 2
Protected cultivation of flower crops under naturally ventilated polyhouse
Economics of flower cultivation in naturally ventilated polyhouse (per 1000 m area) 2
Optimum size and fabrication of walk-in tunnel
Off-season vegetable production under walk-in tunnel during winter
Required material and cost
Off-season vegetables suitable for growing under walk-in tunnel
Fabrication of insect-proof net house
Insect-proof net house for healthy nursery raising
Objectives and utility of insect proof net house
During summer season the same shade net is suitable for raising healthy nursery of cauliflower and cabbage after using a black or green coloured shade net over the insect-proof net house
During peak winter, a nursery of brinjal, tomato and sweet pepper can be raised for fixed duration of 30-35 days after covering the insect-proof net with transparent plastic sheet
Crop rotation for nursery raising under insect-proof net house
The anthers, which are fused into a cone-like structure around the stigma, are removed by holding the flower bud in the left hand and the tweezers in the right hand. Shake the cup about 10-20 times so that the pollen is collected in the “lid” cup.
Seed production technology
The emasculation procedure: The female flower must be pollinated by pollen from the male line. The anther cones are removed from the flowers and placed in a suitable container, eg, petri dish or paper bag.
Hybrid seed production in tomato
Spacing: Male lines are planted in other blocks to facilitate operation and prevent shading from competing plants. To prevent self-pollination, remove the anthers from the flower buds of the female line before they shed pollen.
Seed Production
Isolation distance: The seed production field should be isolated by 200 m from commercial brinjal crops. Roguing: Roguing should be done before flowering, during flowering and after flowering to remove abnormal, diseased and unwanted plants.
Hybrid seed production technology of brinjal
For emasculation, healthy, solitary, long stylized flowers, which are balloon-shaped, should be selected. Pollinated flowers should be covered with butter paper and labeled for identification and easy harvesting.
Hybrid seed production
Unopened male flowers, which open the next day, should be covered with cotton to prevent contamination and used for pollination. Fruit retention: 5-6 fruits in round fruit types (PH 6, PH 9) and 9-10 fruits in long fruit types (PH 5 ), should be retained for higher seed yield and quality.
Hybrid seed production of cauliflower
Seed improvement treatments are post-harvest treatments that improve germination, field emergence, seedling development and establishment, early vegetative growth and crop productivity. Seed improvement treatments increased total field emergence, emergence rate, early seedling and root growth (length, area and volume), plant height and seed yield (number of cobs/plot) compared to control.
Maize
Common treatments for seed improvement include seed priming, seed treatment with chemicals, plant products, biologically active microorganisms, polymer coating, pelletizing and magnetic treatment. Kruiser (5ml/kg seed) . Chickpea seeds (both desi and kabuli) treated with herbal ingredients (garlic, ginger, turmeric) and biologically active microorganisms (Trichoderma harzianum) showed increased emergence in the field, speed of emergence, fresh and dry weight of the seedlings, root growth, early and uniform flowering and yield.
Effective seed treatments
Chickpea
Seed Quality Enhancement Techniques
Field emergence (%) Plant height (cm). Chickpea seeds (both desi and kabuli) treated with botanicals (garlic, ginger, turmeric) and biologically active microorganisms (Trichoderma harzianum) showed increased field emergence, emergence rate, seedling weight (fresh and dry), root growth, early and uniform flowering and yield. Control Garlic + Polykote Thiram Control Garlic + Polykote Thiram Control Garlic Garlic + Polykote Thiram.
Soybean
Hybrid Seed Production in Bittergourd under Insect-Proof Nethouse
Intercultivation: Three to four intercultivation operations should be carried out to remove weeds and loosen the soil. For successful hybrid seed production, pollination should begin one week after the first female flower opens on the vine.
Economic returns per unit area
Cover unopened female and male navels with a buttered paper bag or cotton to prevent contamination. Seed Extraction: Seed extraction is done manually by opening the ripe fruit and removing the seeds, followed by maceration with sand to remove the red seed coat.
Developed technology and standardization
Value Addition of Fruits and Vegetables
Ripe mango powder – to combat vitamin A deficiency
Pusa fruit drinks – elixir of life
Antioxidant-rich functional food from aonlaReady-to-eat flaked soy
Pusa pearl puff
Benefits of Pusa soya nut
Pusa soya nut
Pusa pearl pasta
Due to its excellent aroma, flavor, taste and nutritional value, mango is the most preferred fruit among consumers in India. Mango is used fresh or in processed form in some products with added value such as pickles, amchus, pumpkin, panna etc.
Uniqueness of the technology Dehydrated ripe mango slices
Advantages of the technology
Anthocyanins provide health benefits due to their significant antioxidant activity and their ability to promote the immune system. The new nectars based on guava and green grapes have been enriched with natural antioxidants and food colorings.
Anthocyanin concentrate and its value added products
Nutraceutically enriched processed foods, drinks, jams, sweets, probiotics and frozen products such as ice creams/yogurts have been prepared that give a pleasant pink/purple color.
Production of lycopene from tomato and its products
Pusa Zero Energy Cool Chamber
Pusa Zero Energy Cool Chamber – To reduce post-harvest losses of fruits and vegetables in storage Comparative details of fruit storage
Therefore, efforts have been started worldwide to find out some non-chemical approaches to reduce the incidence of diseases and disorders in fruits, including apple. Fruit bagging has been proven to be very useful practice to study anthocyanin synthesis pathway in apples and reduce incidence of insect pests, sun scorch, fruit splitting in various other fruits.
Fruit bagging in apple
Installation of the apiary
Apiculture
Agro-based Employment Technology
Orientation of colonies: The best orientation is south, southeast and southwest functionally with the direction of the winds. Place ant traps under the legs of the stand to prevent ants from reaching the hives.
Cost and benefit from 20 bee colonies during 3 years
Basic steps for beekeeping
October to March - White mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) From September to February - Shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) From May to July - Paddy straw mushroom (Volvareilla sp.) From mid-August to mid-April - Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) From February until April - Milk mushroom (Calocybe indica). Cultivation of white mushroom (Agaricus bisporus): White mushroom is the most commonly cultivated mushroom in North India during winter from October to mid-March.
Production technology
Mushroom cultivation
The first phase is completed in the compost yard, while the second phase is completed inside the pasteurization tunnel of bulk room using steam for conditioning the compost. Phase-I: This involves wetting the straw, followed by mixing ingredients in the straw as in the long method.
Storage and packaging
Harvesting: Harvesting is done when the cap size of the mushroom is 3 - 4.5 cm in diameter, using a knife or hand. With pasteurized compost, 16-20 kg of fresh mushrooms can be harvested per 100 kg of compost in 6-8 weeks.
Cost and profit in mushroom cultivation
Wrapping: After the completion of spawning, wrapping is done by removing the newspaper from the racks or trays and then covering it with a 4-5 cm thick layer of wrapping mix and sprinkling some water.
Filling of trench or pit
Quality of enriched compost
Advantages of enriched compost
Enriched Compost
Organic Manure
Vermicomposting
Farm waste for vermicomposting
Some common species of earthworms used for vermi- composting are
Production Technology
Vermicomposting Method
Advantages & Uses of Vermicompost
Constituents of Vermicompost
Ready-reckoners for soil test based fertilizer recommendations for wheat
Soil test based fertilizer adjustment equations
Cost benefit ratio of phospho-compost
Resource Conservation Technologies
Agro Technologies
Mono-cropping system Kharif
Intercropping system
Sequential cropping system
Profitable Crop Rotations
Crops/cropping systems for rainfed/dryland regions in north-western plains
Suitable cropping systems for irrigated Indo-Gangetic plains
Double cropping system
Triple cropping system
Vegetable-based cropping systems for peri-urban areas
Quadraple cropping systems
Vegetable based-suitable cropping systems
Vegetable- and food grain-based suitable cropping systems for north-western plains
Fruit and food grain based cropping systems
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria
Microbial Technologies for Sustainable Farming
This inoculant is suitable for the breakdown of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin and a pack of 500 g of inoculant is sufficient to treat one tonne of agro-waste for rapid composting. Crops treated with AM inoculant show improvement in grain and fruit quality, as well as yield.
Compost inoculants
An inoculant, which is a consortium of four lignocellulolytic fungi, has been developed for rapid composting of organic waste. This vaccine has also proved to be very useful in crops like coffee, tea, papaya, cocoa, oil palm etc.
Arbuscular-Mycorrhizae (Nutrilink)
AM colonization in plant roots increases plant growth, improves nutrient availability, and reduces salt stress. Mix one packet of 500 g BGA in 4-5 kg of soil and spread into the standing water of one hectare of paddy field, giving a benefit of 20-30 kg N/ha.
Blue-green Algae
The hyphae of AM fungi form a bridge between plant and soil and serve to meet the requirements of plant nutrients, especially phosphorus and trace elements such as zinc, iron, copper, cobalt, magnesium, molybdenum, etc. It also controls soil erosion, degradation and reduces losses caused by nematodes and plant pathogens.
Use of microbial inoculant/culture
Liquid Inoculants
Liquid formulation of Potassium solubilizing bacteria
Liquid formulation of Zn solubilizing bacteria Zinc is required in relatively small concentrations in
Cost benefit ratio of biofertilizers
Water Conservation Technology
Preparation of field, seed rate and planting density
Time of sowing
Baby corn can be grown all year round (i.e. three crops continuously in a year) under a drip irrigation system. The water requirements of baby corn ranged from 0.1 to 3.4, 1.2 to 8.2, and 0.6 to 5.5 mm/day from the early stage to the peak demand period in October-February, April-July, and August, respectively -November.
Drip irrigation
3rd season rd Initial stage Development middle stage Maturity stage (August-November) (20 days) Stage (25 days) (15 days) (11 days). For growing young corn, we recommend 12.5 t of manure (FYM), nitrogen 150 kg, phosphorus 60 kg, potassium 60 kg and zinc sulfate 25 kg/ha.
Fertigation
The drip irrigation system consists of a headwork that includes a hydrocyclone filter, a medial sand filter with a spine.
Crop water requirement of baby corn
Weed control
Plant protection measures
Detasseling
Harvest and storage
All growth parameters and yield of baby corn were recorded highest at biweekly fertigation frequency. The minimum payback period (0.58 years) was estimated at a biweekly fertigation frequency from April to July.
Economic analysis of baby corn cultivation
High benefit-cost ratio values of 1.86 were estimated (if the selling price of young maize is `100/kg and green fodder is `1/kg) for biweekly fertilization for crops grown between October-February, April-July and August. - in November or It is recommended that bi-weekly fertigation provides higher yield, good crop quality, higher water use efficiency and good economic return with minimum payback period for growing young maize.
Production technology for kharif onion through drip-fertigation
The highest yield of 30.55 tons/ha was observed with water saving of 34.8% and yield improvement of 53.7% with drip fertigation technology compared to flooding. Thus, more than 50% of fertilizers can be saved with dripping compared to flooding, without reducing production.
Production, water productivity and fertilizer use efficiency (FUE)
During the remaining 68 days of the crop duration, fertilization was done weekly by drip irrigation. Total plant water requirement of kharif onion was estimated as 30 cm plant water requirement of kharif onion was estimated as 30 cm under drip irrigation and 45 cm under flood irrigation considering 90% and 60% irrigation efficiency respectively .
Technology potential
This technology has enormous potential in terms of saving nutrients in addition to the need for irrigation of crops. Currently, only 2% of the area is covered by onion in the kharif season as compared to paddy.
Engineered Wetland Technology for Wastewater Treatment and Re-Use in Agriculture
Wastewater Treatment System for Treating Sewage Discharges from Large Sized Communities
Distribution of rainfall during the monsoon is quite erratic and more than 80% of the irrigation water requirement of paddy is normally met by groundwater pumping. Secondly, farmers can make a lot of profit by growing onions in place of paddy in the kharif season.
Decision Support Systems and Software for Integrated Water Resource Management
EQUITA – A software for equitable distribution of canal water The software provides information on shift planning of canal water supply from the outlet of a distribution company in a canal command to various farm sizes. Assessment of actual water use, water productivity and soil, water and vegetation health, delineation of actual extent of canal command areas.
Land Leveling Techniques
It is expected that precision land leveling will improve the efficiency of water use and consequently harness higher water productivity. Precise soil leveling helps control the emergence of salt-affected patches, increases crop intensity and crop productivity in arable land by 3-5 percent, improves crop establishment, reduces weed intensity and saves irrigation water.
Components of laser land leveling system
Precise land leveling involves altering the fields in such a way as to create a constant slope of 0 to 0.2%. A laser guided ground leveling system consists of five main components:. i) Draw bucket (ii) Laser transmitter (iii) Laser receiver (iv) Control box and (v) Hydraulic system.
Benefits of precision land leveling
Laser leveling is the process of leveling the land surface ± 2 cm from its average height using laser equipped drag buckets to achieve precision in land leveling. The scraper guidance is fully automatic; the elements of operator error are removed allowing for consistently accurate ground leveling.
Limitations of laser leveling
The laser leveler uses a laser (transmitter) that emits a rapidly rotating beam parallel to the required field plane, which is received by a sensor (receiver unit) mounted on a tractor in the direction of the scraper unit. Aqua fertilizer sowing facilitates artificial drilling of water near the seed zone and helps in quick availability of essential nutrients.
Aqua-Fertilization Technology (Aqua-Ferti-Seed Drill) for dry lands
The received signal is converted into cut and fill level adjustments and corresponding changes in scraper level are automatically performed by a hydraulic control system. It rotates quickly, sending the laser light in a circle like a beacon, except the light is a laser, so it stays in a very narrow beam.
Enhanced Water Use Efficiency
Pusa Hydrogel
Neem-products
The productivity of coarse-textured sandy loam soils is relatively low due to their excessive permeability, which causes deep seepage of water and nutrients beyond the root zone, discouraging farmers from using high levels of these expensive inputs. Chisel technology was developed to reduce the subsurface mechanical impedance of these soils.
Agricultural Physics Based Technologies
The productivity of soils with high mechanical impedance layers at shallow depth is poor due to its negative effect on plant growth, especially rain-fed crops. The favorable weather parameters for infestation by Spodoptera litura have been identified from the historical data of the pest in groundnut crops.
Plant
Protection Technology
Stem borer: Three species of stem borer (yellow stem borer, pink stem borer and white stem borer) damage rice crops in North India. Install pheromone trap (Scirpolure) @ 5/ha for monitoring and 25/ha for mass capture of yellow stem borer.
Insect-pests of field crops and their management
Depending on the need apply granular insecticides like carbofuran 3G @ 25 kg/ha or cartap hydrochloride 4G @ 25 kg/ha or spray chlorpyrifos 20 EC or quinalphos 25 EC @ 2 ml/L of water or cartap hydrochloride 50 SP @ 1 ml/L of water. or chlorantraniliprole (Coragen) 18.5 SC@ 1 ml/3L of water or
Management of Insect-Pests
Carbofuran 3G or Phorate 10G can be applied to the whorl leaves of maize plants at 20 kg/ha and 8 kg/ha respectively to reduce stem borer damage. Spotted stem borer can also be controlled using egg parasitoid, Trichogramma chilonis @ 8 Trichocards/ha, 10 days after germination.
