View of CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH ON ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL IN WASTE WATER: A STUDY

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal IMPACT FACTOR: 2.104 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) UGC APPROVED NO. 48767, ISSN No. 2456-1037

Vol.03, Issue 03, March 2018 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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CONCEPTUAL RESEARCH ON ADSORPTION OF HEAVY METAL IN WASTE WATER: A STUDY

Dr. Mona Jaiswal

Lecturer Chemistry, Government Women's Polytechnic College, Jabalpur (M.P.) Abstract- Due to the rapid development of advanced technology in Malaysia, heavy metals are accumulated in our daily life and domestic wastewater is increasing every day. Long- term exposure of the human body to heavy metals that are susceptible to various infectious diseases and illnesses. From an ecological and economic point of view, adsorption is an acceptable process that can be used for wastewater treatment. However, activated charcoal provides the most recognized and expensive adsorbents for finding alternatives to activated charcoal. Several studies on the physical properties of geopolymers have focused on the replacement of activated carbon in the treatment of heavy metals. This paper outlines heavy metal adsorption using geopolymers.

1 INTRODUCTION

Today, waste management and water quality are two of the most important concerns in human life. Increased technology in urbanization and industrialization will lead to increased waste accumulation rates and the release of heavy metals into water streams around the world. These harmful heavy metals are the result of various activities such as industry, waste disposal and agriculture. Accumulation of heavy metals in the sewage stream can affect the human body and lead to death.

Techniques used to treat wastewater include chemical precipitation, ion exchange, adsorption, membrane filtration, coagulation, flotation, flotation, and electrochemical processes.

Adsorption is a common treatment used to remove heavy metals and definitely contains adsorbents such as activated carbon. However, activated carbon is so expensive to manufacture and regenerate that people are looking for alternatives. Nowadays, scientists usually produce large amounts of waste from industry, agriculture, and food production, so research on low-cost adsorbents has received a lot of attention.

Geopolymers are now gaining new interest in treating wastewater and replacing the traditional use of adsorbents commonly used in cement production. In

1979, geopolymer materials were first identified as an alternative to traditional Portland cement and concrete composites.

Geopolymers can be thought of as economical zeolites made by reacting solid aluminosilicates with strongly alkaline hydroxides. Its unique mechanical, chemical and thermal superior geopolymer construction makes it an alternative to a wide range of applications.

The purpose of this review is to assess the potential of geopolymers used in recent studies to remove harmful heavy metals in wastewater treatment.

2 CURRENT TECHNOLOGIES AVAILABLE FOR TREATMENT METHODS OF HEAVY METAL

Wastewater treatments related to metal removal include physical, chemical and biological processes such as metal precipitation, ultrafiltration, biological systems, oxidation, solvent extraction, electrolytic processes, ion exchange, membrane filtration and adsorption.

There are various technologies that can be divided. Physical and chemical treatments are more expensive to remove metals than biological treatments, but biological treatments lack effectiveness and timely processes. As shown in Table 1, the advantages and disadvantages of physical and chemical stream processing are simplified.

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Table 1 Advantage and disadvantages of current treatment technologies for heavy metal involving physical and chemical processes [10].

3 HEAVY METAL

Heavy metals have the property of accumulating in living organisms and causing various diseases and disorders, which affects the serious environmental problems shown in Table 2. Iron,

manganese, mercury, nickel, silver, zinc.

Heavy metals are difficult to decompose and easily accumulate in various environmental media. Heavy metals from leachate have been proven to lead to secondary contamination.

Table 2 Sources and effects of heavy metals.

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3 4 GEOPOLYMER

Geopolymers or alkaline activated aluminosilicates are a diverse group of materials such as ceramics produced by the geosynthetic reaction of aluminosilicate minerals in the presence of cold (less than 100 degrees Celsius) alkaline solutions. It consists of a polymer silicon-oxygen-aluminum framework with alternating silicon and aluminum tetrahedra linked in three directions by sharing all oxygen atoms. Examples of geopolymers are fly ash, dolomite, foamed clay, natural zeolites and kaolinite.

Geopolymers had interesting properties that facilitated research and development.

The main properties of geopolymers are their tendency to significantly reduce the mobility of most heavy metal ions contained in the geopolymer structure, rapid compressive strength development, acid and fire resistance, grease binding, low permeability, and freezing. Excellent resistance to melting cycles.

Theoretically, any alkali can be used in the geopolymer reaction. However, most studies focus on the effects of sodium (Na +) and potassium (K +) ions.

Both NaOH and KOH could be used in the activation process, but the solubility was higher with NaOH. Due to the small size of Na +, it can make the silicate monomers and dimming agents present in the solution more stable and increase the dissolution rate of the mineral. Rios concludes that NaOH-treated geopolymers are superior to KOH-treated geopolymers.

Fly Ash: Fly ash is a well known material used as a geopolymerized adsorbent. It is a complex and abundant anthropogenic material derived from coal combustion in thermal power plants. Fly ash is an easily found waste substance that has been reported to be effective in removing heavy metals. However, it shows a lower adsorption capacity unless treated or activated as a geopolymer. Fly ash based geopolymers have growing commercial potential due to their reliance on cheap and readily available waste fly ash as the main raw material. There is a significant trend towards recycling waste materials and converting them into usable and valuable materials. One such material is coal fly ash. The disposal of the large amount of fly ash has become a serious ecological and economic problem. One

approach to dealing with fly ash is converting it into geopolymer, which is not only effective in removing heavy metals but also helps reduce waste build- up.

Dolomite: Dolomite has been a subject of interest for over six decades. Dolomite material is very cheap and abundant worldwide (important deposits are found in India, Indonesia, Turkey and China).

Dolomite, which has properties similar to limestone, is sometimes referred to in the industry as magnesium limestone. Its crystal structure consists of alternating layers of magnesium and calcium carbonate. Therefore, dolomite had the property of removing heavy metals as effectively as limestone.

5 SUMMARY

The role of geopolymers in wastewater treatment was studied a few years ago.

Among other geopolymeric adsorbents, fly ash is most interested in heavy metal removal because of its reliance on cheap and readily available waste. Adsorption capacity of adsorbed heavy metals, usually modeled by Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Factors affecting adsorption capacity are pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, contact time, and temperature. Usually, increasing the dosage, contact time, and initial concentration increases uptake capacity to a certain point before it becomes constant. However, some materials and the adsorption may be different. From reviews it can be concluded that the use of geopolymeric adsorbents as an alternative to expensive activated carbon is effective to remove heavy metals from effluents. Most of the research has focused on industrial effluent rather than improving leachate treatment. In addition, limited research has been done on a mixture of geopolymeric adsorbents.

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