View of DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE NETWORK IN HARD ROCK AREA IN AND AROUND RAISEN, DISTRICT RAISEN, MADHYA PRADESH USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA

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Vol.03, Issue 09, Conference (IC-RASEM) Special Issue 01, September 2018 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

DEVELOPMENT OF DRAINAGE NETWORK IN HARD ROCK AREA IN AND AROUND RAISEN, DISTRICT RAISEN, MADHYA PRADESH USING REMOTELY SENSED DATA

Dr. Shubha Bhargava Professor SIRT, Bhopal

Abstract - Remote sensing techniques has proved to be an extremely useful tool in morphometric analysis and ground water studies. Remote sensing techniques emphasis on lineament identification can play vital role in ground water prospecting in semi arid rock area of Raisen distinct. In the present study, morphometric analysis using remote sensing techniques has been carried out in parts of Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh. The parameters worked out include stream order, stream length , bifurcation ratio and drainage density. Using satellite imageries hydrogeomorphic units has been delineated.

Among different hydrogeomorphic units like Structual hills , liner ridges , butte and pediplains have very poor ground water prospects, while infilled vallies and lineaments are good prospective zones for groundwater exploration.

Key words - Remote sensing, Morphometry, Geomorphology, Groundwater 1. INTRODUCTION

Remote sensing studies permit evaluation of regional structure and their trends.

Stream process in any terrain controlled not only by the climatic conditions but also by the lithology and geological structures present. Hydrologists and geomorphologists have recognized the relation between runoff, geographic and geomorphic characteristics of the drainage basin system which is very impotent. Geology, relief and climate are primary determination of running water ecosystem functioning at the basin scale (Mesa, 2006). The development of landforms and drainage network depends on the bedrock lithology and associated geologic structures.

In the present study, an attempt has been made to understand the drainage characteristics of a part of Betwa river basin and to evaluate their hydrological characteristics by using and analyzing topographic map, remotely sensed data and GIS software along with the slope analysis by SRTM data. A comprehensive watershed development plan to be prepared by topography, erosion status and drainage pattern data.

An attempt has also been made to utilize SRTM data and interpretative techniques to find out the relationships between the morphometric parameters and hydrological parameters of the area.

1.1 Study Area

The study area coverd a part of Betwa River which covers an area of about 537 km² in the Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh. The area lies between 23°10' and 23°25' North latitudes and 77°40' and 77°55' East longitudes.

1.2 Geology of the area

The geological formations exposed in study area ranging in age from Late Proterozoic (Vindhyan Supergroup) to Cretaceous age (Deccan Trap). The rock formations of Vindhyan Supergroup comprises of sandstone and shales.

Sandstone is the main lithological unit in the area, which is overlain by the rocks of Deccan trap basalts, alluvium and laterite. Vindhyan sandstones are not considered to be good reservoir for groundwater, the contact zones between sandstone and traps have been found water bearing site at some places.

However the secondary porosity and permeability in the form of cracks and joints make these rocks suitable for occurrence of groundwater up to considerable extent. The contacts between Vindhyans and Basaltic lava flows bed rock valleys are known to be more productive than the contacts on bed rock heights, (Karanth, 1997).

1.3 Data source and Methodology Satellite IRS-1C LISS III geocoded FCC data on 1:50,000 scale and corresponding Survey of India toposheets no. 55 E/11, E/12, E/15 and E/16 were used for the study.

1. The drainage map (Fig --) have been prepared from toposheets, satellite (IRS-1C) data and used for quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters.

2. Visual interpretation of satellite imagery to delineate various geomorphic units and landforms.

3. Lineaments study 4. Slope analysis

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5. Field verifications of various interpreted units

2. MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Morphometric analysis of a watershed provides a quantitative and descriptive aspect of a drainage system, which is important aspect of the characteristic of watersheds (strchler 1964). The study includes the measurement and analysis of the configuration of the Earth’s surface, shape and dimension of its land forms (Clarck,1966). Morphometric analysis is achieved through measurement of liner, aerial and relief aspects of basin which includes Stream order (u), Bifurcation ratio (Rb), Stream length (Lm) and Drainage density (D) etc.

2.1 Stream Order

The first step in morphometric analysis of a drainage basin is the designation of stream orders. The designation of stream orders is based on hierarchic ranking of streams. In the present study strahler’s method of stream ordering has been adopted. The order wise stream numbers and stream length of 10 sub-watersheds are given in. The sub-watersheds 2S4A6- a,e,h,i and j are of third order while the remaining sub-watershed coded as 2D47A6-b,c,d,f and g are of fourth order..It is evident that the first order stream show maximum frequency and it is also noticeable that there is a regular decrease in stream frequency as the stream order increases.

2.2 Stream Length

In order to measure the stream length, the numbers of streams of each order in sub-watershed are counted and their length is measured from mouth to drainage divide. In the present study the stream length (Lu) has been computed with the help of GIS software. Normally, the total length of stream segments is maximum in first order streams and declines as the order of stream increases.

In the study area the sub-watershed 2D4A6-c and 2D4A6-a show a variation from this general observation.This variation may be attributed to flowing of stream from high altitude, lithological variation and moderately steep slope (Singh and singh, 1977). Mean stream length segment of each of the successive ordere of a basin tends to approximate a direct geometric series with stream

(Horton, 1945). The computed values of stream length ratio (RL) show a variation in each sub-watershed .This variation might be due to change in slope and topography (Vittala et.al 2004). It is evident from the table that 2D4A6-a, 2D4A6-c, 2d4A6-d and 2D4A6-d and 2D4A6-e sub –watershed show an increasing trend in the length ratio from lower to higher order which is suggestive of their mature geomorphic stage, where as in the remaining sub-watersheds there is a change from one order to another suggesting their late youth stage of development (Singh and singh,1977).

2.3 Bifurcation Ratio

It is the ratio of the number of stream segments of given order (Nu) to the number of stream of stream of the next higher order (Nu+1). Bifurcation ratio (Rb) is an index of relief and dissection (Horton, 1956). The average of Rb’s of all the orders is defined as mean bifurcation ratio (Rbm) of the sub-watershed. Strahler (1964) considered the lower values of Rb is characteristic of less structural disturbances suffered by a watershed. In the area of present study most of sub- watersheds show lower value of Rb which is indicative of the sub-watersheds has not suffered any major structural disturbance. The computed value varies from 2.75 to 5.36 expect for one of the subwatershed (2D4A6-e), where this value goes up to 7.25. According to strahler (1957) all sub-watershed except 2DA46-e fall under normal basin category. The bifurcation ratio is also indicative of shape of the basin . An elongated basin is likely to have a high Rb whereas a circular basin is likely to have low Rb.

2.4 Drainage Density

The drainage density is one the important indicators of linear scale of landform elements in stream-eroded topography. It is defined as the total length of streams of all orders per drainage area which is expressed in terms km/km² indicates the closeness of spacing of channels.

The drainage density and the stream frequency are the factors that control the texture of the drainage of an area, and it is related to climate, type of rocks, relief, infiltration capacity, vegetation cover, surface roughness and run-off intensity index (environmental

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factors). The relationship between factors of drainage density has been analyzed the range of drainage density in the study area is 0.42-2.30km/km² . It belongs to low to moderate category, and is suggestive of resistant and impermeable subsurface conditions.

3. LANDFORM CLASSIFICATION

The relief, slope ,depth of weathering material, thickness of alluvium, nature of deposited material and the overall assemblage of different landforms play vital role in defining the groundwater regime, especially in the hard rocks terrain. In the study area various erosional, deposional and denudational land forms have been identified by the visual interpretation of satellite data, and described here under. In these units groundwater occurs in both the primary and secondary porous zone.

In filled valley: In the study area valley fills occurring along the river courses in the area. The unconsolidated sediments of valley fills in area consist of cobble, pebble, gravel silt and clay. The vallies are mostly fracture controlled. Because of their high porosity and permeability these geomorphological features act as good ground water storage sites and therefore best fit for groundwater recharge.

Confluence of lineament and their intersection within the valley fills are assumed more significant from the groundwater point of view and gives successful results. Groundwater prospect of valley fills is good to moderately excellent because of their location. Since they have high moisture content and dense vegetation. These sites can be easily identified on imagery by their reddish tone and characteristic texture.

Structural hills : Structural hills exposed in SE part of study area. Limited joints are presents in this unit but intergranular porosity is comparative medium. The movement of groundwater ih these geomorphic units is restricted to joints and fractures. The drainage density is moderate over these hills. The sandstone which constitutes the structural hills is fine to medium grained and compact.

Linear ridge : These are characterized by their elongated shape, flat top and steep slope on either sides. They are recognized by their characteristic linear trend. The lineaments are absent on these ridges and therefore groundwater potentiality is negligible.

Escarpment: These are vertical traced hills of sandstone and compact basalt recognized by their dark tone. These zones are highly run-off zone. Therefore, the chances of groundwater occurrence are little in this structural unit.

Butte: These are flat toped hills with sharp escarpments on either side which is capped with a protective covering and form runoff zone without any significant recharge. Butte is a developed escarpment from all sides’ usually isolated hills of moderate high boundaries. At some places sparse vegetation on top associated with upper plateau. The foresaid characteristic suggests that butte constitute poor ground water potential unit.

Pediment : These are rock floored plains in the uplands and in the area adjacent to hills the rain water drains into which from hills. Pediments are generally appearing in dark grey tone, having rugged texture on FCC image. The pediments are generally developed over Upper Bhander sandstone.

Shallow buried pediplains : This geomorphic unit is characterized by low- lying flat, terrain with local undulations exposed in the area. It has been observed that groundwater occurs in semi- confined to confined condition in these denudational landforms and groundwater potential in these units depend upon the degree of weathering.

Denudational hills: These hills are marked by steep to blunt crest with rugged tops indicating the surface run-off at the upper reaches of hills.

Denudational hills are predominantly light brown colored and course textured on the satellite imagery. These hills area easily identified by irregular distribution and linear arrangement of seasonal drainage channel developed over them.

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Table 1 Predictable potentiality and identified geomorphic units

S.n

o. Geomorphic units Area in (Sq.

km) Ground water prospects 1. In filled vallies 23.19 Very good to good

2. Lineament - Very good to good

3. Shallow buried pediplains 271.1 moderate

4. Denudational hills 0.46 moderate

5. Structural hills 200.27 Very poor

6. Linear ridges 4.97 Very poor

7. Butte 1.28 Very poor

8 pediments 5.27 Very poor

3.1 Lineament:

The most obvious structural feature that is important from the groundwater point of view is the lineaments. They occur as linear alignment of structural, lithologic, topographic, vegetation, and drainage anomalies etc., either as straight lines or as curvilinear features. Lineaments like joints, fracture and faults are hydro geologically very important and may provide the pathway for groundwater movement (Sankar, 2002). The lineament intersection points are considered as good potential zones for groundwater (Murthy et al., 1999). The combination fractures and topographic lows can also be the same as the best aquifer zones. (Karanth, 1989; Subba Rao, et al., 2001). Presence of lineaments in a geomorphic unit is also helpful in the prospecting of groundwater and it has positive correlation with groundwater potentiality (Murthy and Jayram 1996). They are good indicator for accumulation and movement of groundwater. Lineaments provide the pathways for groundwater movement and they are very important hydrogeological point of view.

Slopes are the fundamental forms of landscape features, they are important in engineering, hydrological and environmental aspects (King, 1966). The slope may also be considered as the product of a sequence of evaluation through which the landform has passed to attain its present state. Slope is the rate of change of elevation and considered as principle factor of the superficial water flow since it determines the gravity effect on the water movement. The slope is directly proportional to run off and ground water recharge will be lesser in the areas with steep slope.

The area of study having gentle slope of 0⁰ to 3⁰ degrees. Most of the area of present study is occupied by structural hills which has highest elevation that is up to 20 degrees. Bottom parts of

structural hills are always very good groundwater potential zones because most of the part of the rainfall infiltrates through it. About 28% of the total area of the present basin is occupied by structural hills and comes under the very steep slope category area. In higher slope areas runoff is more while in gently sloping areas with (4º-5º) slope rate of infiltration is high and if the area is covered with weathered material will be an added advantage. In the area of study foothills are more productive zone as runoff from the hill top flow towards the foot hills and infiltrate into ground increasing the underground storage. The high runoff also creates high degree of soil erosion.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Remote sensing studies permits the evaluation of regional geological structures and their trends to advantage since it provides scope for geological interpretations. It also permits delineation of geomorphological and other land features and their interpretation. The drainage pattern and texture can be easily identified from the terrain analysis based on satellite information. Quantitative description of the basin geomorphic analysis requires measurements of linear features, gradients of channel networks and contributing ground slopes of drainage basin.

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