The above-ground part of the stem is erect in the early stages of growth, but later becomes more spreading. Sugarcane is grown on the Earth's land surface between 35°N and 35°S. The major sugarcane producing countries in the world are India, Brazil, Cuba, Mexico, Pakistan, China, the Philippines and Thailand.
Field Preparation
ED AND SOWING
March is the best time for cane planting in Punjab and Haryana, February-March in Uttar Pradesh and January-February in Bihar. The planting time is advanced as we move eastward. Drainage helps a lot in increasing not only the yield of sugarcane but also the sucrose content of the sugarcane.
CTURE OF SUGAR
MANUFA
Centrifugal raw sugar is reddish brown with a slightly grayish color and contains about 96 percent sucrose. Raw sugar is dissolved in hot water and treated with diatomaceous earth to remove suspended impurities.
USES
COOR1 CH— COOR2
Common saturated fatty acids in fats are palmitic and stearic, the former being the most abundant in vegetable fats. Common unsaturated fatty acids are oleic (one double bond), linoleic (two double bonds) and linolenic acids (three double bonds).
OIL YIELDING CROPS
Oils, fats and waxes are very similar in composition. Oils are liquid at ordinary room temperature, while fats are solid or nearly solid. In general, at ordinary temperatures, the triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids are liquid, while glycerides of saturated fatty acids with 12 or more carbon atoms are solid.
CLASSIFICATION OF VEGETABLE OILS
When exposed to air for a long time, they do not have the strong taste and smell of essential oils and vinegar. They are mostly glycerides of saturated acids and oleic acid, with little or no linoleic and linolenic acids. These oils are not useful in the paint, varnish or varnish industry, but are very useful in the manufacture of soaps, as lubricants and as food.
The semi-drying oils slowly absorb oxygen from the air, causing prolonged exposure to air (they form a film as is the case with drying oils). Such oils easily absorb oxygen when exposed to air and form a tough, elastic and resistant film. These oils are rich in glycerides of the unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoic acid and linolenic acid, with few oleic acid compounds.
Vegetable oils and fats are generally in the form of small insoluble droplets in the cells of endosperms and cotyledons. Olive and palm oil are two major examples obtained from the fleshy pericarp of the fruits; less commonly, oils and fats are extracted from the roots, stems and leaves. Crude vegetable oils and fats are extracted from the oil-containing cells by one of the following methods: mechanical pressure or solvent, extraction.
KEEPING QUALITY OF OILSEEDS AND VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS
UTILISATION OF VEGETABLE OILS AND FATS
OIL SEED CROPS
It is suitable for growth in rainfed conditions in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Cultivation
RH-819: This variety matures in 148 days and is suitable for growing in rainfed areas of Haryana. It is suitable for growing in rain fed areas of Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat. PRB-91: It is a high yielding variety recommended for cultivation under both irrigated and rainfed conditions in Punjab.
Planting time is the most important variable that greatly affects the seed yield of canola and mustard. Spacing has no absolute value in the cultivation of canola and mustard, as it fluctuates greatly with growth habits of variety, date of sowing, fertilizer and irrigation. Rapeseed and mustard have higher requirements for sulphur, therefore nitrogen should ideally be supplied through ammonium sulphate and phosphorus from simple superphosphate.
Rapeseed and mustard are usually grown as rain fed on the conserved moisture of monsoon rains. Weeds in turnip and mustard crops cause about 20-30 per The most common weeds that grow in turnip and mustard crops are Chenopodium album (bathua), Lathyrus spp. chatrinatri), Melilotus indica (senji), Cirsium arvense (keteli), Fumaria parviflora (gajri). Care must be taken to remove all weeds by hand or by spraying with Nitrofen or Isoproteuroi.
Diseases
Care must be taken to see that weeds and stubble are well removed from the field and that the soil contains sufficient moisture to ensure good germination. Delay in planting reduces yield due to its depressing effect on plant growth, flowering duration, seed formation and seed size. In plants affected by the disease, irregular yellow spots appear on the upper surface of the leaves and white growth is visible on the lower surface.
Control measures: Treatment of seeds with Apron 35 SD before planting and spraying the crop with 0.2% Ridomil or 0.1% Karathane. Control measures: Treat the seed with Apron 35 SD before sowing or spray the crop with 0.2% Ridomil. The insect absorbs the juice of the pods and as a result, the quantity and quality can be controlled by 2.
The larvae of this pest feed voraciously on the leaves, branches and pods of the crop.
Harvesting And Threshing
Coconut (Cocos nucifera L. )
It is also cultivated on a limited scale in Goa, Daman and Diu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Maharashtra, Orissa, West Bengal, Lakshadweep, Pondicherry, Assam and Tripura. The coconut palm is a tall, handsome tree that reaches a height of 15-30 m and is characterized by having an inclined trunk with prominent ring-shaped scars on the leaves. The main stem is usually unbranched with a thick swollen base surrounded by a mass of adventitious roots and crowned with 20–30 large paripinnate leaves about 1–8–6.0 m long and weighing 10–15 kg each.
The inflorescence (flask) is produced in the axil of the leaf and consists of a central axis with a tip of up to 40 lateral branches. Male flowers are numerous, borne in the upper part of the floral axis, while the female flowers are relatively few in number and are located, usually singly, at the base of the inflorescence. Each male flower consists of a perianth of six small unequal petals, arranged in two whorls.
Female flowers, on the other hand, consist of three-celled ovules closely invested by two perianth whorls of nearly equal size. Trees begin to flower at four to five years of age and continue for more than fifty years. One of the most remarkable characteristics of the coconut palm is that it continues to flower throughout the year and the fruit takes about 9-12 months to fully ripen.
Family: Arecaceae
In India, its cultivation is mainly confined to coastal areas of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, the former alone contributing nearly 50 percent of total Indian production. The cavity of the nut is partially filled with liquid 'coconut milk' which represents the liquid endosperm. The cotyledon of the embryo begins to swell and elongate and extends backwards into the cavity of the endosperm where it enlarges into a haustorial organ known as the 'apple'.
Quality copra contains only three to four percent moisture and has an oil content of 60 to 65 percent. One of the eyes is larger and softer and under it is a small embryo, the other two are harder and smaller and represent aborted embryos. For copra cultivation, the fully ripe fruit must be harvested as copra and at this stage the oil content is high.
The fresh seeds are eaten raw or in the preparation of puddings, sweets, curries and chutney. The oil has a very high saponification value due to its higher content of lauric and myristic acids. It is also used in the production of lubricants, detergents, cosmetics such as face cream, shampoo, rubber, synthetic resins and hydraulic brake fluids for aircraft.
African oil palm)
- Elaeis guineensis Jacq. (Oil palm Family: Arecaceae
- Olea europaea L. ( Common Olive ) Family: Oleaceae
- Gossypium spp. ( Cotton seed Oil ) Family: Malvac
- Sesamum indicum L. ( Sesame, gingelly or beniseed )
- Glycine max (L.) Merr. ( Soybean)
- Linum usitatissimum L. (Linseed) Family: Linaceae
- Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.)
Palm oil is also used in the manufacture of soaps, candles, lubricants and in the tin industry. Palm kernel oil is used in hard water soaps and in the manufacture of glycerine, shampoos and candles. It is also used in the production of high-class toilet preparations, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.
Sulfonated castor oil (turkey oil) is used in cotton dyeing and printing and also in the leather industry. After hydrogenation, castor oil is used in the manufacture of ointment bases, waxes, polishes, carbon paper and candles. In the US, about three-quarters of cottonseed oil is used in manufacturing.
In the United States, a large production of the soybean oil is used for edible purposes, especially as a salad oil and for the production of margarine and shortening. Soybean oil is used in the manufacture of soap, glycerin, printing ink, grease, lubricants, waterproofing materials, oilcloth, linoleum, putty, resins, insecticides, disinfectants and leather coverings. It is one of the earliest plants domesticated for the extraction of fibers in the Mediterranean region and southern Asia.
The oil is present in the form of yellowish globules mixed with aleurone granules in the cells of the two large cotyledons. Due to the elements present in the seed coat (spermoderm), the entire seed is consumed from the body tissues with which it is in contact.
Family: Asteraceae
Sunflower ( Helianthus annus L.) Family: Asteraceae
The sunflower is a diurnal neutral plant that can be grown successfully in different seasons under different day length conditions, provided the temperature is favorable. Sunflower is a temperate crop, but can be grown commercially in tropical or subtropical conditions. High temperature affects pollination and fertilization, so care must be taken to adjust the planting date accordingly.
Sunflower is a cross-pollinated crop and depends on honey bees for pollination and seed setting. Planting of short duration hybrids such as GKSFH-2002, PSFH-67 and NSFH-592, however, can be extended up to the second fortnight of January. Seeds should be treated with Brassicol or Thiram to control seed and soil borne fungal diseases.
However, it responds favorably to irrigation and its yield can be significantly increased by maintaining adequate soil moisture through timely irrigation in addition to improving oil content. The harvested heads are slightly dried and threshed by pounding or trampling with tractors or sunflower threshers. Sunflower threshers are more efficient and economical. After threshing, the crops must be dried well before storage, otherwise they are affected by fungi and decay in storage.
