ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in Vol. 01, Issue 05, September 2016, ISSN - 2456-1037, (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL)
1
BIO- EFFICACY OF PUTRESCINE ON SEED GERMINATION & SEEDLING GROWTH OF COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA, (L) WALP
Dr. Arvind Singh Department of Botany,
Govt. Degree College Kotdwar Bhabar (Pauri Garhwal), Uttarakhand
Abstract - The present study was undertaken to observe the effect of different concentration (1µm, 10µm, 20µm, 30µm, 40µm, 50µm, 60µm, 70µm, 80µm, 90µm, 100µm) of putrescine (polyamine) on seed germination and seedling growth of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) walp).
The observation were taken at different time intervals and it was evident that putrescine concentrations (1µm,10 µm ,20 µm ) enhanced germination percentage and seedling growth.
On the other hand concentrations like (30 µm -100 µm) exhibited reverse effect. However, 20 µm conc. was growth, which showed 100% seed germination and maximum growth in root length & shoot length of seedling.
Keywords: Cowpea, putrescine, seed germination, polyamine, seedling growth.
1 INTRODUCTION
The “Green Revolution” is one of the most important success stories of the past independence era. The post independence progress in agriculture has been a continuous phenomenon. The late sixties and early seventies were the years of green revolution. India’s population is growing at the rate of about 1.8% per annum. Besides, the population increase, improved purchasing power associated with economic growth, will enhance not only the demand for cereal crops but the demand for non-cereal crops such as pulse crops, because they are immense source of protein especially in the vegetarian diet. For fulfillment of this problem, the use of fertilizers and other crop protective chemicals in respect of increasing productivity of the food crops ultimately degrade soil and badly affect our ecosystem. For this, one of the surest and cheapest ways of increasing the availability of agricultural supply is to use some eco friendly agrochemicals.
Polyamines (PAs) may mediate the action of hormones as a part of their signal response and suggested as a new class of
“intracellular growth regulators or second messengers”. So Pas have been implicated in stimulation of cell division, response to environmental stress (Tabor and tabor, 1984), regulation of rhizogenesis, embryogenesis, senescence (Pandey et al.,2000), a biotic stress tolerance(Flores, 1990) etc.
Cowpea commonly known in India as Lobia is also known as cowpea, black eyed pea, southern pea, string bean, paragus bean, yand land bean, etc. in different countries of the world. Cowpea seeds are highly nutritious with high protein (23-24%), carbohydrate (60-61%),
mineral (Ca-76, Fe-5.7 and P-430 mg/100g), and vitamins (B1-0.92, B2-0.18 and Niacin-1.90 mg/100gfresh weight) having 342 Cal/100g calorific value. Being rich in protein and containing many others nutrients, it is also called as “Vegetable meat”. Cowpea is an annual herb having erect or semi erect or spreading habit. Stem is mostly procumbent often tinged purple colour leaves are trifoliate and alternate. . Inflorescence is axillary with 2-4 flowers crowed near tips on short curved peduncles. Pods may be curved or straight or coiled, 4-24 inch long.
Polyamines (PAs) may mediate the action of hormones as a part of their signal response and suggested as a new class of
“intracellular growth regulators or second messengers”. So Pas have been implicated in stimulation of cell division, response to environmental stress (Tobor and Tobor, 1984), regulation of rhizogenesis, embryogenesis, senescence (Pandey et al., 2000), a biotic stress tolerance) (Flores, 1990)etc.
Exogenously supplied PAs are known to stimulate growth of intact plant and of cultured explants in many plant species. In fact, in many tissue cultured protocols, the addition of polyamine is essential to obtained callus formation and for organogenesis. The endogenous level of PAs also seems to be very well correlated with the embryogenesis in cultured callus and also with the growth of the plant. The increase in growth or embryogenesis is considered to be due to the stimulatory effect of PAs on mitotic cell division (Galston, 1983; Biasi, et al., 1999; Cassol and Matto, 2002; Srivastava, 2003).
In relation to seedling growth the PAs metabolism like linked between PAs
ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in Vol. 01, Issue 05, September 2016, ISSN - 2456-1037, (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL)
2 biosynthesis and effect of growth regulatory compound. Palvan, et al., (1984) reported that Put biosynthesis activity is not correlated with growth in etiolated pea seedlings. Benandes, et. al., (1997) have also been suggested that PA could be involved in the germination processes of seeds and growth of seedlings in H. annuus and in response to salt stress.
2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
The NSC (National seeds corporation) approved seeds of selected crop (Cowpea) were collected from local market and Put is procured from Sigma- Aldrich, Germany.
Healthy seeds of uniform size were selected by a primary method of floating them into water and viable seeds which settled down in water were taken for the studies. The selected Putrescence was applied as foliar spray in these five concentrations, (10, 20, 40, 60, 80µ/L) which were selected preliminary on the basis of screening experiments. The selected concentrations were prepared by dissolving Put in Luke warm water with 1% surfactant APSA-80.
(Amway, India) which was added in each concentration selected.
For screening the selected seeds were treated with different concentrations of Put (1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300µ). After this, the treated as well as untreated control seeds were arranged in Petri dishes on filter paper (three layered) and observation were recorded at 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11 days after treatments (DAT) of soaking. Data recorded on percent seed germination and seedling growth (at final stage).
For field studies the selected healthy seeds of cowpea was soaked in glass distilled water (GDW) for 6 hrs, before sowing them in the field (Research Field, PG Department of Botany, S.M.M. Town (P.G.) College, Ballia-(277001) under normal environmental conditions.
3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The first experiment was conducted to see the effect of putrescine (Put) on seed germination and seedling growth by soaking the seeds in different concentrations of Put. The observations were made on 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th days after soaking.
Germination percentage was calculated from 3rd-11th day, showed enhancement in seed germination with lower concentrations i.e. 1, 10, 20 µM in comparison with control. Higher
concentrations gradually reduce the germination and 200 µM reduce the percent germination about 50 percent as compared to control and treated as LD50.
In all the treatments and control the germination percentage was reached at the stage of constancy by 11th DAT (soaking).
In case of control set, at 3rd day of treatment, seed germination was 60 % but lower concentrations 1, 10, 20 µM enhanced percentage germination as 70, 80
& 100%, respectively from 3rd-5th day in all the concentrations enhanced only 10%
of germination. At 11th day seed germination was 90% in control, 1 and 10 µM showed with healthy seedlings while 20 µM showed all 100% healthy seedlings.
Gradually higher concentrations from 40- 100 µM showed 70% seed germination and reduced to 40% with 200 µM.
Seedling growth in response to Put was measured as hypocotyls length (cm.) and radical length (cm.). With the increasing concentrations of Put hypocotyls length was reduced from 1 µM -100 µM but it is more than that of control. The maximum length recorded of hypocotyls was 11.08 cm. with 1 µM Put i.e. 38.35%
increase over control (Fig-4). All the concentrations increase hypocotyls length from 1.08% (100 µM) to 38.35% (1µM).
Whereas radical length showed variable results with Put from 1 µM -20 µM radical length was increased (from 1.04% to 99.09%). Higher concentrations from 30 - 100 µM gradually reduced the radical length (from 37.88 - 72.09%) significantly.
From the above result, Put with lower concentrations increased the percent germination as well as early germination, similar with the findings of Benandes et al., (1997). Seedling growth as elongation of hypocotyls length was enhanced with lower concentrations (1, 10, 20 M) coincide with the studies of Palavan and Galston, 1982;
Palavan et al., 1984; Goldberg and Perdrizet, 1984; Kaur-Sawhney et al., 1986; Rajasekaran and Blake, 1999.
Present investigation showed that growth of both the varieties of cowpea followed a common pattern under the influence of Putrescence (Put). It plays a major role in growth, development and yield in plants and bring about a number of morphological and physiological changes (Galston, 1983; Smith, 1985; Bagni, 1986;
1989; Kuhen, et al., 1990, Galston, et al., 1990; Bagni and Yorrigiani, 1992; Bagni et al., 1993, Edreva, 1996; Rajam, 1997;
1998; 2005;
ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in Vol. 01, Issue 05, September 2016, ISSN - 2456-1037, (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL)
3 Cohen, 1998; Biasi, et. al., 1999; Kakkar, et al., 2000; Martin-Tanguy, 2001; Kakkar and Sawhney, 2002; Cassol and Mattoo, 2002; Srivastava, 2003; Couee, et al., 2004; Zielinska, et al., 2006).
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