EXPLORING THE THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF INDIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS IN THE TREATMENT OF ARTHRITIS
Banuvari Sandeep
Asst. Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Princeton College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Shireesha Bandirala
Asst. Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Princeton College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
Abstract - Conventional prescriptions are utilized around the world for the board of rheumatoid joint pain since ancient times. This review focuses on the medicinal flora of India and how they have traditionally been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. Articles from the past three decades that were peer reviewed and classical textbooks were looked at for bibliographic research. The current review examines plant extracts that have traditionally been used to treat arthritis. There are 124 plants that have traditionally been used to treat arthritis. The need to investigate the potential chemical moieties of unexploited plants for arthritic management, as well as their mechanism of action, is reflected in this study.
Keywords: Against ligament action, substance moieties restorative plants.
INTRODUCTION
Chronic, progressive, and systemic inflammatory disorder known as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) It specially influences the synovial layers of joints and in the end prompts bone and ligament annihilation. Worldwide, 0.5–1 percent of adult populations are affected by RA; Although RA can occur at any age, it is more common among people in their fourth to sixth decades of life. The disease affects patients of all ethnic backgrounds and primarily affects females, with a 2- or 3-fold prevalence rate for males. RA is a costly condition that affects both patients and society as a whole because it is a chronic disease that causes irreversible damage to the joints. RA's clinical manifestations can be divided into articular and extra-articular categories.
RA is shown by fever, asthenia, exhaustion, myalgia, and weight reduction which show up previously.
1.1 Pathophysiology
Several genetic and environmental factors contribute to the phenotype in various combinations in RA. Metalloproteinases have an impact on RA, which is triggered by immune complexes and the
complement system. Cytokines keep the disease going. Through cell-surface signaling, antigen-activated CD4+ T cells stimulate monocytes, macrophages, and synovial fibroblasts to produce the cytokines interleukin-1, interleukin-6, and TNFa and secrete matrix metalloproteinases. Synovial fluid contains a lot of neutrophils in early RA.
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia develop projections into the joint capsule over time. IgG/anti-IgG antigen-antibody complexes are frequently present in immune complexes in synovial fluid.
Cartilage dissolution is the result of bone erosion caused by osteoclasts and proteolytic enzymes in RA. Key pathogenic markers include rheumatoid factors (IgM and IgA).
2 MATERIAL AND METHODS
For the purpose of this review, a bibliographic investigation was conducted to locate articles in the global scientific databases viz. SCIELO, NISCAIR, PUBMED, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar.
The 2014 plant list and the International Plant Names Index were used to verify the botanical names of plants. The following
are the inclusion criteria for the selection of plants: (i) medicinal herbs with reported animal studies on their use in arthritis management; (ii) compounds isolated from medicinal plants with potential for arthritis relief; and (iii) we restricted the number of studies to those that were published in English.
2.1 Alangium Salviifolium Wang.
(Family: Alangiaceae)
The small deciduous tree or shrub known as Alangium salviifolium (AS) can be found growing wild in India's hotter regions (The Wealth of India, 1952).
Alangine A and B, alangicine, markindine, lamarckinine, and emetine are the plant's main chemical components. In the Indian system of medicine, the root of AS has been used as an astringent, diuretic, and antidote to a number of poisons. The plant's fruit can help alleviate burning and hemorrhages. Various concentrates of stem bark of AS were found to have hostile to joint movement utilizing Freunds adjuant model in rodents.
2.2 Caesalpinia Sappan L. (Family:
Leguminosae)
Caesalpinia sappan (CS) is a traditional Asian medicinal plant that is mostly used for its anti-inflammatory and blood-flow- promoting properties. In a rat model of collagen-induced arthritis, the plant was found to have anti-arthritic properties.
The arthritis index, radiographic and histopathological changes, and paw swelling were significantly reduced at various doses of ethanolic extract.
2.3 Delonix Elata (Family:
Leguminosae)
Delonix elata (DE) (white gold mohur) is utilized generally for joint agonies and in fart. Locals use a paste made of bark and leaves to ease pain and inflammation [9].
Using an incomplete Freund's adjuvant- induced arthritis model in rats, the anti- arthritic activity of Bark of DE was evaluated. Extract that is 40%
hydroalcoholic (250 mg/kg p.o.) was found have critical repressing enemy of ligament movement rodent paw edema following 14 and 21 days. When compared to Diclofenac, the outcomes were also significant.
2.4 Semecarpus Anacardium Linn.
(Family: Anacardiaceae)
In Indian medicine, the "marking nut," or Semecarpus anacardium (SA), has been used to treat gout, rheumatic pain, and cancer. Using an adjuvant arthritis model, SA nut extract was evaluated. Paw edema in both newly developed and established adjuvant arthritis was reduced by treatment with SA extract (150 mg/kg). The findings suggested that the SA nut extract may have anti-arthritic properties.
2.5 Azima Tetracantha Lam (Family:
Salvodoraceae)
In Ayurvedic medicine, Azima tetracantha (AT) is known as Kundali and in kannada as uppimullu. There are reports that the juice from the leaves is effective against ear and toothaches. To treat snakebite, Indian tribes use AT leaves paste.
Friedelin, a compound segregated from AT. Wistar rats and 54.5% of the paw thickness were tested for adjuvant- induced arthritis activity in the leaves.
2.6 Chaenomeles Speciosa (Sweet) Nakai (Family: Rosaceae)
Chaenomeles speciosa (CS), also referred to as mugua, tiegenghaitang, tiejiaoli, or zhoupimugua, is a species that can be found in Central, East, and Southwest China. It is now grown in many countries.
The warm and sour CS fruit, which is used in traditional Chinese medicine, has the ability to calm the liver, relax the muscles and tendons, balance the stomach, and get rid of dampness. Using a collagen-induced arthritis model in rats, the anti-arthritic activity of the roots of CS was investigated. In arthritic rats, extract doses of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg
reduced inflammation and restored body weight.
2.7 Ficus Bengalensis Linn (Family:
Moraceae)
In Ayurveda, Ficus bengalensis (FB), also known as the Banyan tree, is used to treat diarrhea, dysentery, hypoglycemia, rheumatism, and was applied to the gums to reduce inflammation. Using arthritis models that were induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant, formalin, and agar, the bark of FB was examined for its antirheumatic activity. The supplement (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg intravenously) inhibited Formalin-induced pain and had a significant inhibitory effect on edema, particularly in secondary immunological arthritis.
2.8 Hemidesmus Indicus R.Br (Family:
Asclepiadaceae)
In Ayurvedic and Unani medicine, Hemidesmus indicus (HI) has been used to treat inflammation and blood disorders.
Extract of hydrocarbons (450 mg/kg, orally), ethanolic acid (75 mg/kg, orally), residual fractions (270 mg/kg, p.o.), chloroform (60 mg/kg, p.o.), was tested in rat models of Complete Freund's adjuvant arthritis. Body weight, arthritic index, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum rheumatoid factor, serum C-reactive protein, and serum nitrite level all decreased significantly in the study.
2.9 Holarrhena Pubescens (Buch.- Ham.) Wall. (Family: Apocynaceae) Holarrhena pubescens (HP), also known as "kurchi" in India, is a traditional Indian medicinal plant (Kirtikar & Basu, 2006;
2009, Nadkarni) The anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic properties of ethanolic extract from dried HP seeds were investigated. HP (400 mg/kg once daily) When compared to Indomethacin, extract showed the greatest inhibition of rat paw edema caused by carrageenan (74.07 percent), granuloma formation (62.63
percent), and adjuvant-induced arthritic edema (77.95 percent) in rats.
2.10 Justicia Gendarussa Burm F.
(Family: Acanthaceae)
In traditional Chinese and Indian medicine, Justicia gendarussa (JG) is used to treat rheumatism, arthritis, headache, earache, respiratory problems, and digestive issues with its leaves. The freund's adjuvant-induced and collagen- induced arthritic rat models were used to evaluate the JG's anti-arthritic potential.
The ethanolic extract of JG was given to the animals at a dose of 100 mg/kg, and the standard drug aspirin (360 mg/kg) had significant anti-arthritic effects on the animals.
2.11 Leucas aspera (Family: Labiatae) Leucas aspera (LA) is generally utilized for pain relieving, antipyretic, antirheumatic, calming and antibacterial treatment and its glue is applied topically to aroused regions. Using a complete Freund's adjuvant arthritis model, the ethanolic extract of LA's chronic anti-inflammatory activity was examined. Significant anti- inflammatory activity was found at 100 and 200 mg/kg (p 0.001).
Histopathological examinations of the treated joint revealed complete cartilage regeneration.
2.12 Mangifera Indica L. (Family:
Anacardiaceae)
Mangifera indica (MI) is the biggest natural product tree, has been as of late announced for hindering lipid peroxidation, antifungal movement and hostile to ulcerogenic activity. The monosodium urate crystals-induced gouty arthritis model in rats was used to investigate the therapeutic effects of the ethanol extract from MI. The abnormalities in ankle swelling, synovial TNF-, IL-1 mRNA, and protein levels, and oral administration of ethanolic extract (100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o. for nine days) were significantly reduced, indicating that
MI has a beneficial effect on gouty arthritis.
2.13 Psidium Guajava Linn. (Family:
Myrtaceae)
In traditional medicine, Psidium guajava (PG), more commonly known as Guava, is used to treat cholera, wounds, ulcers, and bowel problems (Begum et al., 2002). Rats were tested for adjuvant-induced arthritis on PG leaves. 250 and 500 mg/kg oral doses in the complete freund's adjuvant- induced arthritis model, significant dose- dependent anti-arthritic activity was observed in PG ethanolic extract.
2.14 Sida Rhombifolia (Family:
Malvaceae)
Sida rhombifolia (SR) has been utilized from ancient times for the treatment of gout in Indonesia. Using an adjuvant- induced arthritis model, the effects of SR stem and root extracts on experimental rats were evaluated. It was discovered that extract normalized the varying levels of hematological parameters. Also significantly reduced was the elevated rate of erythrocyte sedimentation.
3 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Arthritis treatment can lessen pain and assist in more effectively overcoming functional limitations. Treatment and management of arthritis may include medication, physical or occupational therapy, patient education, weight loss, and surgery. Although conventional treatment for rheumatoid arthritis is getting better, remission is rare, so treatment is still inadequate. As a result, the search for effective alternative and additional treatments for this disease continues. Due to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, a number of inexpensive herbal medicines have been reported in the literature to be helpful for rheumatoid arthritis. The literature of Ayurveda talks about various plants that can be used to treat painful and inflammatory conditions like
arthritis, either whole, in part, or as extracts. Chamomilla majus (Linn.), Linn., Cichorium intybus Plumbago rosea Linn., Rhododendron campanulatum, Acacia polyantha and Salvadora oleoides have been traditionally used to alleviate painful inflammatory conditions, but they have not yet been tested experimentally for arthritis treatment. Although individual plant compounds or plant extracts have great potential, the underlying molecular mechanism has not been fully
understood. As potential
chemotherapeutic agents, it is necessary to identify these medicines' active components and monitor their safety. As a result, a scientific approach to phytotherapeutics is needed to develop novel drug delivery systems that can sustainably deliver the components to patients and reduce the need for repeated administration.
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