Floating Wheel: An Approach Towards Green Technology

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International Journal on Mechanical Engineering and Robotics (IJMER)

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ISSN (Print) : 2321-5747, Volume-4, Issue-1,2016 63

Floating Wheel: An Approach Towards Green Technology

1Rajesh Behra., ²Nishantraj Pandey, ³Namrata Salunkhe Patil, ⁴Prateek Pandey, ⁵Pradeep Pandey Asst. Prof.1 , Student2 , Student 3, Student 4, Student 5

Email: ¹[email protected], ²[email protected], ³[email protected], ⁴[email protected],

5[email protected] Abstract : The current trend to produce energy in

automobiles involves the combustion of air-fuel mixture inside a combustion chamber of a reciprocating engine and then converting this chemical energy into mechanical energy in order to perform work. This mechanical energy is then transmitted to the wheel by using various power transmission elements.

There are energy losses involved in automobiles like frictional losses (generally in clutches and bearings), material elasticity losses (tensile properties), thermal losses and damper losses while transmitting power from the prime mover (i.e. engine) to the wheels through different transmission elements. This results in the decrease in overall efficiency and increase in fuel consumption of the motorcycle. These losses are reduced to a great extent, if the wheel itself operates as a prime mover. An attempt has been made to overcome it by running a motorcycle using batteries, permanent magnets and electro-magnets i.e.

revolutionize by running a two wheeler with ‘NO POLLUTION-NO FUEL-NO NOISE’. For this purpose, the concept of magnetic levitation and propulsion have been made to use

Index Terms— Maximum rated engine power, Maximum rated engine torque, Speed of crankshaft at rated torque, Mileage of the motorcycle, Wheel diameter, Rim diameter, Hub diameter, Brake power at crankshaft, Brake power at crankshaft, Power available at wheel, Transmission ratio, Velocity of wheel

I. INTRODUCTION

It has been a long time since man has left travelling on his own feet. From bullock carts to bicycles, motorcars to bikes and from airplanes to spacecrafts, many developments have been made in the field of automobile industry. Now it is time for that technology which will put back the fastest flights and high speed jet engines. It‟s time for a green turn. This new emerging technology is called the maglev technology.

Maglev trains are a very fast type of train. Magnetic levitation is a technology that uses magnetic fields to make the train move. These fields lift the train a small distance above the tracks and move the train. They are

much faster than regular trains. By 2035, a trip from Toronto to Vancouver will take 3 hours. This same trip takes three days on a regular train. After this technology has been perfected, people will be able to travel faster across land on a maglev train than they would in an airplane. The highest known speed of a maglev train is 600 km/h (370 mph).[1] This was done in Japan in 2015.

A maglev train does not have an engine. The trains are powered by a magnetic field created by the electrified coils in the guide way walls and the track. There are three parts to this system: large electrical power source metal coils lining guide way (track) large guidance magnets attached to the underside of the train.

With magnets, opposite poles attract and like poles repel each other. This is the basic principle behind electromagnetic propulsion. Electromagnets are similar to other magnets in that they attract metal objects, but the magnetic pull is temporary. A small electromagnet can be made by connecting the ends of a copper wire to the positive and negative ends of an AA, C or D-cell battery.

This creates a small magnetic field. If the wire is disconnected from either end of the battery, the magnetic field is taken away.

The magnetized coil running along the track, called a guide way, repels the large magnets on the train's undercarriage. This allows the train to lift between 0.39 and 3.93 inches (1 to 10 centimeters) above the guide way.

Once the train is lifted, power is supplied to the coils within the guide way walls. This creates a unique system of magnetic fields that pull and push the train along the guide way. The electric current supplied to the coils in the guide way walls is constantly alternating to change the polarity of the magnetized coils. This change in polarity causes the magnetic field in front of the train to pull the vehicle forward, while the magnetic field behind the train adds more forward thrust.

Maglev trains float on a cushion of air, which removes friction. The trains have aerodynamic designs.

This allows them to reach speeds of more than 310

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mph (500 kph), or twice as fast as Amtrak's fastest commuter train

II. DESIGN CALCULATIONS FOR WHEEL

A. Calculation of Efficiency

Considering „Hero Honda Splendor Plus‟ bike for the calculation of overall efficiency.

Given specifications of the bike, Pmax =

6 . 15 KW

Tmax =

8.05 N - m

N =

5000 rpm

From the above data, brake power is given by,

=

4.214  10

³

W

BP =

4 . 214 KW

₌

5 . 652 HP

There is about 15-20% of losses involved during the transmission of power due to friction and elasticity properties of the material.

Considering 15% of transmission loss, the power available at the wheel is given by,

WP =

. 85  BP

=

. 85  4 . 214

WP =

3 . 58 KW

₌

4 . 8 HP

The wheel used in the above bike is of 18 inch diameter.

Consider Transmission Ratio (t) = 3 Hence, the velocity of wheel is given by,

vw =

143 . 633 km/ h

From the specification sheet, the mileage of the bike ranges from 65-75 km/L.

Considering, Mileage =

65 km / L

=

2 . 21 L / h

=

6 . 13  10

^⁴

lit / sec

The fuel used for operating the bike is petrol.

We know, Density of petrol =

0 . 711 kg / lit

Hence, the mass flow rate of fuel consumed is given by,

m

f

= Density of fuel x Volumetric fuel usage

=

0 . 711 kg / lit  6 . 13  10

^⁴

lit / sec m

f

=

4.364  10

^-4

kg / sec

We know, Calorific Value of fuel (CV) is 44000 kJ/kg

Energy associated with fuel =

CV  m

^f

=

19 . 2016 KW

=

18 . 64

_%

B. Selection of neodymium magnets:

GRADE: N52 (Neodymium Magnet) DIMENSIONS:

Length = 1.5 inch =

38 . 5 mm

Width = 0.5 inch = 12.7 mm Thickness = 0.25 inch = 0.635 mm CALCULATIONS:

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Clearance between the magnets on rim and on hub =0.4inch= 10.2mm

Graph of pull force v/s distance

From the graph of pull force v/s distance:- Repelling force (R) = 5 lbf = 2.28 kgf Considering,

Mass of vehicle (mv) =

125 kg

Mass of driver (md) =

100 kg

Total mass =

225 kg

Mass on each wheel =

112 . 5 kg

Therefore,

Number of magnets required =

112.5  2.28

= 49.3 = 50magnets

This is possible only for flat surface.

For curved surface,

= 1.45 kgf

Number of magnets required = 112.5/1.45

= 74.59 = 75 magnets Total magnets required =2x75 on hub and rim =150 magnets

MODELOFTHEMAGNETICWHEEL

III. CONCLUSION

By increasing the number of electromagnets, the torque obtained increases, thereby increasing the output power.

Thus the overall efficiency of the bike increases. Since there is no use of any combustible fuel, there is no emission of toxic gases and this bike can be said to be eco-friendly. Since there is no friction these maglev wheel can reach high speeds. Since this maglev wheel does not touch the track and it has no motor/engine it makes very less noise. This noise is equivalent to the noise produced by city traffic. There is very little maintenance because there is no contact between the parts. Since it has no contact between parts wear and tear will also be very less.

So overall, an investment in maglev wheel:- will increase our efficiency, will be environment friendly, will be economically profitable, will empower the businesses.

The future works involved are to analyse the magnetic field, cost analysis, fabrication of the hub and rim, controlling mechanism, braking system.

IV. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to thank Mechanical department staff for always helping us in solving difficulties, for providing us laboratories for our experiments and doing design works.

Our special thank to Asst. Prof. Rajesh Behra, our project guide for his continuous support and guidance.

REFERENCES

[1] The Magnetic Levitation Train: A Technology ahead of Its Time? Author JENS HILLEBRAND 2008

[2] Review of Magnetic Levitation (MAGLEV): A Technology to Propel Vehicles with Magnets By

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Monika Yadav, Nivritti Mehta, Aman Gupta ( 20/12/2015)

[3] Lee HW, Kim KC, Lee J. Review of maglev train technologies, Magnetics, IEEE Transactions, 42, 2006, 1917-1925 (15/11/2015)

[4] “Magnetic levitation magneto-electric bicycle wheel hub” Ziping Wang, EP20080784030, Publication, EP2210807 (August 28, 2015)

[5] http://www.elektrobike-online.com/news/e-bikes- und-pedelecs/lightweight-velocite-das-100km-h-b ike-mit-transrapid-technologie.1262586.410636.h tm#5 (1/1/2016)

[6] http://www.carbofibretec.de/en/references (4/10/2015)

[7] http://www.totalmotorcycle.com/future.htm(4/10/

2015)

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