International Journal of Advanced Chemical Science and Applications (IJACSA)
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A study on the Extraction and Applications of Eco – friendly Natural dye from leaf of Jatropha curcas on cotton fabric
1P.Saravanan, 2G.Chandramohan, 3K.Sivakumaran
1Department of Chemistry, Kings College of Engineering, Punalkulam, Thanjavur -613303
2,3Department of Chemistry, A.V.V.M Sri Pushpam College, Poondi, Thanjavur - 613503
[Received:3rd Aug.2015; Revised: 18th Aug.2015;
Accepted:20th Aug.2015; Available online from: 11th Sept.
2015]
Abstract— In the present study, a natural dye was extracted from the leaves of Jatropha curcas using ethanol as the solvent. It was observed that the natural dye has good affinity towards cotton fabrics. Three methods of mordanting namely pre-mordanting, post-mordanting and simultaneous mordanting were followed. Chemical mordants like CuSO4, NiSO4, FeSO4, alum, K2Cr2O7 and SnCl2 were used to obtain different colours. Natural mordants like myrobolan and cow dung were also used. The effect of time and temperature on dye uptake was also being studied. The light fastness, washing fastness and rubbing fastness properties of the dyes on cotton fabrics were studied. The colour strength (K/S values) and hues produced by the natural dyes on the cotton fabrics were measured by computer colour matching method. The extracted natural dye was characterized by using UV, FT-IR and ICP-OES.
Index Terms—Natural dye, Extraction, Jatropha curcas, leaves, cotton
I. INTRODUCTION
Indians have been considered as forerunners in the art of natural dyeing. Natural dyes find use in the colouring of textiles, drugs, cosmetics, food products, etc. In India, there are more than 450 plants have dye yielding characteristics. Some of these plants also possess medicinal value. The usage of natural dyes has started some 4000 years ago. The use of natural dyes in textiles was continued from the year 1856 [1].
Eco-friendly natural dyes are obtained from natural sources such as vegetable matter, minerals or insects.
Natural dyes are preferred nowadays in developed countries, because they are non-allergic, non-carcinogenic and have lower toxicity and better biodegradability than the synthetic dyes. The synthetic dyes produce more side effects to the human system when applied on the garments. Natural dyes give superior quality and sensory experience than synthetic dyes.
Natural dyes are non-allergic, non-toxic, less polluting,
less health hazardous, non-carcinogenic and non-poisonous. Most natural dyes are known antioxidants [2]. They are harmonizing colours, gentle, soft and subtle and create a restful effect. Natural dyes have better biodegradability and generally have higher compatibility with the environment. These dyes can make textile industries more competitive, by reducing production costs and eliminating the huge expenses of chemical imports.
They are environment friendly, easily available and can be recycled after use [3].
Jatropha curcas is distributed all over the world long ago and is now naturalized throughout the tropics and subtropics. The different parts of Jatropha curcas have been used for a variety of uses. Traditionally, it is used for the manufacture of candles and soap, as lamp oil and as fuel for cooking. Biologically active substances from jatropha seeds have been reported with activities ranging from anti-inflammatory effects, haemagglutination (lectins), skin irritation, insecticidal and molluscicidal effects. The leaves and bark have the same purgative effect.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Source:
The leaves of Jatropha curcas (Fig.1) were collected from mariamman kovil village, thanjavur district.
Fig.1: Plant of Jatropha curcas B. Substrates:
Desized, scoured and bleached cotton fabric was used for dyeing.
C. Chemical used for dyeing and mordanting:
AR grade sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were used for cotton dyeing. Metallic salts such as copper sulphate, ferrous sulphate, alum, potassium dichromate, nickel sulphate and stannous chloride were used as chemical mordants. Myrobolan and cow dung were used as natural mordants.
D. Dye extraction:
Leaves of plant were crushed and soaked in 70% ethanol and heated in a beaker kept over a water bath for 2 hours to facilitate quick extraction. Then it was filtered and the filtrate was collected in a separate beaker [4].
E. Conventional Dyeing Method:
The cotton fabric was dyed with the dye extract keeping various M:L ratio as 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40. Dyeing was carried out at different temperatures like 40oC, 60oC and 80oC. The process was carried out for different times such as 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 1 hour [5].
F. Dyeing of cotton:
The cotton fabric was immersed into the dye bath containing 10% of dye extract and required amount of water. After 5 minutes 3% sodium carbonate was added to the dye bath. After 30 minutes 3 % of sodium chloride was added and the dyeing process was continued for 1 hour at 80oC. Then the dyed cotton fabrics were taken out, washed by water, squeezed and dried.
G. Mordanting:
The cotton fabric was treated with different chemicals and natural mordants by the following three methods [6]:
(i) Pre Mordanting : In this method, cotton fabric was pre treated with 3% solution of different chemical and natural mordants and then dyed with the dye extract.
(ii) Post Mordanting (POM) : In this method, dyed cotton fabric was treated with 3% solution of different chemical and natural mordants.
(iii) Simultaneous Mordanting (SM) : In this method, the cotton fabric was dyed with dye extract as well as with 3%
solution of different chemical and natural mordants.
H. Colour Fastness:
The colour fastness of the dyed cotton fabrics were tested according to IS standards. Colour fastness to washing (WF), light (LF), and rubbing (RF) were determined from standard test methods such as IS-687-79, IS-2454-85and IS-766-88 [7].
I. Measurement of colour strength:
The relative colour strength of the dyed fabrics was expressed as K/S and was measured by light reflectance technique using Kubelka-Munk equation. The light reflectances of the dyed samples were measured using a Text flash spectrophotometer (Data colour corp.). The K/S values were calculated by Kubelka-Munk equation [8].
1-R2
K= S 2R
Where,
R = Decimal fraction of the reflectance of the dyed samples at λmax. K = Absorption coefficient and S = Scattering coefficient.
The CIE lab values (L*, a* and b*) were also recorded for all dyed samples along with controlled sample.
J. Spectral analysis
(i) UV-Visible Spectroscopic Study
The extracted natural dye has been characterized by UV-visible spectra. The absorbance of the extracted natural dye was measured using Perkin Elmer Lambda 35 spectrophotometer at wavelength range from 200-700 nm [9].
(ii) FT-IR Spectroscopic Study
The FT-IR absorption spectroscopy is based on the absorption of IR radiation by molecules and is most widely used for the identification of the functional groups.
The presence of different functional groups in the extracted natural dye was identified by the Perkin Elmer FT-IR spectrometer in the infrared region 400-4000 cm-1 [10].
(iii) ICP-OES Analysis:
The presence or absence of inorganic elements in the dye extract was tested by Perkin Elmer Optima 7000 DV- ICP-OES [11]. The ICP-OES analysis measured inorganic elements from the dye extracts using standard inorganic elements (20) including As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Sb, Co, Cr, Al, B, Ba, Be, Mo, Na, Ca, K, Si, Sn, Zr, P and Mg.
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Preparation and optimization of ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas:
The leaf of Jatropha curcas was found to discharge colour in 70% ethanol very easily. Increasing the quantity of
leaves 5 g to 20 g per 100 mL ethanol, boiled for 30 minutes increased the intensity of the colour. It was noticed that the colour of the dye extract was dark green as shown in the Fig.2 [12].
Fig. 2 :Alcoholic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas B. Effect of conventional dyeing conditions:
(i) Effect of M:L Ratio:
The cotton fabric was dyed with dye extract keeping various M:L ratio as 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 and 1:40 [13]. It was observed that dye uptake was good in M:L ratio 1:30 as shown in the Fig.3.
Fig. 3: Effect of M:L ratio on cotton fabric dyed with dye extract
(ii) Effect of dyeing time
The effect of dyeing time was studied at different duration such as 30 minutes, 45 minutes and 1hour. The colour strength (K/S) obtained was increased with the increase of dyeing time. It was observed that, dye uptake was good in 1hour as shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4: Effect of dyeing time on cotton fabric dyed with dye extract
(iii) Effect of dyeing temperature
The effect of temperature on the dyeability of cotton dye extract was studied at different temperatures like 40oC, 60oC and 80oC. It was clear that, the colour strength (K/S) values increased with the increase of dyeing temperature as shown in Fig. 5.
Fig.5 : Effect of dyeing temperature on cotton fabric dyed with dye extract
C. Effect of Mordants on Cotton Fabrics Dyed with Jatropha curcas:
The cotton fabrics were dyed with leaf extract of Jatropha curcas and different mordants. The different shades of colour were obtained on cotton fabric in pre, post and simultaneous mordanting methods which are shown in the Table 1. It was observed that the dye uptake was found to be good in post mordanting (POM) method as shown in the Fig.6.
Table 1 : Colour produced on cotton by pre, post and simultaneous- mordanting
Fig..6 : Surface colour strength (K/S values) of mordanted cotton fabrics after PM, POM and SM, dyed with
Jatropha curcas
Table 2 shows L*, a* b* and K/S values of post mordanted cotton dyed with the dye extract. Among the mordants used, the ferrous sulphate showed the highest colour value (K/S = 68.29) and cow dung showed the lowest colour value (K/S = 15.9). The effects of post mordants on colour intensity of cotton fabrics dyed with leaf extract of Jatropha curcas are shown in Fig. 7.
Table.2: Different post mordants, L*, a*, b* and K/S values of cotton fabric dyed with leaf extract of Jatropha
curcas
Mordants L* a* b* K /S value
Ferrous sulphate 52.80 0.578 7.38 68.29 Copper sulphate 58.74 1.967 11.58 51.25
Alum 76.66 0.603 14.51 28.33
Pot. dichromate 64.42 1.570 1.99 34.39 Nickel sulphate 67.78 1.867 10.54 45.25 Stannous chloride 78.54 0.675 15.22 24.14
Myrobolan 38.74 4.42 9.29 17.6
Cow dung 43.57 3.45 9.52 15.9
Fig.7: Effect of post mordants on the colour strength of cotton fabric dyed with leaf extract of Jatropha curcas D. Fastness properties of dyed cotton fabrics :
The fastness tests involving washing (WF), light (LF) and rubbing (RF) fastness of dyed cotton fabrics are shown in Table 3 [14]. The results indicate fair to excellent fastness properties of the dyed cotton fabrics. It was found that, mordanted dyed cotton fabrics were shown to good fastness properties than the un-mordanted cotton fabrics.
This is due to binding of dyes to the fabric by forming a chemical bridge from the dye to fibre, thus improving the staining ability of a dye along with increasing fastness properties. Overall, it could be used for commercial dyeing purposes and attain acceptable range.
Table : 3 Fastness properties for cotton fabric dyed with leaves extract of Jatropha curcas
Mordants WF LF RF
Dry Wet Potassium
dichromate 4 – 5 IV 3 – 4 4
Ferrous sulphate 4 – 5 V 4 – 5 4 – 5 Copper sulphate 4 – 4/5 V 3 – 4 3 – 4 Nickel sulphate 3 – 4/5 IV 4 3 – 4
Alum 3 – 4 IV 4 – 5 3 – 4
Stannous
chloride 3 – 4 IV 4 3 – 4
Myrobolan 4 – 5 IV 4 4
Cow dung 3 – 4 III 3 – 4 3 – 4 1 – Poor 2 – Fair 3 – Good 4 –Very Good 5 –
Excellent E. UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis:
The UV-Visible spectrum of ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas is shown in Fig. 8. The absorption appears at λmax= 537.86 nm, λmax = 611.00 nm and λmax = 669.37 nm which are due to presence of conjugated double bonds and bathochromic groups
Fig. 8: UV-Visible spectrum of ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas
F. FT-IR Spectroscopic analysis:
FT-IR spectrum was obtained for the ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas is shown in Fig. 9. The results are given in the Table 4.
Fig. 9: FT-IR spectrum of ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas
Table 4 : FT-IR spectral results of ethanolic leaf extract of Jatropha curcas
Peak appears at (in cm-1)
Functional groups present
3523 and 3382 N-H group
(Auxochrome)
3341 -OH stretching
(Auxochrome) 2977 and 2900 C-H stretching and CH3
group
1689 C=C group of ester
1428 ,1393,1384 and
1340 CH3,CH2 group
1651 C=O group of acid
1058 C=O group
(Chromophore) 1071 to 1167 OH group of glycosidic
linkage G. Inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometric (ICP-OES) analysis:
The only element K was confirmed in the dye extract of Jatropha curcas (K=10 ppm). The ICP-OES studies have proved that, toxic elements such as mercury, antimony, arsenic, cadmium, chromium and lead were not present in the dye, so they will not cause any skin and dermatological problems to the wearer. Therefore these dyes can be considered as eco-friendly natural dyes.
IV. CONCLUSIONS
The present work shows that, leaf extract of Jatropha curcas can be used as dye for colouring textiles. This plant is grown throughout India and it is easily available plant.
Different shades of colour can be obtained using different chemical and natural mordants. The washing, light and rubbing fastness of all dyeing with mordants were quite good. This dye extract has shown good antibacterial antifungal activity. UV and FT-IR studies have proved that, colour producing functional groups like chromopores and auxochromes were present in dye extract. ICPMS studies have proved that, the heavy
metals were not present in the dye extract. The dye has good scope in the commercial dyeing of cotton.
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