In homothallic species, the fusion occurs between two hyphae of the single primary mycelium. In the dikaryotic mycelium of most Basidiomycetes, an interesting mechanism appears to ensure that sister nuclei arising from the conjugate division of the dikaryon are separated into two daughter cells. The second division (x. nucleus) takes place along the long axis of the cell, in such a way that one daughter nucleus remains at the end of the cell and the other close to y1.
In most basidiomycetes, the septum is characterized by the presence of septal pores in the center, called dolipore septum. It is represented by the special organized tissue that makes up the sporophores of the higher basidiomycetes. Most members of the Basidiomycetes produce their basidia in highly organized fruiting bodies of various types.
Most basidomycetes bear basidia in basidiocarps (Fig. 6, A-G), however, rust and smut do not have the same structure. It begins as a terminal cell of a binucleate hypha and is separated from the rest of the hypha by a septum on which a clamp connection can also be seen. It is made by flowering, fragmentation of the mycelium and by the production of conidia, arthrospores or oids (Fig. 12, A-C).
The wall of the special cup consists of a sterile protective layer, called the peridium.
Mushrooms AGARICUS
Vegetative method
Sporulation
The lower branches that support the metulae when briefly part of the penicillus are called the rami. The apical part of the conidiophore with its branches (metulae) sterigmata and chains of conidia resembles a small artist's brush known as the Penicillus (Fig. 2, A-E).
Development & Germination
The antheridial tips touch the ascogonium at one point and the walls of both dissolve at the point of contact. The nuclei in the ascogenous hypha that form the ascus are derived from the original nucleus of the ascogonium (Fig. 5, A–G). Many sterile hyphae develop and enclose new asci on all sides, the fruiting body, i.e. Many asci, each with eight uninucleate ascospores are formed within the ascocarp. i).
It consists of binuclear cells from the ascogonium, ascogeneous hyphae and ascus mother cells. Ascospores absorb nutrients and mature. The mature ascospores are finally released by the decay of the second wall of the peridium. Upon landing on the suitable substrate under suitable conditions (temperature, moisture and plenty of air), each ascospore germinates and forms the mycelium.
Some species destroy skin and fabrics, while others are associated with certain diseases of humans and animals. Some species are also used in the production of organic acids such as oxalic, fumaric, gluconic and citric acids.
LICHENS
Reproduction of Lichen thallus
Sexual reproduction of Mycobiont
Fragmentation:- It consists of breaking up the established thalli into segments which are divided to start new growth e.g. Conidia: The conidia of different shapes and sizes develop in special multi-hyphal structures in many lichens, e.g. Oidia: According to Smith (1921), the hyphae of certain lichens break up into bodies called oidia, which can germinate into hyphae.
Ascogonium:- It is multicellular with a coiled lower portion arising from certain hyphae located deep within the algal layer. Fertilization: -At the time of fertilization, many spermatia are attached to the sticky ends of the trichogne. The cytological process involved in the fertilization and further development of ascocarp is difficult to observe due to the tiny nuclei and chromosomes.
Ascocarp:- After fertilization, many small ascogenic hyphae develop from the basal part of the ascogonium, which eventually develop into an ascocarp. According to Erickson (1981), the hamathecial elements can be any of the following types: (i) Paraphyses - originate from the base of the ascocarp and grow upwards. ii) Paraphysoides - originate from the tissues of the ascocarp before the development of asci. iii) Periphysoides - Arises from above asci and grows downwards. iv) Periphyses - These line the ostiolar canal and grow upwards. The ascospores are discharged and germinate by producing hyphal branches which contact a suitable alga to form a low thallus.
However, it is believed that basidiospores are formed in mycobiont belonging to Aphylophorales or Agaricales.
Reproduction in Phycobiont
Perfume from lichens:- Pseudevernia furfuracea and Evermia prunastri are widely used in the manufacture of perfume. The rest, which is left after the preparation of perfume from lichens, contains compounds such as naphthalene, camphor, geraniol and borneol. Material for religious purposes of lichens:- The perfume obtained from lichens is also used in the manufacture of "Dhoop" and "Havan samagries" at the time of religious ceremonies.
Poison of lichens:- Letharia vulpine (Wolfmoss) is used as a poison for wolves when mixed with powdered glass.
CERCOSPORA
COLLETOTRICHUM
Disposing of infected host remains by burning or burying in deep pits to avoid the possibility of primary infection with soil inoculum. It can be subcuticular, subepidermal or epidermal with a characteristic peripheral ring or black, long and hard brushes composed of a dense palisade layer of short hyaline conidiophores. Conidiophores are unseptate, usually unbranched and rarely branched, bearing many unicellular, folate or sickle hyaline conidia.
Setae may be present in some species which are long, stiff, pointed, unbranched and multicellular bristle-like. Terminal or intercalary thick-walled chlamydospores are formed by the septation of hyphae that persist for a long time in the soil.
