South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics
Kathmandu, Nepal
Public Expenditure for Tiger Conservation in India:
Understanding the Trends and Linkages
Bibhu Prasad Nayak
The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) New Delhi
Study Objectives
The study aims at exploring
• the trends and patterns of government
expenditure (Project Tiger) based on approved APOs for tiger reserves
• whether the outcomes in terms of change in
tiger numbers in the reserves are linked to the
expenditure pattern
Project Tiger
Project Tiger, launched in 1973 as a centrally sponsored scheme, with 9 tiger reserves in 9 different states with around 9000 sq km of core reserve area
Increased to 48 tiger reserves spread across 18 different states with 40000 sq km of core and 70000 sq km of buffer
The size of the reserve (core area) varies from 200 (Nameri) to 2600 sq km (NSTR)
‘Core- Buffer’ PA management strategy
Sariska ‘tragedy’ in 2004 and aftermath
Tiger Challenges
Habitat Quality and Prey:
Occupancy declined in from 2006 and 2010. Though overall prey population increased, it has declined in several parks too; corridor connectivity issues
Mortality
Poaching is still a threat in several reserves.
Of the 43 tiger death in 2013, 23 were poached;
diseases, infighting and natural death are
Tiger Challenges
Communities and Livelihood
-762 villages (over 48000 families) in core, 3678 villages (223000 families) in buffer
-800 to 1200 sq km of inviolate space?
-Coexistence ?
Management Approaches - Tiger centric and top down - Leadership
Effectiveness Concern
2005 Tiger Task Force: institutional inertia, lack of innovative protection initiatives,
inadequate compensation, outcome measure
2006 CAG Review: gap between allocation and release; non-utilization of allocated funds; poor monitoring and documentation of expenditure;
inadequate protection infrastructure and staff; no definite relocation plan
Management Effectiveness Evaluations:
2006, 2011 & 2015:45 qualitative criteria
covering planning, input, process and output
Methodology and Data Sources
• Trends and patterns of expenditure under
‘project tiger’ in 28 tiger reserves
• Panel regression examining the linkage
between expenditure pattern and outcomes
• Expenditure data: APOs (NTCA)
• Outcomes-tiger population: Tiger Census (WII)
• Field visits to 3 tiger reserves (Nagarjunasagar-
Srisailam, Dudhwa and Corbett)
Expenditure: Project Tiger
Project Tiger is a centrally sponsored scheme and mostly funded by the central government with a little share of the state governments in which the tiger projects are located
Funds are allocated in five year plans and the annual
allocations for each tiger reserve are made based on the demand for resources from respective tiger reserves
Three major heads of allocation i.e., non-recurring
(center), recurring (state and center share equally) and eco-development (center)
Tiger reserves do to gets funds from sources other than project tiger
Expenditure: Others
Other central and state government schemes
Tiger Conservation Foundations
Conservation and development NGOs
This study discusses only the
Expenditure under Project Tiger
Expenditure under Project Tiger in FYPs: 1973-74 to 2011-12
(Rs. Millions in 2004-05 Prices)
1974-79 1980-85 1985-90 1992-97 1997-02 2002-07 2007-12 0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000
311 243 490 669 920
1506
5845
% Share of Project Tiger in MoEF’s Total Outlay
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00
26.79
22.30
12.91 12.66
11.06
9.04 8.90
24.04
20.81
17.55
7.17 5.64
3.24 2.67 2.61
5.03 5.33
12.93
9.16
7.07
% of Total Forest and Wildlife % of MoEF's Total Expenditure
Tiger Reserve wise Allocations
Allocations are made based on Annual Plan of Operations (APOs); center and state share
Allocations vs expenditures
Allocation for 28 tiger reserves from 2004-05 to 2011-12: Rs.
5692 millions at 2004-05 prices
Grouping the Expenses
-Infrastructure -Protection
-Habitat Improvement -Relocation
-Human-Animal Conflict -Other Activities
-Eco-Development
Allocation Pattern: 2004-05 to 2011-12
61.70%
35.41%
2.90%
Non-Re- curring Recurring Eco De- velopment
Allocation Pattern: 2004-05 to 2011-12
17.45%
21.49%
38.29%
8.65% 2.48%
8.74%
2.89%
infrastructure protection relocation habitat conflict other ecodev
Allocation of Non-Recurring and Recurring Expenses
9.52%
14.22%
62.01%
2.68%2.29%
9.27%
infrastructure protection relocation habitat conflict other
32.72%
35.94%
19.79%
3.00%
8.54%
infrastruc- ture
protection habitat conflict other
Allocation-Tiger Reserve wise (without Relocation) 2004-05 to 2011-12
Bandipur0 CorbettKanhaManasMelghatPalamuRanthamboreSimlipalSunderbansPeriyarSariskaBuxaIndravatiNagarjunasagarNamdaphaDudhwaKMTRValmikiPench(MP)TadobaBandhavgarhPannaDampaBhadraPench(MH)PakkeNameriSatpura 500
1000 1500 2000 2500
Per Sq Km (Core Area) Allocation
(Relocation Excluded) 2004-05 to 2011-12
BandipurCorbettKanhaManasMelghatPalamuRanthamboreSimlipalSunderbansPeriyarSariskaBuxaIndravatiNagarjunasagarNamdaphaDudhwaKMTRValmikiPench(MP)TadobaBandhavgarhPannaDampaBhadraPench(MH)PakkeNameriSatpura 0.00
0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00
All India Tiger Population
1972 1979 1984 1989 1993 1995 1997 2002 2006 2010
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500
1827
3015
4005
4334
3750
1333
3508 3642
1411
1706
1165 1657 1520
1909
tiger number lower limit upper limit
Tiger Census 2006 and 2010
• Four Phases
Phase I: Determining
occupancy and mapping relative abundance
Phase II: Remotely Sensed spatial and attribute
covariates
Phase III: Camera Trapping
Phase IV: Annual
Monitoring of individual
reserve and MSTRIPES for source population
2006 2010
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
1411
1706
2006 2010
75000 80000 85000 90000
95000 93697
81881
Population (in Nos)
Occupancy (in Sq. Km)
% Change in Tiger Population- 2006 to 2010 census
Bandipur Corbett
Kanha Manas
Melghat Palamu
Ranthambore Simlipal
Sunderbans Periyar
NSTR Dudhwa
KMTR Valmiki
Pench(mp) Tadoba
Bandhavgarh Panna
Dampa Bhadra
Pench(MH) Nameri
Satpura
-100 -50 0 50 100 150
% Change in Occupancy- 2006 to 2010 census
BandipurCorbettKanhaManasMelghatPalamuRanthamboreSimlipalSunderbansPeriyarNSTRDudhwaKMTRValmikiPench(mp)TadobaBandhavgarhPannaDampaBhadraPench(MH)NameriSatpura
-100 -50 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Expenditure and Change in
Population
Expenditure and Change in
Occupancy
Variables
(Randomized Negative Binomial Model)
Dependent Variable Explanatory Variables
Tiger Number Expenditure Variables Controls
Infrastructure Reserve Area Protection Rainfall
Habitat improvement Temperature Human-animal conflict Villages in core Other activities Villages in buffer
Families in core Families in buffer
Discussion
Tiger number as dependent variable
Limitations of expenditure data
Expenditure as explanatory variable:
-Expenditure decision making -Differential perceptions
-Administrative issues
Thank You
Tiger Pictures in the slides sourced from www.tigernation.org
(Madhuri-Tadoba Andheri, Krishna-Ranthambore, Vijaya-Bandhavgarh)
