International Journal of Management and Development Studies ISSN: 2320-0685 (Online)| Vol.07 | No.01 | January 2018 | pp. 1-4
Double-Blind Peer Reviewed/Refereed Journal
https://www.ijmds.in/ Page | 1 RESEARCHPAPER
North-South Dialogue and Global Inequality: Meaning, Challenges and Prospects
1Dr Shiekh Qazafee Hassan & 2Dr Showkat Ahmad Dar
1&2Department of Humanities Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula Amroha U.P India -244236
Abstract
This research papers tries to analyze the disparity amongst the nations of the north and the south, south mainly represents the underdeveloped countries less industrialized and the north which mainly comprises of the well developed industrialized countries of the world. The aim of this research paper is to analyze the disparity between the north and the south. Why there has been so much of inequality between the two and one of the astounding fact is that the disparity is still growing and don’t seem to end very soon.
Keywords: Modernization, Dependency, Polarization, Economic Order, Liberalization, Globalization
Article Publication
Published Online: 31-Jan-2018
*Author's Correspondence
Dr Shiekh Qazafee Hassan Department of Humanities Shri Venkateshwara University, Gajraula Amroha U.P India -244236 [email protected]
Published by International Journal of Management and Development Studies This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/b y-nc-nd/4.0/)
Objectives
This research paper will analyze and will try to give the exact account of 1. The relation between the North and South
2. The offering by the theorists
3. Explain the expanding gap between the north and the south.
4. The hegemonic power of America 5. The role of international organisations
Introduction
Inequality in development between global North and South is identified as a major source of threat. Global peace and security is in real danger because of this inequality. North-South Dialogue is an approach designed to use summits, conferences, dialogues, negotiations, and meetings to achieve agreements, and programmes that can reduce the inequality between the north and the south. However, people argue that North-South Dialogue is only about words and presents no actions at all. This paper focuses at the meaning and measuring for the North and South divide. It shows the inequality and identifies factors that contributed to this divide. We look at some of these dialogues and analyze the problems that undermine the North-South Dialogue. Words without actions from both North and south is identified as a major setback for achieving the objectives. For the North, own interests, selfish practices, are seen to have constituted major hurdles towards the fruit bearing of agreements and programmes reached in the dialogues. Misappropriate practices, and undedicated leadership are spotted as major hindrances undermining South’s struggle to reduce the disparity. The term north and the south have been used to explain the partnership amongst the wealthy and countries which are mainly industrialized one the other hand with poor, underdeveloped countries. Despite the geographical connotation, the dividing range between North and Southern is not a spatial one Rather, central to the principles of North and South are very different i.e,
International Journal of Management and Development Studies Vol.07 | No.01 | January 2018
https://www.ijmds.in/ Page | 2 financial, governmental, and social structures. which collectively generate an even that is certain of, that can be measured employing a selection of indicators such gross product that is domestic, exports , illiteracy prices, high infant mortality rate, life expectancy The structural aspects of the North–South divide, a evaluation that is governmental of North–South dispute has got to cope with the emergence of different coalitions and organizations, representing the passions of Southern or North into the domain of international politics. A brief history regarding the countries which can be developing performs an essential part in this context as it ended up being the feeling of colonial subjugation and oppression which added towards the development of the typical, anticolonial identity in the South. This informative article dwells deep and tries to explain the North and South divide one of them describing the structural attributes of the North–South relationship and one relating to North and Southern as political forces, that is certainly shaping the world
Theoretical Perspective
As we know that World Wars had damaged the entire world this is certainly old and that the matter of development particularly the in Asia and Africa, The united states arrived with the agenda and the policy-makers and experts into the North. On 20, 1949, US President Truman declared in the Inaugural Address that the vibrant program that is new be required To work well with the today's technology and technology for the growth of the South, emphasizing that his concept of fair trade on a basis that is democratic have absolutely nothing in keeping with all the imperialism that is old of European attributes which had resulted in exploitation of colonies.
In retrospect, it may be stated that there is certainly increasing anti-colonial motions, the declining power of the European states being imperialist plus the proven fact that the South had Gained importance that is strategic in the context of the Cold War competition amongst the United States and the Soviet Union all contributed to a new interest in the fate of the former colonies. This interest led to the establishment of development theory as an academic discipline and gained fair importance and ultimately find place in American universities during the 1950s a discipline that was dominated by the modernization paradigm until 1960s.
Modernization Theory
The modernization paradigm rests with the belief that the transformation from custom to modern is just a whole new universal process that is linear the establishing nations of these days going through exactly the same transition phases of development as did the countries that are industrialized. American sociologist Lerner, defines modernization may be thought as an activity of personal modification whereby least developed nations acquire characteristics more common to the developed countries.
The modernization paradigm, Western Europe and specifically the two vibrant nations America and Britain are characterized because the centers of modernity, innovation, industrialization, powerful entrepreneurship, achievement, rationality, and freedom was existing there. In Contrast, the nations of Africa, Asia, and Latin which were described as age old traditional, lack of technology, poor working conditions, irrelevance and many more . The theory of Modernization rests on the idea that in order to develop, the nations should over come there conventional values. The relations between North and South and their particular impact on this course of growth and development of the under developed nations associated with the South are generally dismissed by modernization theorists or they believe that it's in the interest of the countries that are developing learn from, and cooperate because closely as feasible with, the countries being developed the North.
While they are the most popular presumptions of the modernization paradigm, huge up and downs also exist in terms of development strategies are involved. While up to 1970s, many modernization theorists preferred a conventional association of state in the market of underdeveloped and developing countries, the 1980s saw a revival of liberalism, supporting free trade and foreign direct investments in Developing countries to be able to further their integration into the international globe economy. The political suggestion propounded by modernization theorists also changed with time. Through the 1950s and 1960s, they frequent held view was that of economic growth and was prior to the democratic and concerns being social growth first. This view Altered through the 1970s and modernization theorists which mostly argue these days that economic development,
International Journal of Management and Development Studies Vol.07 | No.01 | January 2018
https://www.ijmds.in/ Page | 3 democratization, additionally the enhancement regarding the living conditions of the population get in causal relation, each stimulating the other in a group this is certainly virtuous.
Dependency Theory
Dependency theory was mainly propounded by Latin scientists that are American in 1960’s and was impacted by previous Marxist ideas of imperialism also by talks which occurred inside the UN financial Commission for Latin America (ECLA), where economists such as for example R. Prebisch observed that the terms of trade are constantly deteriorating when it comes to exporters of primary commodities. As opposed to the modernization paradigm, the main focus of which can be often reduced into the analysis of the particular societies and that of the South, dependency theory focuses on the relations between North and South, arguing that the problem this is certainly actual of Countries cannot be examined outside of the past reputation for outside penetrations and treatments, that have structured and as a result have already been suffering from internal peculiarities and developments. The thesis that is certainly central of dependency paradigm is the fact that oppression and exploitation for the South because of the North has actually contributed to the underdevelopment of the South.
The kinds and systems with this exploitation are seen in various fields: while some review the impact of international trade from the improvement to the South, other people focus on the exploitation of vital resources by international business firms and many other held the opinion that mainly concentrate on the relations that are associated with the economy that have led to the large and ever growing debt obligations of the South.
Another feature of dependency theory is its focus on the colonialism. Which differentiates the nations of the North from the countries for the South? As dependency theorist A. G. Frank had written in his essay “The growth of underdevelopment” the economic climate this is certainly political of Development and Underdevelopment), it's not feasible “to formulate a spatial development principle and policy in most regarding the population that is world’s suffer from underdevelopment without very first learning just how their previous history the past economy had the influence and that had add to the underdevelopment in the present . The colonial exploitation in this view Had implications that are massive the economies regarding the South. Simply because they were incorporated into the division that is worldwide of as exporters of a few farming items or raw materials aided by the outcome that their economies had been very determined by and oriented to the areas for the North. Assuming that the connections which are unequal exchanges between North and South lead to polarization that is global increasing poverty within the South, dependency concept calls for the delinking from the north institutions which are based for the launch of a self-centered development method which concentrates on the wants and needs of the local population.
The Emergence of South as a Political Force
The countries of this Southern differ enormously with regard to their particular dimensions, their social traditions, their particular climates and resources, as well as their particular constitutions that are political. Exactly What most of them had in keeping, nevertheless, was the battle for self-reliance through the Previous capabilities being imperial. The Bandung-Conference in Indonesia in 1955, in which the minds of 29 states from Asia and Africa came collectively, marked the start of the rise of this Southern in intercontinental affairs. It absolutely was the time that is first that several crucial leaders of this South (such as Nehru, Nasser, and Sukarno) manifested their will to relax and play an independent role in world politics. The relationship between the countries which are north particularly the prominent East–West conflict, certainly had an impact that is enormous the interactions within the South whereas some nations which can be building to work with the Soviet Union in an effort A majority of developing nations thought we would challenge the powerful states within the North become independent from the Western as well as through the Eastern bloc. In 1961, the initial summit associated with that says that are nonaligned held in Belgrade and within a several years, the Non-Aligned Movement turned into a power that is strong the United Nations.
International Journal of Management and Development Studies Vol.07 | No.01 | January 2018
https://www.ijmds.in/ Page | 4
Conclusion and Recommendations
The possibility that the North will ever discourse and assist the South with closing the gap of imbalance to a optimum level is disheartening. This in light of the fact that the North will initially take care of the international strategy prerequisites with those of the South. Past hypothetical clarifications to North-South Dialogue were insufficient to examination the instance of imbalance between the two. Diverse hypothesis of global relations joins valuable parts of these speculations gives useful explanation. The Arrangement between the North and the South is dictated by formative status.
The capitalist states will keep on establishing a significant obstruction to worldwide relations overall and worldwide equity specifically except if a international organization will sufficiently able to check the gets states craving to swallow others for the sake of ensuring public interest. We along these lines, prescribe democratization of the United Nations to reflect equivalent portrayal and privileges, everything being equal.. No administration official serving or resigned ought to be allowed hope for an office in the association in order to reduce hardliner government effect on the association or its authorities. Joined Nations so established could, to a sensible degree, take care of countries dependent on their benefits and laws directing general practices of states inside the global framework.. united Nations established as suggested above will help where and whatever point the force of the imperious government become uncontainable to progressives yet should initially distinguish an infringement of global law and be welcomed.
References
Bhagwati J. (1997). The global age. From a sceptical South to a fearful North. The World Economy 20(3), 259–283.
Bhagwati sums up the liberal view on the question of global economic integration. He argues that while in the 1970s it was mainly the South that feared further integration into the world economy, today most doubts about the merits of globalization are raised in the North.
Chossudovsky M. (1998). Global poverty in the late 20th century. Journal of International Affairs 52(1), 293–311. [This article gives a critical account of the effects of economic restructuring in the South, arguing that official statistics conceal the real dimensions of global poverty.
Dorraj M. (1995). The Changing Political Economy of the Third World, 308 pp. Boulder, CO: Rienner.
[This publication contains an essay about the changing context of Third World political economy after the end of the Cold War, several articles which analyze development from a regional perspective (Latin America, the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa, Southeast and Northeast Asia, China) as well as three articles concerned with foreign aid, environmental politics, and gender issues.
Jameson K. P. and Wilber C. K. (1996). The Political Economy of Development and Underdevelopment, 6th ed., 650 pp. New York: McGraw-Hill. [This seminal work contains 42 articles which deal with the theory and history of development, with economic restructuring, the debt problem and the challenge of democratization, with questions concerning agriculture and industry as well as with the human dimension of development—written by prominent authors from all important schools of thought.]
Langdon S. (1999). Global Poverty, Democracy and North–South Change, 236 pp. Toronto, Ontario: Garamond Press. [This book addresses major questions about global poverty, the political forces surrounding it, and the efforts to eliminate it.]
Lerner D. (1968). Modernization. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 10, 386–402. [This presents a comprehensive description of the various facets of modernization.]
Shaw T. M. (1994). Beyond any world order. The South in the 21st century. Third World Quarterly 15(1), 139–146.
[This article presents a critical investigation not only of states and markets but also of both political economy and foreign policy in the South at the start of the new millennium.
Thérien J.-P. (1999). Beyond the North–South divide: The two tales of world poverty. Third World Quarterly 20(4), 723–742. [This article analyzes and compares the different analyses of poverty made by the World Bank on the one hand and the UN institutions (UNDP, UNCTAD) on the other hand.
United Nations Development Program (UNDP) (1999). Human Development Report, 262 pp. New York, Oxford:
Oxford University Press. [These annual reports give a coherent picture of the living conditions in different regions of the world, using a concept of human development more elaborated and less focused on economic indicators than that used by the World Bank in its World Development Reports.]
