International Journal of Research and Development- A Management Review (IJRDMR)
PARENTAL PERCEPTION OF THEIR CHILDREN’S
VIEWERSHIP OF VIOLENCE IN TELEVISION PROGRAMMES
Sujala S. Nair
M.A., M.Phil Ph. D Research Scholar Department of communication and media studies
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore E-mail: [email protected]
P.E Thomas,
M.A., M.Phil, Ph.D Associate Professor and Head i/c Department of communication and media studies,
Bharathiar university, Coimbatore E-mail: [email protected] Abstract:-This study focuses on the parental perception of
their children’s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors such as Explicit ‘Aggression’, ‘Identification’, ‘Imitation’,
‘Isolation’ and ‘Behaviour contingency’ as well as on other factors such as ‘Parental Mediation’ and ‘Parent-Child Interaction’.
The study involved a sample of 206 mothers who answered the questions on the media use, the types of channel and programmes viewed with respect to risk behaviour factors on children aged between 3years and 6years.
The study reveals that a majority of the female children watch television on an average, for a duration of 1-2 hours every day when compared with the viewership of the males. The children are more exposed to miscellaneous as well as cartoon channels where they tend to identify the characters with respect to the type of programmes. Though the children tend to identify the characters from these channels, the risk behaviour factors are reduced as a result of parental mediation. Limiting the amount of TV time and having a good parent-child interaction are the reasons that pre-empt the violent behaviour in children.
Keywords: Television (TV), children, Television violence, risk behaviour, Parental mediation, parent-child interaction.
I. INTRODUCTION
For as long as television has been around, scientists have been studying how it impacts the viewer. Television can be a powerful influence in developing value systems and shaping behaviour. Unfortunately, much of today‟s television programming is violent. Violence can be defined as something which is intended to hurt or kill or it can be just physical or emotional force and energy.
Extensive viewing of television violence by children causes greater aggressiveness. Sometimes, watching a single violent programme can increase aggressiveness in young ones. Children who view shows, in which violence is very realistic, frequently repeated, or offenders go unpunished, are more likely to imitate what they see. Children with emotional, behavioural, learning or impulse control problems may be more easily
influenced by TV violence. Hence, this research sought the opportunity to investigate into the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors like Explicit „Aggression‟, „Identification‟,
„Imitation‟, „Isolation‟ and „Behaviour contingency‟ as well as highlights on other factors such as „Parental Mediation‟ and „Parent-Child Interaction‟ and further attempts in identifying ways of solving these risk behaviour factors in children by means of strong parental mediation.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A] THE NATURE OF TV VIEWING
According to audience rating surveys, the typical American household has the television set on for more than seven hours each day and children aged 2 to 11 spend an average of 28 hours per week viewing (Liebert
& Sprafkin, 1988). Naturally, the content viewed is more important than the amount of viewing and televised violence is one of the chief concerns.
Television viewing time rises from about 2 1/2 hours per day at the age of five to about four hours a day at age twelve. During late adolescence viewing time levels off at 2 to 3 hours per day (Liebert & Sprafkin, 1988). At six months of age, a child will attend to a children‟s television programme almost 50% of the time (Hollenbeck & Slaby, 1979). At two years of age, the child will attend 78% of the time to a children‟s programme, but will still imitate the actions of a live model more than those of a model on television.
However, by three years of age, the child will attend 95% of the time to a children‟s show and will imitate a televised model to the same extent as a live model (McCall, Parke, & Kavanaugh, 1977). Nevertheless, until after the age of four, the child does not watch television in a systematic fashion. Though the viewing patterns keeps differing from age to age among children, still we see that these children are almost every day exposed to TV programmes.
B] AGGRESSION
Children who identify with aggressive TV characters and perceive the violence to be realistic are most at risk for later aggression. There has been a lot of association of TV viewing among children with relevant to violent behaviour. The more the children are exposed to television, the more they get influenced by violence portrayed. According to Heusmann and Evon (1986) there is a whole constellation of variables besides exposure to violent TV content that predict aggression and many of them must be present for aggression to result. It does appear that exposure to televised violence does bear an important and consistent relationship to aggression.
Children who are exposed to media violence have increased probability of aggression (Anderson et al., 2003; Anderson & Bushman, 2002; Bushman &
Huesmann, 2001; Frost, Wortham, & Reifel, 2001;
Huesmann, Moise-Titus, Podolski, & Eron, 2003;
Johnson, Cohen, Smailes, Kasen, & Brook, 2002).
Heavy exposure to televised violence is one of the causes of aggressive behaviour, crime and violence in the society. TV violence affects youngsters of all ages, of both genders at all socio-economic levels and all levels of intelligence. It is discerned that a vicious cycle exists in which television violence makes children more aggressive and these aggressive children turn to watching more violence to justify their own behaviour.
C] IDENTIFYING AND IMITATING BEHAVIOURS Children who watch violent shows have a tendency to strike out at playmates, argue, disobey, and might be less willing to wait for things than those children who would not have watched non-violent programmes.
Imitative behavior can occur when a child attempts to copy the behavior or attitude of something she watches on television. A 2003 study published in the Psychological Science in the Public Interest and led by Craig A. Anderson, stated that children who are exposed to media violence experience an increase in
“physiological arousal” and that this arousal triggers an automated response to imitate behaviors that they observe. A child may not be able to discern why the television characters make the choices they do and, without this understanding, the child may simply imitate what she sees or hears without understanding the effects or consequences of her actions.
D] ISOLATION AND BEHAVIOUR CONTINGENCY Research on children on TV viewing has served as the model for how exposure to violence in the media affects children. Children‟s success with peer relationships has substantial, long-lasting effects on their social adjustment and overall mental health. Failing in these relationships increases the risk for Isolation, anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, and antisocial behaviour, including aggression and gang involvement.
Peer rejection during childhood is linked to serious disorders and behavioural consequences in adolescence and adulthood, including dropping out of school, criminal behaviour, and psychoses. To help children succeed socially, parents and paediatricians must understand and guide behaviours and activities that affect peer integration and social development.
Television viewing, while frequently cited as a cause of social isolation, is often overlooked as a potential contributor to problems with peer relationships.
E] PARENTAL MEDIATION AND PARENT-CHILD INTERACTION
Parental monitoring and Ineffective discipline may be critically important tools in determining the link between viewing of violent content and later aggression in children. Rossiter and Robertson (1974) suggest that parent-child communication about television is necessary if children are to develop adequate defenses to negate the influence of television commercials. While co-viewing and verbal interaction may provide some means to offset the impact of television on children, others suggest that parents often attempt to directly monitor and control what their children view on television (Ward, Wackman and Wartella 1977).
Parents, who control the content of children‟s television viewing, may feel that they are in a better position to share their values with children (Robertson 1979).
Parental co-viewing and commenting on the programmes seems to reduce the effects of TV violence on children, because it reduces the child‟s identification with the person committing the violent act, reduces the child‟s perception that the violence is real and reduces the likelihood that the child will act out the violence in a fantasy or play way immediately after seeing it on Television.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
A] To Analyze the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors such as „Aggression‟, „Identification‟, „Imitation‟, „Isolation‟
and „Behaviour contingency‟ and also on other factors such as „Parental mediation‟ and „parent-child Interaction‟ on the basis of Children‟s Class and Gender as well as on Parent‟s Occupation and Educational Qualification.
B] To find out the Nature of TV viewing on the basis of channels and programmes viewed with respect to demographic profiles of children like Class and Gender.
IV. HYPOTHESIS
H01 – There is no significant difference on the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors such as „Aggression‟, „Imitation‟,
„Identification‟, „Isolation‟ and „Behaviour contingency‟
Table 1
Cross tabulation of TV viewing patterns of children with respect to channels viewed on the basis of Class and Gender
S.
No.
Channels viewed Pre-kg (N=110)
L.K.G (N=59)
U.K.G (N=37)
Male (N=96) Female (N=110)
by children Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
1. Cartoon channels 65 27 61 39 57 43 64 36 61 39
2. Animal Planet 20 80 17 83 24 76 22 78 18 82
3. Pogo 51 49 53 47 38 62 51 49 47 53
4. National geographic 12 88 14 86 11 89 15 85 10 90
5. Miscellaneous 75 25 81 19 91 9 86 14 75 25
as well as factors such as „Parental mediation‟ and
„Parent-child interaction‟ on the basis of children‟s class and gender.
H02 –There is no significant difference on the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors such as „Aggression‟, „Imitation‟,
„Identification‟, „Isolation‟ and „Behaviour contingency‟
as well as factors such as „Parental mediation‟ and
„Parent-child interaction‟ on the basis of parent‟s Occupation and Educational qualification.
V. METHODOLOGY
Null hypothesis was generated and data were gathered using a structured questionnaire to find out the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors. To measure the parental perception, mothers were made to identify the degree of agreement to 27 statements on a 5-point Likert type scale. The study involved a sample of 206 mother‟s who answered the questions on the media use, the nature of TV viewing and the types of channel and programmes viewed by children aged 3years and 6years.
A scale of five (5) – Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree and Strongly Disagree was used to indicate whether their children have negative responses while watching violent programmes in television. Risk behaviour factors like Aggression, Imitation, Identification, Isolation, Parental Mediation, Behaviour Contingency and Parent/Child Interaction were measured using this likert scale with having 3-5 statements for each factor. 206 parents were sampled
using purposive sampling. To analyze the data, One-way Anova, Cross tabulation and Independent sample T-test was used. The children of these mother‟s as respondents were mostly 3-6 yrs old male, female and predominantly Indians. The children were classified under three classes, Pre-kinder Garten, Lower kinder Garten and Upper Kinder Garten.
VI. FINDINGS
DESCRIPTIVE DATA
A little over half of the children (54%) have high level of TV exposure (Up to 1 hour a day) who would watch almost daily. A majority of female children (60%) watch TV up to 1 hour when compared to boys (48%).
Similarly, a majority of Lower kinder Garten children (66%) were exposed to TV during evening and night time followed by Upper kinder Garten and Pre-kinder Garten kids. It may be inferred that girls watch TV more when compared to boys who might hesitate to sit for a longer time.
Furthermore, most of the parents (Mother‟s) reported that their children (97%) watch TV mostly at home together with other members of the family, whereas, the rest watch TV with their neighbours unsupervised.
Parents reported that their children co-view with them mostly while watching TV and so they don‟t make use of the child lock facility. When it comes to the nature of channels and programmes viewed, the majority (75%) are attracted to other miscellaneous channels like Chutti TV, Animax, Toon Disney which has programmes like Jackie Chan, Spiderman, Scooby Doo though the other half were exposed to cartoon channels like chotta beem and Tom and jerry.
Values in percentage
The above table shows that Irrespective of class, a majority of children who belong to U.K.G (91%), L.K.G (81%) and Pre-kg (75%) watch miscellaneous channels.
Whereas, the children who belong to Pre-kg (65%), L.K.G (61%) and U.K.G (57%) watch mostly cartoon channels. It can be inferred that children belonging to pre-kg watch more of cartoon channels whereas, those who belong to the higher classes are mainly attracted
towards other miscellaneous channels. Irrespective of their gender, male (86.4%) and female ( 75%) are mostly attracted to other miscellaneous channels like Chutti TV, Chithiram, Jetix, Animax , Toon Disney etc., whereas, some male children(64%) and female children (61%) also watch cartoon channels like Tom and Jerry, Chotta Beem etc., Thus, it can be inferred that both male as well female children have similar viewership when it comes to the nature of channels viewed.
VII. HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Table 3
One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the parental perception of their children’s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors on the basis of ‘Class’ of the child
ANOVA
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Aggression Between Groups
Within Groups Total
27.895 2446.537 2474.432
2 203 205
13.948 12.052
1.157 .316
Imitation Between Groups
Within Groups Total
2.976 1276.480 1279.456
2 203 205
1.488 6.288
.237 .789
Identification Between Groups Within Groups Total
8.860 888.170 897.029
2 203 205
4.430 4.375
1.012 .365
Isolation Between Groups
Within Groups Total
17.341 1973.518 1990.859
2 203 205
8.671 9.722
.892 .411
PM Between Groups
Within Groups Total
46.058 1504.957 1551.015
2 203 205
23.029 7.414
3.106 .047
Behaviour contingency Between Groups Within Groups Total
1.834 515.719 517.553
2 203 205
.917 2.540
.361 .697
Parent child Between Groups Within Groups Total
16.257 1239.607 1255.864
2 203 205
8.129 6.106
1.331 .266 Table 2
Cross tabulation of TV viewing patterns of children with respect to programmes viewed on the basis of Class and Gender
S.
No
Programmes viewed Pre-kg
(N=110)
L.K.G (N=59)
U.K.G (N=37)
Male (N=96)
Female (N=110)
by children Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
1. Tom and Jerry 55 45 44 56 43 57 48 52 51 49
2. Chotta beem 53 47 53 47 41 59 48 52 53 47
3. Animal based programmes 23 77 25 75 22 78 29 71 18 82
4. Thirukural kathaigal 10 90 11 89 5 95 11 89 7 93
5. Miscellaneous 72 28 85 15 91 9 80 20 78 22
Values in percentage
The above table shows that Irrespective of class, a majority of children who belong to U.K.G (91%), L.K.G (85%) and Pre-kg (72%) watch miscellaneous programmes. Programmes like Tom and jerry are mostly viewed by pre-kinder garten kids (55%) followed by Lower kinder garten kids (44%) and Upper kinder garten kids (43%). Similarly, programmes like chotta beem also have a similar level of viewership in these
children. coming to the gender , male children (80.2%) and female children ( 78.1%) are mostly attracted to other miscellaneous TV programmes like Jackie chan, Spiderman, Ben10, Bal hanuman, Scooby Doo etc., whereas, some children give equal priority in watching cartoon channels like Tom and jerry, Chotta beem etc., Thus, it can be inferred that male children as well as their counterparts have similar viewership with respect to the programmes viewed.
PM- Parental Mediation Parent child- Parent-child interaction The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)
as shown in table 3 reveal that there is a significant difference on the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes with
respect to risk behaviour factors. However, there perception of Parental mediation on the basis of class of the child varies significantly („F‟ 3.106) at 0.05 level.
However, the table of means reveal that those who
Table 4
Independent sample T-test Analysis showing the parental perception of their children’s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect ro risk behaviour factors on the basis of ‘Gender’ of the child
Independent Samples Test Levene's Test
for Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F Sig. t df Sig.
(2- tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence Interval of the
Difference Lower Upper Aggression Equal variances
assumed Equal variances not assumed
.014 .905 -1.075 -1.071
204 197.129
.284 .286
-.52121 -.52121
.48506 .48672
-1.47759 -1.48107
.43517 .43864
Imitation Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed
.102 .749 1.833 1.833
204 200.092
.068 .068
.63598 .63598
.34695 .34701
-.04806 -.04827
1.32003 1.32024
Identification Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed
3.719 .055 -1.209 -1.200
204 192.418
.228 .232
-.35284 -.35284
.29184 .29403
-.92824 -.93277
.22256 .22709
Isolation Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed
1.670 .198 2.134 2.119
204 192.650
.034 .035
.92102 .92102
.43153 .43469
.07019 .06366
1.77185 1.77839
PM Equal variances
assumed Equal variances not assumed
.040 .841 1.562 1.574
204 203.880
.120 .117
.59811 .59811
.38284 .37992
-.15672 -.15097
1.35293 1.34718
Behaviour contingency
Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed
.519 .472 -.060 -.060
204 194.495
.952 .952
-.01345 -.01345
.22246 .22376
-.45207 -.45475
.42518 .42785
Parent child Equal variances assumed Equal variances not assumed
2.129 .146 3.954 3.980
204 203.639
.000 .000
1.32064 .33398 .33183
.66215 .66637
1.97914 1.97491 belong to the „class‟ group „L.K.G‟ („M‟ 21.0169) show
a strong inclination towards parental perception followed by other groups „Pre-kg‟ („M‟ 20.4364) and
„U.K.G‟ („M‟ 19.5946).
A majority of the parents (81%) agree that they try explaining the good/bad character on TV while co- viewing with their children. Similarly, a majority of the parents (83%) positively agree that they strictly adhere to the study time/bed-time schedules of their child. They also mediate their children by inculcating some good
habits by switching off the TV when the guests/relatives enter the house. More than half of the majority (69%) agrees to the statement that „I would rather prefer my child viewing a cartoon programme than watching any other preferred channel‟. „Violence occurs more in children when there are human figures rather than animal figures like Tom and Jerry‟, says Dr. Uma Sanjay, Paediatrician, Coimbatore Medical College, Coimbatore. Thus, it is seen that there is a lot of parental mediation in the midst of the parents in the upbringing of their offspring.
Results of T-test as shown in table 4 reveal that there is a significant difference on the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors.
However, there perception of Isolation on the basis of the gender of the child varies significantly („T‟ Value 2.134) at 0.05 level. The table of means show that those who belong to the „gender‟ group „Male‟ („M‟ 11.5938) show some inclination towards the perception as an
influence of viewership of TV violence in terms of
„Isolation‟ followed by other group‟ Female‟
(„M‟10.6727). However, there is no significant difference on the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence with respect to other risk behaviour factors like „Aggression‟, „Imitation‟,
„Identification‟ and „Behaviour contingency‟ as well as other factors such as „Parental mediation‟ and „parent- child interaction‟ .
Table 5
One-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) on the parental perception of their children’s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors on the basis of parent’s ‘Educational qualification’
ANOVA
Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig.
Aggression Between Groups
Within Groups Total
9.054 2465.378 2474.432
3 202 205
3.018 12.205
.247 .836
Imitation Between Groups
Within Groups Total
22.507 1256.950 1279.456
3 202 205
7.502 6.223
1.206 .309
Identification Between Groups Within Groups Total
11.665 885.364 897.029
3 202 205
3.888 4.383
.887 .449
Isolation Between Groups
Within Groups Total
95.832 1895.027 1990.859
3 202 205
31.944 9.381
3.405 .019
PM Between Groups
Within Groups Total
34.878 1516.136 1551.015
3 202 205
11.626 7.506
1.549 .203
Behaviour contingency Between Groups Within Groups Total
20.296 497.257 517.553
3 202 205
6.765 2.462
2.748 .044
Parent child Between Groups Within Groups Total
23.640 1232.224 1255.864
3 202 205
7.880 6.100
1.292 .278
The results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) from table 5 reveal that there is a significant difference on the parental perception of their children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes with respect to risk behaviour factors. However, there perception of Isolation and Behaviour contingency on the basis of parent‟s Educational qualification varies significantly („F‟ 3.405) and („F‟ 2.748) at 0.05 level but sidelining the other factors like „Aggression‟, „Imitation‟ and
„Identification‟ as well as other factors such as „Parental mediation‟ and „Parent-child interaction‟. The table of means show that those who belong to the „gender‟ group
„Male‟ („M‟ 11.5938) show some inclination towards the perception as an influence of viewership of TV violence in terms of „Isolation‟ followed by other group‟
Female‟(„M‟10.6727).
However, there was no significant difference on the parental perception of the children‟s viewership of violence in television programmes seen with respect to risk behaviour factors on the basis of parent‟s occupation.
A majority of parents, irrespective of Education have variations in the level of thinking when it comes to negative behaviour in a child after watching TV. They feel that watching violent content from TV alone may not be the only factor for the children to get isolated.
They feel that the children do not feel depressed or get affected after watching any violent content from TV.
Rather than being alone, the children prefer to be with their parents or friends while watching TV. They also disagree to the negative statements which say that their children might refuse to have food while engaged in TV.
All this shows that education of the parent‟s does play a significant role in mediating the children while watching television.
VIII. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
The outcome of the study reveals that a majority of female children watch television for a longer duration when compared to male children. The children are more exposed to miscellaneous as well as cartoon channels where they tend to identify their role models with respect to the type of programmes viewed. Though the tendency of imitation exists in some children, there is no possibility of violent behaviour seen in them as a result of high parental mediation. High parental mediation exists in the midst of the parents which help in protecting the children from imitating any negative behaviour from television. Thus, it is seen that there is a high degree of parent-child interaction existing when it comes to viewing of Television programmes.
This research reveals that TV is indeed an attractive medium that commands audience attention and loyalty, which is translated into the high levels and frequency of exposure. Likewise, some children appear to remain unperturbed by the media violence or objectionable content since they exercise selective perception and they
come from families with a relatively secure family attachment. Thus, they enjoy watching the thrills in an action movie or cartoons but not necessarily imitating it as the Social Learning Theory (Bandura, 1994) predicted. Furthermore, results validate the Uses and Gratifications Theory (Katz, et al., 1973) that parents and children seek programmes they believe provide them entertainment from cartoon channels like Tom and Jerry, Pogo or from channels like National Geographic, Animal Planet etc.
The study further unfolds the fact that the less the time the children are exposed to television violence, the lesser the aggressive behaviour in children is seen. The findings of this study have shown that there are different ways a parent can communicate her love and concern for a child‟s development. Other than co-viewing, it is necessary to engage the children in activities that foster closeness, thought-sharing, and cooperation such as sports, outings and discussion of opinions. A child will develop self-confidence and a good sense of responsibility only if the family he/she grew up with encourages open communication and warm display of care and love. Despite their hectic schedules at their work place, it is necessary for a parent to seek out ways for improving their family relations by spending time with their children, helping them in their homework and other activities as well as taking them out for a dinner, visiting parks and weekly outings.
Now-a-days children spend most of the time in front of the television and less time outdoors. They spend time watching cartoons, horror movies and TV shows.
Parents too don‟t have any control on their off-springs.
In order to do their household work and to control their children, they switch on the TV and allow their children to watch. As time passes by, they become addicted to it and start recognizing the characters. They feel that whatever is portrayed on TV is real and they start imitating those characters. Nevertheless, it is clear that there is a considerable amount of violence on television and that this violence on the small screen may translate into changes in attitudes, values, or behaviour on the part of both younger and older viewers. There can no longer be any doubt that heavy exposure to televised violence is one of the Causes of aggressive behavior, crime and violence in society. The evidence comes from both the Laboratory and real life studies. Television violence affects youngsters irrespective of age, gender, socio-economic levels and intelligence.
Television has its good side. It can be entertaining, educational, and can open up new worlds for kids, giving them a chance to travel the globe, learn about different cultures, and gain exposure to ideas they may never encounter in their own community. Media is not the only root cause for this problem, but it also rests in the hands of the parents who can help in monitoring
their children and by teaching them what is right and wrong. This study further suggests measures to overcome this problem by making the parents limit their children‟s total television viewing time ( with entertainment media) to no more than 1 to 2 hours of quality programming per day and to have a close interaction with their children to avoid any sort of inconsequential effects in the future.
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