This is to confirm that the thesis titled "STUDY OF A CONCURRENT DEVELOPMENT- DISSEMINATION MODEL FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY: CASE OF IMPROVISED CHAAK FOR POTTERY INDUSTRY", submitted by Bibhuti Ranjan Bhattacharjya, a researcher at the Center for Rural Technology, Indian Institute of Rural Technology, Indiana. , for the award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, is a record of an original research work done by him under my supervision and guidance. The thesis met all requirements according to the institute's rules and, in my opinion, has reached the standard necessary for submission. I also hereby declare that the intellectual content of the thesis is a product of my work, and according to general norms for reporting research results, due recognition has been given where the research results of other researchers have been cited in the thesis.
Valuable suggestions, constructive ideas and motivating discussions with all faculty members of Center for Rural Technology, IIT Guwahati helped me to complete the thesis papers. Bapat, Office of Principal Scientific Advisor to Government of India (RuTAG) for their support during the thesis work. I am also thankful to all the office staff of RuATG-IIT Guwahati, for their continuous support during the field work.
This study was only possible due to the support of government officials, members of various NGOs, artisans and entrepreneurs.
Abstract
Also, statistical t-test results, comparing the statistical significance of the variance of anthropometric data (stature and sitting height) between genders for mean values of the total sample population of male and female anthropometric dimensions, show that all anthropometric data except spank akimbo, sitting elbow resting height, grip diameter (inside) and BMI values were found to be significantly different (Pr < 0.01) for men and women. When determining the various parameters of the four-bar crank mechanism, anthropometric data of the intended users are taken into account. The average productivity of male artisans in the case of IPC is found to be almost 1.7 times higher than that of the TPW.
Similarly, the average productivity of women artisans is found to be almost 1.8 times higher in IPC than in TPW. The product together with the production process is successfully transferred to three rural micro-enterprises. In the absence of a structured approach and institutionalized intervention, such technological design and innovation efforts fail to meet the needs of marginalized people living at the bottom of the pyramid (BoP).
Therefore, based on the experiences collected from IPC technology transfer, this study makes an attempt to study the technology transfer framework involving rural micro-enterprises.
Nomenclature
Introduction
The 2020 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index published by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiatives on July 26, 2020 has expressed that 1.3 billion people in 107 developing countries are under acute poverty (Alkire, et al., 2020). It shows that 22% of the world's population lives on an income of less than USD 1.90 per day, which faces significant life challenges in daily life (e.g. health, etc.). Prahlad coined the term "bottom of the bottom of the pyramid (BoP)" in his book "Fortune at the bottom of the pyramid: Eradicating poverty through profits" to represent the people who are under extreme poverty (Prahlad, 2005) .
Integrated solutions are needed that are designed, developed and delivered directly in the BoP context to satisfy the unmet needs of those marginalized people living in the BoP (Knorringa et al., 206; Hernandez et al., 2019). Lack of resources/infrastructure is considered to be the main challenge regarding the development and delivery of appropriate products/technology in BP. This is why designing, developing and delivering a new product/technology to meet the needs and aspirations of those people is a challenging endeavor.
Designing and delivering a new product is challenging, as the dynamic integration of socio-cognitive aspects of the resource-limited society with technological factors is a complicated task.
State of the art
Literature review
- Sustainability orienting design (SoD) process
- Factors influencing the design, development and delivery process in BoP
In conventional technology transfer projects, a technology/product that is successful in the developed world is expected to have a positive impact on developing countries. In order to address the shortcomings in the normal process of innovation, innovation scholars discuss the introduction of a more sustainable method of product/technology design that becomes suitable for these marginalized people. In the context of design for BoP, the main goal of SoD is to develop a solution that is affordable to the resource-poor consumer and at the same time minimizes negative impacts on the environment (society and environment).
It challenges all steps in the conventional innovation process, from ideation to product delivery and maintenance at the user site. In the market-centered product design model, the end users are considered as customers. In response to the issues discussed above, a review of existing literature is conducted to map the characteristics of product/technology design efforts in the context of resource-constrained society.
Simple technology that requires low investment of capital/resources and can achieve its intended objectives in the target society.
Research gap
Existing studies are mostly concentrated on developing a better business model for BoP, while ignoring how context-specific socio-cultural issues should be tackled while deciding the technical features in an engineering product/technology for BoP. Existing studies do not understand how broader aspects of society can be integrated into technical features for incorporating holistic and balanced approach of sustainability during the design and development of a mechanical engineering product. There is therefore room for further research on SoD practice in product design in a BoP context (Banerjee and Punekar, 2020).
Summary
Later, Schumacher expanded Gandhi's vision of 'rural technology' and coined the term "Appropriate Technology" in the 1970s. This study depicts the importance of involvement of users in the design process to identify latent needs of. Appropriate technology for sustainable ecosystems: case studies of energy-independent villages and the future of.
AT is a context-specific concept, and therefore more in-depth study is needed in the subject. Six components related to product design and delivery in the context of emerging economies are. Results reveal the importance of non-commercial institutions in the design and delivery of appropriate.
Quantifying the effects of various factors on the usefulness of design ethnography in the developing world.
Introduction
Contextual study
- Different steps of Pottery making
- Associated concerns in the TPW
- Investigating work-related health issues among artisans
- Socio-demographic details
- Work-related details
- Characteristics of musculoskeletal outcomes
Swabhiman, a non-governmental organization (NGO) from Assam, India, clarified the necessity of technological intervention in the Pottery sector of the state. This process improves the fineness of the clay and at the same time, enables the potter to make excellent finished products. This study shows that the level of education of the artisans is not impressive as 22.8% of the male artisans of Pocheria and 51.1% of the female artisans are illiterate.
100% of male artisans reported experiencing musculoskeletal symptoms in the elbows and wrists/hands at some time during the past 12 months. For men, musculoskeletal symptom severity ratings were found to be between moderate and severe (3-4 on a 0-5 scale) for most body regions. The regular transmission of energy to the steering wheel for continuous movement of the TPW is assumed to be the main reason behind such severe musculoskeletal symptoms in the shoulders.
One of the main reasons for health issues such as musculoskeletal pain and back pain in ceramic artisans is assumed to be due to incorrect working postures, eg, bent neck and back, bent knees, etc.
Shortcomings in pottery wheels available in the market and academic institutions
2.4 (a) Artisans working in a locally developed electrically powered pottery wheel; (b) Solar powered ceramic wheel designed by SELCO;. c) Manually operated ceramic wheel designed by IIT. Inappropriate exposure of a small part of their lower legs is not acceptable in society due to strict social norms. Although not a problem for the urban context, the remote villagers are not ready to accept.
Motivation for the present study
Design statement
Research questions
Research design and outline: Scope and Methodology
Chapter 1: Sustainability-orienting design approach for the bottom of the pyramid: In the first chapter, a brief introduction on design and delivery effort of appropriate
Issues, current research and the research gap in product/technology design, development and delivery in the context of BoP are discussed. This chapter reviews the relevant literature regarding the appropriate design and implementation of technology at the BoP.
Scope of present work and methodology: The second chapter outlines the motivation behind the study and rationale of this research are discussed. The existing problems
Chapter 3: Anthropometric data generation considering gender and ethnic diversity of Assam, India: One major issue encountered while designing the improvised
Chapter 4: Ergonomic design modification of pottery wheel: Step by step design details of IPC is discussed in this chapter
Conclusion, achievement, recommendations and scope for future work
- Summary
- Introduction
- Importance of anthropometric data in designing new product
- Brief review on anthropometric study related to India
- Procedure followed .1 Subjects .1 Subjects
- Body dimensions considered for this study
- Equipment and procedure
- Data Analysis
- Results and discussion
- Comparison of anthropometry results across ethnic groups
- Testing the hypotheses
- Summary
- Introduction
- Morphology of design
- Feasibility study
- Identification and formulation of the design matrix
- Preliminary design
- Detail design
- Crank-rocker four-bar mechanism design
- Application of anthropometric data in deciding different dimension of the machine
- Calculation of force system
- Selection of Bearing
- Design of the Belt drive
- Selection of Bevel Gear
- Design for frames
- Summary
- Introduction
- Subject characteristics
- Measurement of force
- Productivity
- Evaluation of prevalence of pain in different body parts
- Muscular fatigue
- Monitoring the heart rate
- Summary
- Introduction
- Case study analysis on RuTAG
- Brief introduction about RuTAG
- Planning the production process of IPC
- Handholding
- Major Learnings
- Uniform design criteria does not work in BoP
- Decentralized innovation planning better suits in BoP
- Blending the formal science with traditional knowledge inherited in the society ensures better adoption of technology in BoP
- Successful TT in BoP necessitates constant hand-holding
- Summary
- Introduction
- The key contribution of present research work
- Development of an anthropometric database of Assamese population
- Ergonomic design modification of the TPW
- Technology transfer of IPC
- Perspectives of SoD in product design for BoP
- Limitations of this study and future scope of research
- Concluding remarks
Patel et al., 2016 collected anthropometric data of male agricultural workers in Kamrup district of Assam. 3.1 (a) Schematic diagram of a specially made wooden structure for measuring standing dimensions; (b) Schematic diagram by height of the set mud used for measurement. Statistically significant differences were observed in the sitting height values of the following groups: Boro vs.
It is set based on anthropometric data of the target community (as discussed in Chapter 3).
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Anthropometric Dimensions of Farm Youth in North Eastern Region of India, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. Combine harvester seat design based on anthropometric data of Iranian operators, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. Effect of timber support on seating comfort predicted by a whole human body seat model, International Journal of Industrial ergonomics.
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Occupational ergonomics research and applied contextual design implementation for an industrial retail-flor workplace, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. The relationship between anthropometry and handgrip strength in older Malaysians, International journal of Industrial ergonomics 50, 17-25. Anthropometry approach to workplace redesign in Indonesian Sundanese roof tile industry, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics.
A new design and clinical evaluation of a wheelchair for stroke patients, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. Anthropometry of male agricultural workers in western India for tool and equipment design, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 53, 80-85.
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Publications
Book Chapters
Journals
Journals (under review/ in preparation)
Conference Proceedings
Appreciations
Functional model of the Improvised Pedal-operated Chaak
