Performance and Emission Study of 4S CI Engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel with Additives

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ISSN (Print): 2319-3182, Volume-1, Issue-1, 2012

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Performance and Emission Study of 4S CI Engine using Calophyllum Inophyllum Biodiesel with Additives

Avinash K Hegde & K V Sreenivas Rao

Mechanical Department, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkur, Karnataka, India E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract – Petroleum sourced fuels is now widely known as non-renewable due to fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. Renewable, carbon neutral, transport fuels are necessary for environmental and economic sustainability. Biodiesel derived from oil crops is a potential renewable and carbon neutral alternative to petroleum fuels. Chemically, biodiesel is mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from renewable feed stock like vegetable oils and animal fats. It is produced by transesterification in which, oil or fat is reacted with a monohydric alcohol in presence of a catalyst. The process of transesterification is affected by the mode of reaction condition, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, type of alcohol, type and amount of catalysts, reaction time and temperature and purity of reactants.

In present work, calophyllum innophyllum seeds are used to produce biodiesel. In transesterification process, methanol and NaOH is used. The different blending of biodiesel is tested in CI engine and also emission characteristics are studied. Further, additive SC5D is also used.

It is evident from the experiment that additive will improve the thermal efficiency of the engine and also it influence on emission characteristics.

Keywords- Diesel engine, Biodiesel, performance, Emissions, calophyllum inophyllum Methyl Ester, SC5D Additive.

I. INTRODUCTION

The major components of vegetable oils and animal fats are triglycerides. Chemically, these are esters of fatty acids (FA) with glycerol. The of vegetable oils and animal fats typically contain several different FA. Thus, different FA can be attached to one glycerol backbone.

To obtain biodiesel, the vegetable oil or animal fat is subjected to a chemical reaction termed transesterification. In that reaction, the vegetable oil or animal fat is reacted in the presence of a catalyst (usually a base) with an alcohol (usually methanol) to

give the corresponding alkyl esters (or for methanol, the methyl esters) of the FA mixture that is found in the parent vegetable oil or animal fat.

Biodiesel has better properties than that of petroleum diesel such as renewable, biodegradable, non- toxic, and essentially free of sulfur and aromatics.

Biodiesel fuel has the potential to reduce the level of pollutants and the level of potential or probable carcinogens stated that Biodiesel has become more attractive recently because of its environmental benefits and fact that it is made from renewable resource.

However, the bottleneck to produce biodiesel in commercial scale is the high cost of edible virgin oil, in which account for more than 70% of the overall biodiesel production cost. In addition, using edible virgin oil such as rapeseed, sun flower, soybean and palm oil in biodiesel production has raised the concern of food versus fuel debate. Thus, recent biodiesel development has shifted to use non-edible and waste oil as a new and sustainable feedstock for long term production. It is strongly believed that using these oils will help in improving economical feasibility of biodiesel and minimize the hurdle of food versus fuel phenomena.

II. PREPARATION OF CALOPHYLLUM INOPHYLLUM BIODIESEL

Objectives : 1).To extract the oil from the seeds of the calophyllum inophyllum plant 2).Measuring the free fatty acid content in the oil and converting the extracted oil to Bio-Diesel by Transestrification process.

3).Measuring the various properties of the bio-diesel such as viscosity, density, flash point, fire point.

4)Conducting a performance test on diesel engine by using blend of calophyllum inophyllum Bio-diesel and Diesel with SC5D additive. 5). Measuring various

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International Journal on Theoretical and Applied Research in Mechanical Engineering (IJTARME)

2 parameters of the engine such as total fuel consumption, Brake power, brake thermal efficiency, effects of biodiesel on engine. 6) .Measuring the various emission characteristics such as HC, CO ,CO2, and NOx etc.

Fig. 1 : Process Flow Chart

PTF: Fuel Injection Pressure Sensor

PT : Combustion Chamber Pressure Sensor FI : Fuel Injector

FP : Fuel Pump

T1 : Jacket Water Inlet Temperature T2 : Jacket Water Outlet Temperature T3 : Inlet Water Temperature at Calorimeter T4 : Outlet Water Temperature at Calorimeter T5 : Exhaust Gas Temperature before Calorimeter F1 : Liquid fuel flow rate

F2 : Air Flow Rate F3 : Jacket water flow rate

F4 : Calorimeter water flow rate

LC : Load Cell CA : Crank Angle Encoder

EGC: Exhaust Gas Calorimeter

T6 : Exhaust Gas Temperature after Calorimeter The Schematic diagram of the engine test rig is shown in above Fig. The engine test was conducted on four-stroke single cylinder direct injection water cooled compression ignition engine connected to eddy current dynamometer loading. The engine was always operated at a rated speed of 1500 rev/min. The engine was having a conventional fuel injection system. The injection nozzle had three holes of 0.3 mm diameter with a spray angle of 120º. A piezoelectric pressure transducer was mounted with cylinder head surface to measure the cylinder pressure. It is also provided with temperature sensors for the measurement of jacket water, calorimeter water, and calorimeter exhaust gas inlet and outlet temperatures. An encoder is fixed for crank angle record. The provision is also made for the measurement of volumetric fuel flow. The built in program in the system calculates brake power, thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. The software package is fully configurable and averaged P-Ө diagram, P-V plot and liquid fuel injection pressure diagram can be obtained for various operating conditions.

Characteristics CIME Diesel

Specific Gravity 0.91 0.82

Flash Point ⁰C 170 56

Fire Point ⁰C 186 58

Kinematic Viscosity at 40⁰C (mm²/s)

5.34 1.83

Calorific value (kJ/kg) 40600 42250

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This paper compares specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency and exhaust emissions of blends of CIME and SC5D Additive with those of diesel.

Performance characteristics:

Engine performance characteristics are the major criterion that governs the suitability of a fuel. This study is concerned with the evaluation of Brake Specific fuel Consumption (BSFC) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE) of the blends of CIME and SC5D Additive with diesel and also emission characteristics are studied.

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IV. CONCLUSION

From the experimental results, the following conclusions are drawn:

1. Brake thermal efficiency of engine increases with addition of additives.

2. Specific fuel consumption decreases with addition of additives.

3. NOx emission is found to be marginally increases with the addition of more and more CIME with SC5D Additive to diesel.

4. It is also observed that the exhaust gas temperature increases with percentage of CIME in the test fuel for all the loads.

V. REFERENCES

[1] P.K. Sahoo L.M. Das , M.K.G. Babu P. Arora V Singh N.R. Kumar T.S. Varyani Comparative evaluation of performance and emission characteristics of jatropha,karanja and polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a tractor engine.

[2] P.K. Sahoo, L.M. Das , Process optimization for biodiesel production from Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga oils.

[3] P.K. Sahoo, L.M. Das, Combustion analysis of Jatropha, Karanja and Polanga based biodiesel as fuel in a diesel engine.

[4] B. Baiju, M.K. Naik, L.M. Das , A comparative evaluation of compression ignition engine characteristics using methyl and ethyl esters of Karanja oil.

[5] Jinlin Xuea, Tony E. Grift Alan C. Hansena, Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions.

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