View of RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES BY USING MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATION

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Vol.03, Issue 04, April 2018, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGES BY USING MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATION

1Ajay Kumar Mishra

1Research Scholar Mgcgv Chitrakoot Satna

2Dr. Bharat Mishra

2Asso. Professor Mgcgv Chitrakoot Satna M.P.

3Dr. A. K. Sharma

3Professor and head JEC Jabalpur

Abstract: Electricity is an important part for the development i.e. Industrial as well as social development and it is also very necessary for the future growth for any country..

There is wonderful use of the Electricity in overall development of Industrial and domestic section and production of electricity is also very important to meet the demand. This paper aims to explore different sources to operate a Hybrid power plant by using all the available renewable energy sources like (wind, Solar, Water, green energy) into the consideration and to convert it for the power plants fuel consumption. India has a vast population and very limited natural resources especially for meeting its energy requirements. If the country needs to maintain its momentum of rapid growth it is possible only with a clear strategy for best possible use of energy options available. Energy is vital for development and this means that if India is to move to a higher growth trajectory than is now feasible, it must ensure the reliable availability of energy. The present energy scenario in India is not satisfactory and there is a large scope of improvement. The present paper reviews the importance and prospects of renewable energy of India and extrapolates the future developments keeping in view the demand, consumption, production and supply of power.

Most of the power generation in India is carried out by conventional energy sources, coal and mineral oil-based power plants which contribute heavily to environmental degradation.

Key Words—Conventional energy sources, green house gases, renewable energy.

1 INTRODUCTION

Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most essential inputs for economic growth and human development. There is a important relationship between the development for economic purpose and energy consumption. In other words we can say, growth of an economy, with its global competitiveness, hinges on the availability of cost-effective and environmentally benign energy sources, and on the other hand, the level of economic development is reliant on the energy demand. As we know energy is the basic requirement for any development. Since requirement of energy is increases due to the rapid increase in the population, technology and other political and economic condition. Due to the rapid increase in cost and environmental concern it is important to discuss the various method and process of generation of power by Hybrid renewable energy sources. In India there are many states whose develop the hybrid energy to increase their economy and best environment condition. Presently Most of the electricity generated across the central part of India which utilizes

coal, gas, oil, water or nuclear as a primary fuel. There are various dangerous impact occur on the environment by using coal and nuclear as primary fuel.

And these primary fuel are present abundant in nature so it make important to generate power by hybrid designing of solar and wind power plant to achieve the better environment condition and also to reduce the use of existing fossil fuels resources , it is important for future renewable sources. No any renewable resources neither the wind nor the solar can available all the time. So it would important to generate power by the combination of these renewable resources. Hybrid energy power generation also offer of generating power in the remote areas in India among fifteen states Rajasthan is one of the most potential of renewal resources. In Madhaya Pradesh many places like Rewa, dewas, neemuch and mandsaur have large scope of renewable energy.

Energy resources are mainly divided into two ways

• Non-renewable (Conventional) Energy Sources: The resources

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2 which are present not much in amount and can be vanished after few years. Example: Natural gas, Wood, Coal etc.

• Renewable Energy (Non Conventional) Sources: The resources which are always available and renew itself in the nature. Example: Solar power, Wind Power, Human Energy Biomass etc.

1 Wind Energy- The terms "wind energy"

or "wind power" describe the process by which the wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity.

Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity to power homes, businesses, schools, and the like Wind is a form of solar energy. Winds are caused by the uneven heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the irregularities of the earth's surface, and rotation of the earth. Wind flow patterns are modified by the earth's terrain, bodies of water, and vegetative cover. This wind flow, or motion energy, when "harvested" by modern wind turbines, can be used to generate electricity.

2 Solar Energy- Solar panel is a device that converts solar energy directly into electrical energy. Solar panel is made up off photo voltaic cells which are made by semiconductor. When sun beam is fall on the PV cell they absorb the heat and electron are emitted from the atom. Due to the movement of the electron current is generated. With this process solar panel convert solar energy directly into the electric energy. For Power calculation we have to study the data mainly the solar radiation at that place. For Jodhpur region the annual solar radiation is 5.79 Kwh/square/meter. It is very good for power generation. Every hour the sun beams onto Earth more than enough energy to satisfy global energy needs for an entire year. Solar energy is the technology used to harness the sun's energy and make it useable. Today, the technology produces less than one tenth of one percent of global energy demand.

3 Hydro Energy - Falling rainfall can be a very good indicator for people to judge those areas where water can be readily available to be used to produce energy from it. This kind of energy produced from water is known as hydroelectric energy.

These hydroelectric power plants can then be implemented in such regions of heavy rainfall.

4 Biomass energy - One third contributor of energy to India is biomass with a potential which comprises of solid biomass, which is an organic, non-fossil material of biological origins. Biogas which is principally methane and carbon dioxide is produced by anaerobic digestion of biomass and combusted to produce heat.

5 Geothermal Energy - One energy sources that has not been exploited at all, is the geothermal energy, which is an enormous, underused heat and power resource that is clean, reliable and home grown. With growing dependence on coal and with increasing environmental problems, India will soon have to start exploiting this source of energy.

6 Nuclear Energy- The concern for environment protection and at the same time meet the increasing demand for power has resulted in the government focus on nuclear power. The department of atomic energy has proposed to use locally available uranium resources in Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (PHWRs) followed by the recycling of spent fuel in Fast Breeder Reactors for generating nuclear power. Recycling of plutonium derived from the reprocessing of spent fuel gives us a very large energy resource.

While the government is taking steps to increase the installed nuclear generation capacity, the setting up of a Light Water Reactor based on imported technology at Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu is a major step forward. At Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) technology to tap the vast thorium reserves in the country is being developed.

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Table 1-Multi-Criteria Assessment Of Renewable Energy

Criteria Criteri

a

Solarrrr

r Geothermal O

c e a n

Nuclear

1. Efficiency (%) 16 8 3 33

2. Land requirement

. High

Low Very Low Very Low 3. Electricity cost

(c/kWh) 17 8 25 4

4. Installed capacity

(MW) 1686 0 1 5780

5. Carbon dioxide (kgCO2/KW

h)

0.1 0.06 0.02 0.025

6. Work qualifications

Low Moderate High Very High

7.

Independence of electricit

y generati

on

Very

High High high Low

8. Turnkey cost Low High High Very high

9. Social And individual

risk s

Low Low Low Very High

10. Construction

time Low High High High

11. Wastes

Generated No waste No waste No waste Highly toxic Wastes generated

12. Energy Source Inexhau stible

Limited sites but

Inexhaustible

Variable but

Inexhaustible Exhaustible 13. Operation &

management costs Very low Low Moderate High

14. Necessity of participative decision- making

processes

Low Low Low Very high

Table2-Selection Criteria For Sustainable Energy Planning Criteria Indicators

1.Technical Efficiency, energy efficiency, primary energy ratio, safety, reliability, maturity, others

2.Economic Investment cost, operation and maintenance cost, fuel cost, electric cost, net present value, payback period, service life, equivalent annual cost, others

3.Environmental NOx emission, CO2 emission, CO emission, SO2 emission, particles emission, non-methane volatile organic compounds, land use, noise, others

4.Social Social acceptability, job creation, social benefits, others

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Table 3-Difference Between Renewable Energy And Oil Resource contents Renewable sources of

energy Oil Reserves

1. Availability They are abundant in

nature Oil reserves are limited

in nature 2.Development Leads to more

sustainable development.

i.e. more jobs opportunities

Lesser sustainable development

3.Storage

. Need storage between

production and consumption

Portable form of energy.

Easy to store 4. Climate Change

Depends on altercation of climate

Do not depend on weather modifications 5. Area Large amount of land is

required Not large geographical

area is required 6. Geo political

implications Reduces our reliance on oil,

Safe guarding national Security.

Allows for self sufficiency

Over-reliance on oil as a resource can undermine a country’s energy Security.

7. Cost High Capital and

Maintenance cost. Cost of producing is low since they are naturally available.

Furthermore they are cheap to transform from one form of energy to another.

8. Energy Supply

Once generated, they produce high amount of energy

limited supply only

9. Distribution

. Evenly distributed in

world Uneven distribution

which leads to flow gap and price fluctuations 10. Transportation Used where it is

available or transported where needed

Has to be transported from its source site for further processing, exposing the environment to

pollution from accidents 11.

Environmental effect of use .

There is no adverse effect on

Environment. The whole system is pollution free and environment friendly

Harmful to the environment

12. Emission Zero emission releases greenhouse gases

13.

Regeneration Can be Regenerated;

Inexhaustible resource Ore is drained , can't be regenerated

Table 4- Generation And Growth In Conventional Generation In The Country During 2009-10 To 2018-19

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5 Year

Energy Generation from

Conventional Sources

(BU)

% of growth

2009-10 771.551 6.6

2010-11 811.143 5.56

2011-12 876.887 8.11

2012-13 912.056 4.01

2013-14 967.150 6.04

2014-15 1048.673 8.43

2015-16 1107.822 5.64

2016-17 1160.141 4.72

2017-18 1205.921 3.95

2018-19* 527.388 3.66

Table 5-The Power Supply Position In The Country During 2009-10 To 2018-19

Energy Peak

Year Requirement Availability Surplus(+)/Deficts(-) Peak Demand Peak Met Surplus(+) / Deficts(-)

(MU) (MU) (MU) (%) (MW) (MW) (MW) (%)

2009-

10 8,30,594 7,46,644 -83,950 -10.1 1,19,166 1,04,009 -15,157 -12.7 2010-

11 8,61,591 7,88,355 -73,236 -8.5 1,22,287 1,10,256 -12,031 -9.8 2011-

12 9,37,199 8,57,886 -79,313 -8.5 1,30,006 1,16,191 -13,815 -10.6 2012-

13 9,95,557 9,08,652 -86,905 -8.7 1,35,453 1,23,294 -12,159 -9.0 2013-

14 10,02,257 9,59,829 -42,428 -4.2 1,35,918 1,29,815 -6,103 -4.5 2014-

15 10,68,923 10,30,785 -38,138 -3.6 1,48,166 1,41,160 -7,006 -4.7 2015-

16 11,14,408 10,90,850 -23,558 -2.1 1,53,366 1,48,463 -4,903 -3.2 2016-

17 11,42,929 11,35,334 -7,595 -0.7 1,59,542 1,56,934 -2,608 -1.6 2017-

18 12,12,134 12,03,567 -8,567 -0.7 1,64,066 1,60,752 -3,314 -2.0 2018-

19* 5,47,611 5,44,403 -3,208 -0.6 1,72,381 1,70,765 -1,617 -0.9

* Upto August 2018 (Provisional), Source : CEA

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6 Fig 1- Generation (Billion Units)

Fig. 2-Generation Growth (%)

Fig. 3- potential of renewable energy

Fig 4-Estimated Power Requirements Source: Gef National Workshop In

India, Mnre

Fig. 5- Global Renewable Energy Jobs 2006-2030

2 ADVANTAGES & LIMITATIONS

India is emerging as a strong global force.

So to sustain its development India must have energy resources which would be sufficient as well as renewable.

Thus the advantages which green energy would give India are;

2.1 Advantages

1. Clean- recent survey of 2011 shows 2 cities of India, Ludhiana and Kanpur are among most polluted cities in the world. So green energy would help India get less polluted. Cities would be clean.

2. Almost unlimited- with India’s growing population in mind, it needs energy resources which would be capable of sustaining

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7 this growth. Green energy being unlimited would definitely serve this purpose.

3. Self sufficiency- about 70% India’s energy generation capacity is fulfilled by fossil fuels, coal -40%.

India’s dependency on imports is expected to rise above 53% in 2030. Nuclear treaty is signed for that purpose. So Green energy projects if undertaken in India would make itself dependent.

4. Cheaper than fossil fuel- once capital cost is incurred India would get energy at lesser cost than fossil fuels, keeping in mind the inflating costs of fossil fuels.

5. Low maintenance and operating cost- no labour as such is required to work continuously. Also maintenance is minimal for machinery used in trapping renewable sources.

6. Energy storage- All this green energy can be stored. Thus it is not necessary to keep the process ongoing especially in small scale.

thus availability of energy is very good.

2.2 Limitations of Green Energy in India

1. Large use of space- wind energy, tidal energy requires large space for plant. So that may prove as a constraint in India due to population growth and land constraint.

2. Location suitability- Solar cannot be in hilly regions where as tidal energy can be utilised only in coastal areas.

3. Time consuming- recharging the appliances or machinery requires lots of time if it runs out of stored energy and storage of all the energy in turn is time consuming.

4. Limited potential: Limited potential of tidal and wind energy shows that not much can be obtained from the vast coastal area of India

5. Capital cost high- Procurement and Installation cost of equipments is very high.

6. No immediate returns- The companies undertaking green energy projects won’t get quick

returns on their investment so not many of them would be interested in these projects.

3 CHALLENGES WITH RES

a number of challenges appear into the representation or implementation of renewable energy technologies like: a) Almost all the renewable energy sources are suffering from due to high cost of installation. It has been largely proven that as of now wind energy, small hydropower, and biomass are considered to be comparable or almost comparable to conventional energy technologies in the narrow economic sense and perhaps even cheaper considering entire life-cycles. But solar energy is not cost comparable in the narrow economic sense. However there is hope that this might be cost comparable in a few years time with new technological development. b) They are dependent on certain conditions. Wind energy projects cannot be set up in an area with little wind. Small hydropower cannot be utilized in an area without small rivers.

4 CONCLUSION

Looking at the present scenario, a sustainable energy system in country like India is essential/the need of the hour for sustainable development. Because of the Inequality in energy distribution, renewable energy has the possibility of becoming the foundation for the country’s future energy requirements. An analysis on the demand for new renewable technologies clearly shows a shift in preference towards these technologies as a source of energy- wind, biomass, and geothermal, tidal and marine, hydropower, solar photovoltaic. The popularity of renewable technologies can be noted by continued rapid growth, despite economic breakdown and financial crisis. Introduction and use of renewable energy on a large scale will help in tackling issues like energy scarcity, variations in fuel prices and help India to be self-sustainable. India is already facing energy crisis as many parts still survive without electricity, hence renewable energy can act as panacea to its problems.

India is currently experiencing strong economic growth in renewable energies. It supplies one third of hydropower and is blessed with abundant

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8 resources of renewable energy in solar, wind, biomass, small hydro power. Wind and solar energy do not require water to operate which does not pollute any water resources, whereas biomass and small hydro power require water for cooling. In fact, the technical potential of these renewable energies exceeds the present installed generation capacity. India has dedicated one sole ministry for the development of renewable energies which is Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.

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