ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING
Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN No.2456-103, IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) Vol. 04, Issue 04,April 2019 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE
1
TO STUDY THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF MENOPON GALLINE (PHTHIRAPTERA:
AMBLYCERA) INFESTING POULTRY BIRDS Dr. Surman Arya
Dept. of Zoology Govt. P.G. College Kotdwar Pauri Garhwal
Abstract- The nervous system exhibits typical mallophagan pattern. The brain is somewhat U shaped compact unit. The ventral nerve cord consist of sub-oesophageal ganglion and pro-meso and metathoracic ganglia. The course of nerve arising from brain, sub- oesophageal and thoracic ganglia has been recorded.
1. INTRODUCTION
In Insects neuron are derived from the embryonic ectoderm, morphologically.
Neuron system consisting the ganglia, nerve cord and commissure nerve.
Workers like, Nitzsch (1818), Kramer (1869), Nusbaum (1882), Grosse 1885) Snodgross (1899), Gross (1905), Shipley (1909), Strindberg (1916a, b, 18 &
19) and Blagovestchensky (193 1 & 59), provided preliminary information on anatomy of Mallophaga ens. Lat.
Phthiraptera). Seguy (1951) and Eichler (1963) have tried to generalize the available information. Anatomical features of different organ systems of three species (one Ischnocera and two Amblycera) have been worked ouSrivastava, (1974), Saxena, (1979), Chandra, (1986).Some workers have noted the morphological features of cerebral and suboesophageal ganglion Stowe, (1943); Risler, (1951), Mayer, (19540; Buckup, (1959); Haub, (1971).
Information on nervous system of one ISchnoceran louse has been provided by Saxena & Agarwal (1980c). However other workers viz Mordue, W.etal 1980 and Klowden, 2007 have also provided the information about physiological system of insects. Similarly Raabe, M. (1982) workout the insect neuro hormone.
Likewise, D.B. Tembhare (2012) have also been investigated all anatomy of physiological system of insects. The present report deals with morphological features of nerve systems of anamblyceran poultry louse, Monopon gallinae.
2 MATERIAL AND METHODDS
Fresh lice were obtained directly from hosts. Furthermore, regular supply of lice was ensured by maintaining them in vitro conditions (35 +- 1 degree centigrade, 75 – 90% R.H, pinfeather diet) in incubator.
Extremely sharp entomological pins (fabricated by rubbing on fine sand paper)
were used for dissection. The lice were dissected, under a stereozoom binocular microscope in insect ringer’s solution (Ephrussi & Beadle, (1936). After removing the bulk of fat bodies, a few drops of aqueous Bouin’s fluid was added to get proper differentiation of internal organs. For studies the structure of nerve system and suboesophageal ganglion (U shaped compact mass). It is dissected out and then dehydrated and stain in acid fuchsin and then mounted in D.P X. For detail studies, labeled morphology of above said slides has been studies under stereozoom binocular microscope. Labeled morphology have been sketch out with the help of camera lucida. however, the the nerve system clearly seen in the licetreated with 10% KOH solution(for10- 12 hrs.) washed in water containing few drops of acetic acid, stained in acid fuchsin, dehydrated, cleared in clove oil and mounted in D.P.X. The nerve system was examined by the techniques suggested by Srivastava & Sinha and Brown Brown’s technique (the use of ethly acetate vapours) did not give satisfactory results and the method suggested Srivastava and Sinha ,proved useful in tracing out the the nerve
System
2 OBSERVATION
The nervous system of M. gallinae consists of brain (cerebral ganglion), ventral nerve cord and the nerve arising from both.
Brain and its nerves: The brain is situated inthe posterior region of head. It is tilted backwards to cover the
tritocerebral commissure,
circumoesophageal connectives and also alargeportion of suboesophagealganglion.
Itisa compact U shaped mass and fails to show clear distinction between proto - deuto and tritocerebrum. The protocerebrum represents the broadest
ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING
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2 anterior most part of the brain. The deulocerebrum represents middle region of the brain and it tapers into smallest tritocerebrum (the posterior most part of the brain). Due to tilting, the tritocerebrum occupies the anterior most position.fig. 1.
Four pairs of nerves arise from cerebral ganglion. A pair of short optic nerve arise from the dorsal lateral margins of protocerebrum and run towards eyes (optic lobes absconding) The antennary nerve originates from the margins of deutocerebrum and supplies the antennae. A pair of labrofrontalis originates from tritocerebrum and divides into labral and frontal connective (former goes to labrum while the later connects to frontal ganglion). From the posterior part of tritocerebrum arises a pair of circumoesophageal connectives which go to suboesopageal ganglion.
The ventral nerve cord and its nerves:
The ventral nerve cord of M. gallinae includes sub oesophageal ganglion (located in head) and three thoracic ganglia viz., pro-meso and metathoracic ganglia (situated in pro - meso and metathoracic segments, respectively) fig.
2.
The oval suboesophageal ganglion is situated just beneath the brain. Three pairs of nerves viz., mandibular, maxillary and labial arise from it (to innervate mandibles, maxilla and labium, respectively) fig.2.
The prothoracic ganglion is also more or lessoval in shape. It is connected to Suboesophageal ganglion by a pair of interganglionic connectives. Two pairs of nerves arise from it, to innervate the first pair of legs.
The meso - thoracic ganglion is somewhat triangular in shape and is connected anteriorly with prothoracic ganglion by a pair of interganglionic connectives. The connectives between meso- and meta thoracic ganglion do not occur. Two pair of nerves arise from this ganglion and innervate the second pair of legs.
The meta - thoracic ganglion, situated in metathoracic segment is the largest ganglion ventral nerve cord. It is compound ganglionic mass formed by the fusion of metathoracic abdominal ganglia.
It gives out six pairs of nerves. First two pairs of nerve arising from and
anterolateral margins innervate the metathoracic legs while the rest four pairs of Nerves originating from postero - lateral and posterior margins innervate the abdominal component.
Fig 1: Nervous System pf Menopon Galline
Fig. 2: Side View of Brain and Suboesophageal Ganglion of Menopon
Galline 3 DISCUSSION
The general morphology of cerebral and other ganglia does not show and striking difference from that of other mallophagan species. Faint external demarcation of the brain into pro, dueto and tritocerebrum has been noted in Trimenopon jennigsi (Stowe, 1943), Myrsidea cornicis (Mayer, 1954 and Buckup, 1959), Pseudomenopon pilosum (Haub, 1967),
L. percnopteri (Srivastava, 1974).
However, in species like Bovicola caprae (Risler, 1951), L. lawrensis tropicalis (Saxena & Agarwal, 1980c) and M.
eurysternmus (Chandra, 1986)) even slightest demarcation does not exist (as noted in M. gallinae). The nature of suboesophageal ganglion and the other three thoracic ganglia of M. gallinae is also similar to other species studied by Srivastava (1974), Saxena & Agarwal (1980c) and Chandra (1986).
The interganglionic connectives are present between sub - oesophageal
ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING
Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN No.2456-103, IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) Vol. 04, Issue 04,April 2019 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE
3 and pro -thoracic ganglion and pro-and metathoracic ganglion (as found in M.
eurysternus by Chandra, 1986). However, a pair of small interganglionic connective is reported to be present between meso and metathoracicgangliain L. percnopteri (Srivastava, 1974) while in case of L.
lawrensis tropicalis the interganglionic connectives are not present between thoracic ganglia (Saxena &
Agarwal,1980c). The number and course of nerves arising from brain and oesophageal ganglion are essentially similar to other species investigated by Stowe (1943), Risler (1951), Buckup (1959), Haub (1969 & 71), Srivastava (1974), Saxena & Agarwal (1980c) and Chandra (1986). The origin and disposition of nerves arising from three thoracic ganglia resemble to other three species studied from this point of view (Srivastava, thoracic ganglion and pro- sub 1974, Saxena & Agarwal, 1980c and Chandra, 1986
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