VOLUME: 09, Issue 05, Paper id-IJIERM-IX-V, October 2022
36 STUDY OF PHYSIO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS GOUR RIVER WATER SUMMER ANDWINTER SEASON Vandana Singh
Research scholar, Civil Engineering, SRGI Jabalpur (M.P.), India Prof. Charan Singh Thakur
Prof., Civil Engineering, SRGI Jabalpur (M.P.), India Asst. Prof. Anil Sanodiya
Asst. Prof., Civil engineering, SRGI Jabalpur (M.P.), India
Abstract - The River Gaur which provides sustenance to environment and ecology is now have been polluted mainly due to the discharge of cow dung of bunches of dairy owners and refuses into the stream without proper treatment have rendered water unfit for drinking, fishing, even for washing and chocked pipe line as well. The present study is to assess the physical, chemical and biochemical properties of gaur river to determine the quality of river water. The purpose of this study is to determine the water quality of gaur river at different sampling sites and to assess the extent of contamination of river water. The issue with regard to pollution of the water of rivers Gaur is the concern in the study. Due to mismanagement of these waste and contaminated water all the areas near the river are polluted. In Jabalpur city one can find number of Gour river ghats like Narayan ghat, Satshara ghat, Kosam ghat, Saliwada ghat, Retag hat. Visited by thousands of people every day. In the present study water samples were collected from these ghats of Gour from Jabalpur on four different Season from summer and winter. Have been considered. For the assessment of water quality the experiments have been done for physico-chemical parameters are pH , Total Hardness, D.O., B.O.D, Alkalinity as per the standard methods in the shri ram group Jabalpur. It is evident from the above data analysis that the worship remains is being done at important Ghats and its value is significant increased during the festivals. This study provides an informative data on water quality and helps to understand the pollution in various ghats of river Gour at season. In the present study it was found that physico- chemical characteristics of a few of the river water samples crossed the maximum permissible limit, during the different season due to the religious activities.
Keyword: Physio- chemical, parameters, pH , Total Hardness, D.O., B.O.D, Alkalinity.
1 INTRODUCTION
Water is a transparent fluid which forms the world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is the major constituent of the fluids of living things. As a chemical compound, a water molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms that are connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at standard ambient temperature and pressure, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice and gaseous state, steam (water vapor). It also exists as snow, fog, dew and cloud. Water is a basic need of life and is the foundation for human survival and development. Water is the most common substance on earth, covering seven tenths of the world’s surface, and that is why earth is also called the blue planet. Life first started in water and 96% of the composition of all living cells is water. Water is one of the prime needs of life. We can hardly live for few days without water. Since time immemorial fresh water has always been of vital importance to man as his early
habituations were within easy reach of rivers, tanks, dams, ponds and lakes. The importance of freshwater resources, their conservation and utilization has attained almost utmost importance during the present time.
The Earth’s Surface covers 71% of Water. It is vital for all known forms of life. On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation. Only 2.5% of the Earth's water is freshwater, and 98.8% of that water is in ice (excepting ice in clouds) and groundwater. Less than 0.3%
of all freshwater is in rivers, lakes, and the atmosphere, and an even smaller amount of the Earth's freshwater (0.003%) is contained within biological bodies and manufactured products.
VOLUME: 09, Issue 05, Paper id-IJIERM-IX-V, October 2022
37 1.1 Sources of Pollution on SurfaceWater
Pollution of surface and ground water is largely a problem due to rapid urbanization, and industrialization. The large scale urban growth due migration of people from rural areas to urban areas has increased domestic effluents, while industrial development manifested either due to setting up of new industries or expansion of the existing industrial establishments resulting in generation copious volume of industrial effluents.
Once the contaminants enter the water source it is a difficult and expensive to remove them. Water pollution has been seriously affecting the life of humans, plants as well as animals. The eco-system of rivers, streams, lakes, seas and oceans is also getting deteriorated due to the contamination of water, through various sources. Discharges from power stations reduce the availability of oxygen in the water body, in which they are dumped.The flora and fauna of rivers, sea and oceans is adversely affected by water pollution. A number of waterborne diseases are produced by the pathogens present in polluted water, affecting humans and animals. Marine life becomes deteriorated due to water pollution.
Unplanned and injudicious disposal of municipal waste causing pollution of water bodies. Festivals are very important and heartiest to every person of India.
Religious human activities also add to the river pollution. Mehta (2014) stated that with growing magnitude of the religious activities pollution load is bound to be increased in manyfolds. The rivers in India have been considered sacred from ancient times. People take holy dip in river with the faith that the water washes away their sin. After death of the people dump their asthia in the river, This obviously causes significant impact on the quality of the rivers in India. "Higher the BOD level worse it is for one's skin," said a CPCB expert. High exposure to dirty water can result in skin rashness and allergie. Exposure factors such as washing clothes, bathing and lack of sewerage, toilets at residence, children defecating outdoors, poor sanitation, low income and low education levels also showed significant associations with enteric disease outcome. Basant Rai (2013) have done a study o water quality
of river Ganga and found that on tracting dysentery, cholera, hepatitis, as well as severe diarrhea which continue to be one of the leading causes of death of children in India.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction
A review on previous work & research has been carried out on the physico-chemical parameter analysis of water quality at different festivals on rivers in India. A Series of research papers and the results of studies carried on River Narmada were reviewed.
2.2 Research Papers Related to Surface Water Quality During Festivals
According to Sharma et al (2011) During main festive occasions, cases of water borne diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice, typhoid, cholera, and many other types of liver and Gastro Intestinal disorders increase due to burden on civic facilities, on account of enhanced pressure of Tourists/Pilgrims in Haridwar. The pilgrims also bring a lot of offering in the form of flowers, cloths, old icons of Gods and Goddess, besides last remains (ashes) of their loved ones- to dispose in the river. The middle section of Haridwar city turns into a giant cesspool of solid and semi solid waste material, including the night soil, the human faecal matter. During the festive occasions, the residents of this city face the problem of noise pollution due to the use of loudy horns. The study reveals that tourism needs to be sensitive to local cultural norms and beliefs for it to be accepted by local people and to promote a sustainable development. This is possible if all the stakeholders (government, operators and localnpeople) collaborate in policy formulation, implementation and monitoring. The appropriate strategy can minimize the negative cultural impacts and promotes the Eco-Pilgrimage in Haridwar.
According to Telang et al (2009) have done an experimental study on effect of mass bathing on the water quality of Narmada river at district Hoshangabad, (M.P.) India. In the present study the variation in pH values was varied between 7.20 to 7.61. They found the decline in DO due to consumption of oxygen in decomposition of organic matter present
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38 in the water due to various religiousactivates as well as due to mixing of domestic waste. BOD results ranged between < 1 to 20 mg/L at the study site.
Due to mass gathering and improper sanitation facilities, the human excreta and other waste increase the Coliform numbers alarmingly. He concluded that there is need to educated the people through mass awareness programs for bringing the awareness among the common citizens about water pollution and its possible impact on the environment and mankind. Washing of cloths and vehicles, bathing of cattle and other such activities should be stopped at bank of the river to reduce the water pollution.
Mehta (2014) have done study on water quality parameters due to festivals wastes immersion and consequential impacts in different lakes of Jodhpur city.
He stated that with growing magnitude of the religious activities pollution load is bound to be increased in manifolds. The water quality parameters like TSS, TDS, TS, turbidity, conductivity, hardness, DO, BOD, and COD have shown significant increase during and after immersion of idols and then declined in the post immersion period. The input of biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances deteriorates the lake water quality and enhances silt load in the lake.
Problem becomes more acute when dissolution of input in the environment exceeds the decomposition, dispersal, or recycling capabilities. He concluded that generating awareness about reducing pollution due to festival waste will help in conserving the ecosystem of these water bodies.
Sharma and Joshi (2014) have done a Strength Weakness Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) analysis of pilgrimage tourism in Haridwar City with Special Reference to Kanwar Mela and found that the pilgrimage tourism also shows negative impacts on socio-cultural aspects and environmental scenario.
Increase in crimes, road rages, road accidents, water borne diseases, environmental pollution, high pricing of commodities are some important negative impacts, which are being observed in Haridwar city. The findings of the present study, are to establish Pilgrimage Tourism in the form of Eco-Tourism through
managing all negative impacts of Kanwar Mela.
Chourasia and Karan (2015) have done an experimental study to investigate water quality changes due to mass bathing at river Mandakini during Amawashya. The effect caused by mass bathing was assessed and discussed. It was observed that fecal coliform, DO, BOD and COD had significant changes due to mass bathing. The fecal coliform MPN was higher in Amawashya as well as in normal days. Increased pollution load deteriorating the water quality of river Mandakini day by day. Higher fecal coliform values indicating that river water is not safe for pilgrim‟s health point of view.
Saini et al.,(2009) The unsanitary condition leads to an increased number of cases of various contagious as well as water and air borne diseases, as observed in a study during
Kanwar fair at Haridwar in 2008.
The poor municipal sanitary management and a significant rise in the number of patients, mainly suffering from water borne diseases, was noticed as a consequence of Kanwar Mela, within the city of Haridwar. High influence on solid waste generation, noise level and drinking water contamination reports were also observed during the period of Kanwar Mela.
3 METHODS 3.1 General
Gour is the river of the Jabalpur division in which large human population is living near its banks. Due to mismanagement of human waste and contaminated water all the areas near the river are polluted. To study the pollution of water at different sample points of rivers near human population i.e. Ghats, are considered for testing during different seasons for 4 month. Different analysis will be done for the independent sample observations obtained through different sampling methods and water quality parameters.
3.2 Water Sampling
Location of sampling points were selected during field visits of the site. The present study was conducted at six important sites namely Narayan ghat, Katiya ghat, Kosam ghat, Saliwada ghat, Jamtara ghat. which were renamed as A – 1, A –
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39 2, A – 3, A – 4,and A-5 and respectivelyfor limnological purpose. (Table 4.1) These study areas are situated in a stretch of 20-30 kms of the eastern zone of Gour river of Jabalpur
Table 1 Sample station name and number
Sample Station Name Sample Station Number
Narayan ghat A-1
Katiya ghat A-2
Kosam ghat A-3
Saliwada ghat A-4
Jamtara ghat A-5
3.3 Assessment of Water Quality Parameters
Some physiochemical and microbial parameters were tested to find the quality of the river water at different Ghats.
3.4 Physicochemical Parameters
Water quality determines the „goodness‟
of water for particular purposes. Water quality tests will give information about the health of the water way. By testing water over a period of time, the changes in the quality of the water can be seen.
Parameters that were tested is shown in Table 4.3. Details of these parameters are shown in the following paragraph .
Table 2 Experimental parameters and Methodology
S.No. Parameters Unit Methodology 1 pH --- Digital electrode pH
Meter 2 Alkalinity Mg/l as
CaCO3
Titrimetry with H2SO4
3 Total
hardness Mg/l as
CaCO3 Titrimetry with EDTA
4 Chloride Mg/l Argentometric method 5 Dissolved
Oxygen Mg/l Winkler‟s method 6 BOD Mg/l BOD5 method
(Winkler‟s method) 1. pH:
pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or alkalinity of anaqueous solution. It is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the hydrogen ion. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline orbasic. Pure water has a pH of 7 and is neutral, being neither an acid nor a base. Contrary to popular belief, the pH value can be less than 0 or greater than 14 for very strong acids and bases respectively. However,
these extremes are difficult to measure precisely. Ph measurements are important in medicine, biology, chemistry, agriculture, forestry, foodscience, oceansciense, water treatment and other works. The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international agreement.
Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with transference, by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard electrode such as the silver chloride electrode. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured with a glass electrode and a pH meter, or indicator.pH is the negative of the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the (solvated) hydronium ion, more often (albeit somewhat inaccurately) expressed as the measure of the hydronium ionconcentration. It is important to measure pH at the same time as chlorine residual since the efficacy of disinfection with chlorine is highly pH-dependent:
where the pH exceeds 8.0, disinfection is less effective. In the present study the pH is measured by pH Meter.
2. Hardness:
Water becomes hard by being in contact with soluble, divalent, metallic cations.
The two main cations that cause water hardness are calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+). Calcium is dissolved in water as it passes over and through limestone deposits. Magnesium is dissolved as water passes over and through dolomite and other magnesium bearing formations.
Removing hardness from water is called softening and hardness is mainly caused by calcium and magnesium salts.
These salts are dissolved from geologic deposits through which water travels. The length of time water is in contact with hardness producing material helps determine how much hardness there is in raw water. Because groundwater is in contact with these geologic formations for a longer period of time than surface water, groundwater is usually harder than surface water.
In the present study the total hardness of all the water samples are determined by titration with ethylene diamine-tetraacetic acid, disodium salt dihydrate (Na2EDTA). Na2EDTA forms
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40 few dissociated complexes using aparticular pH with calcium and magnesium ions. During titration, the Na2EDTA complex the free calcium ions first, followed by the free magnesium ions and finally the magnesium which forms a compound with the small amount of added indicator. The colour changes as a result of the release of the indicator.
Eriochrome black T is used as indicator which gives complex red compounds with the ions of the alkaline earth metals.
Under the conditions of the determination, the free eriochrome black T is coloured blue so that the end of the titration is marked because the last trace of red disappears from the blue colour The titration is carried out in a solution buffered by a pH between 10.0 and 10.5 and which has a temperature between 20 and 40 oC. In a stronger alkaline solution and by using calconcarboxylic acid as indicator, only the calcium ion content is determined.
3.Alkalinity
Alkalinity is a chemical measurement of a water’s ability to neutralize acids acids, and is important during softening.
Alkalinity is also a measure of water’s buffering capacity or its ability to resist changesin pH upon the addition of acids or bases. Alkalinity of natural waters is due primarily tothe presence of weak acid salts although strong bases may also contribute (i.e. OH-) in extreme environments. Bicarbonates represent the major form of alkalinity in natural waters;
its source being the partitioning of CO2 from the atmosphere and the weathering of carbonate minerals in rocks and soil.
Other salts of weak acids, such as borate, silicates, ammonia, phosphates, and organic bases from natural organic matter, may be present in small amounts.
Alkalinity, by convention, is reported as mg/L as CaCO3 since most alkalinity is derived from the weathering of carbonate minerals. Neither alkalinity nor acidity, have any known adverse health effects.
Nonetheless, highly acidic and alkaline waters are considered unpalatable.
Knowledge of these parameters may be important. Alkalinity is also used to calculate corrosively of water and estimate carbonate hardness.
4. Chloride
Chloride in surface and groundwater from both natural and anthropogenic sources, such as run-off containing road de-icing salts, the use of inorganic fertilizers, landfill leachates, septic tank effluents, animal feeds, industrial effluents, irrigation drainage, and seawater intrusion in coastal areas. The taste threshold of the chloride anion in water is dependent on the associated cation. Taste thresholds for sodium chloride and calcium chloride in water are in the range 200–300 mg/litre. Chlorides are leached from various rocks into soil and water by weathering. Chloride toxicity has not been observed in humans except in the special case of impaired sodium chloride metabolism, e.g. in congestive heart failure. Healthy individuals can tolerate the intake of large quantities of chloride provided that there is a concomitant intake of fresh water. Little is known about the effect of prolonged intake of large amounts of chloride in the diet. High concentrations often indicate contamination from a septic system, fertilizer, landfill or road salt. The chloride ion is highly mobile and is transported to closed basins or oceans.
A number of suitable analytical techniques are available for chloride in water. In the present study, The water samples were titrated with silvernit rate with chromate indicator.
5. Dissolve Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen is one of the important parameter in water quality assessment.
Its presence is essential to maintain variety offers of biological life in the water and the effect of waste discharge in a water body is largely determined by the oxygen balance of the system Dissolved oxygen is regulator of metabolic activities of organisms and thus governs metabolism of the biological community as a whole and also acts as an indicator of trophic status of the water body.
Oxygen is generally reduced in the water due to respiration of biota, decomposition of organic matter, rise in temperature, oxygen demanding wastes and inorganic reductant such as hydrogen sulphide, ammonia, nitrites, ferrous iron,. Inorganic
reducing agent such as
hydrogensulphide, ammonia, nitrite, ferrous iron and certain oxidizable
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41 substances also tend to decreasedissolved oxygen in water has suggested that a minimum of 3 mgl-1 dissolved oxygen is necessary for healthy fish band other aquatic life.
DO is measured either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or "percent saturation." Milligrams per liter is the amount of oxygen in a liter of water.
Percent saturation is the amount of oxygen in a liter of water relative to the total amount of oxygen that the water can hold at that temperature.
6. BOD
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a body of water to break down organic material present in a given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time period.
The term also refers to a chemical procedure for determining this amount.
This is not a precise quantitative test, although it is widely used as an indication of the organic quality of water.[1]The BOD value is most commonly expressed in milligrams of oxygen consumed per litre of sample during 5 days of incubation at 20
°C and is often used as a robust surrogate of the degree of organic pollution of water.
BOD can be used as a gauge of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment plants. BOD is measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most natural waters contain small quantities of organic compounds. Aquatic microorganisms have evolved to use some of these compounds as food.
Microorganisms living in oxygenated waters use dissolved oxygen to oxidatively degrade the organic compounds, releasing energy which is used for growth and reproduction. Populations of these microorganisms tend to increase in proportion to the amount of food available. This microbial metabolism creates an oxygen demand proportional to the amount of organic compounds useful as food. Under some circumstances, microbial metabolism can consume dissolved oxygen faster than atmospheric oxygen can dissolve into the water or the autotrophic community (algae, cyanobacteria and macrophytes) can produce. Fish and aquatic insects may die when oxygen is depleted by microbial metabolism.
Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for microbial metabolism of organic compounds in water. This demand occurs over some variable period of time depending on temperature, nutrient concentrations, and the enzymes available to indigenous microbial populations. The amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize the organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water through generations of microbial growth, death, decay, and cannibalism is total biochemical oxygen demand (total BOD). Total BOD is of more significance to food webs than to water quality.
Dissolved oxygen depletion is most likely to become evident during the initial aquatic microbial population explosion in response to a large amount of organic material. If the microbial population deoxygenates the water, however, that lack of oxygen imposes a limit on population growth of aerobic aquatic microbial organisms resulting in a longer term food
The Method used for studying BOD by wrinkers method .Samples for BOD analysis may change greatly during handling and storage. Testing should be started as quickly as possible. To reduce the changes in those samples which must be held, keep the samples at or below 4°C. Do not allow samples to freeze.
Samples may be kept for no more than 48 hours before beginning the BOD test. The BOD test is based upon determinations of dissolved oxygen. It can be measured directly In general, a dilution procedure is appli
4 OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS Following observations were made after conducting the experiments on physic- chemcal parameters like ph, Total Hardness, Alkalinity, Chlorides D.O. and B.O.D.
Table 1 The values of pH at different study sites of Gour river Sample
Location
pH summer Winter Narayan ghat 6.2 6.9 Katiya ghat 6.8 7 Kosam ghat 6.7 6.8 Saliwada
ghat 6.9 7.2
Jamtara ghat 7.2 7.2
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42 Tables 2 The values of Total Hardnessof Gour river
Sample Location
Total Hardness (Mg/l as
CaCO3) summer Winter Narayan ghat 180.6 178.6 Katiya ghat 197 190.5 Kosam ghat 158.5 165.5 Saliwada ghat 170.5 180.8 Jamtara ghat 190.2 191 Table 3 The values of Bicarbonate
Alkalinit of Gour river
Sample Location
Bicarbonate Alkalinity(Mg/l
as CaCO3) summer winter Narayan ghat 195 182 Katiya ghat 190 185 Kosam ghat 155 160 Saliwada ghat 185 190 Jamtara ghat 192 195
Table 4 The values of Chloride Content in water of Gour river
Sample Point
Chloride Content (Mg/l) summer winter Narayan ghat 14.5 15 Katiya ghat 15.5 17.2
Kosam ghat 18 17.5
Saliwada ghat 21 20.5 Jamtara ghat 24 21
Table 5 The values of DO Content in water of Gour river
Table 6 The values BOD Values in Water of Gour river
Sample Location
BOD Content (Mg/l) Summer Winter Narayan
ghat 6 4
Katiyaghat 7 6 Kosamghat 4 3.5 Saliwada
ghat 4.8 4.3
Jamtara
ghat 4.9 4.5
5 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Following observations were made after conducting the experiments on physic- chemical parameters like ph, Total
Hardness, Alkalinity, Chlorides D.O. and B.O.D.
1.pH
pH of water is important as it governs the solubility of nutrients in water body. The variation of ph is shown in Figure 4.1 in the summer and winter of the selected Ghats of Gour river. The determination of pH shows the alkaline and acidic nature of the waters. In the present study the variation of pH values of river water was varied between 6.2 to 8.2. The lowest value is 6.2 at Narayan ghat in summer season of whereas the maximum value is 7.2 at Jamtara ghat in same summer and winter season.
2.Total Hardness
The total hardness was found to be high in all water bodies since the river passes through or over deposits such as limestone, the levels of Ca2+, Mg2+ and HCO3- ions present in the water can greatly increase and cause the water to be classified as hard water. Figure 5.2 represents the variation of total hardness during the summer and winter of the selected ghats of Gour river Jabalpur It can be seen that total hardness is highest (220 mg/l of CaCO3) in Katiya ghat site during season of Summer and lowest (158.5 mg/l of CaCO3) at Jamtara ghat in winter.
3.Alkalinity
Alkalinity is total measure of the substances in water that have acid neutralizing ability. Its level showed greater variation at all sites. The amount of alkalinity depends on the nature of materials discharged in water bodies . The variations of alkalinity is shown in Fig 5.3.
The Alkalinity ranged between 135 mg/l of CaCO3 to250 mg/1 as CaCO3.
The highest alkalinity was reported from the site of Katiya ghat study site during day time in summer, whereas the lowest (135 mg/1 as CaCO3) was found to be at Jamtara ghat during the winter. The reason is obvious that Katiya ghat has more religious values than other ghats of the city.
4. Chloride Content
Chlorides may get into surface water from several sources such as rocks agricultural runoff, wastewater from industries, oil Sample Point
DO Content (Mg/l) Summer Winter Narayan ghat 7 9.4 Katiya ghat 7.6 10.4 Kosam ghat 7.2 9.3 Saliwada ghat 6.2 7.1 Jamtara ghat 6.3 7.4
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43 well wastes, effluent wastewater fromwastewater treatment plants, and road salting etc. The chloride contents indicate domestic as well as industrial pollution.
The values of chloride contents ranged between 15 mg/l to 22 mg/l at all sites, respectively (Figure 5.4).The recommended maximum level of chloride in drinking water is 250 mg/L as per the Indian Standards. It can be seen from the Figure 5.4 that Chloride is minimum 14 mg/l at Kosam ghat and maximum 24 mg/l at Jamtara ghat at summer.
5. Dissolved Oxygen
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is probably the most crucial and important water quality variable in freshwater body. The variation of D.O. is presented as bar chart in Figure 5.5.
In present study, dissolved oxygen fluctuated in the range of 6.1 mg/l at Saliwada ghat morning and maximum 10.4 mg/l in Katiya ghat winter . The W.H.O suggested the standard D.O.
should be more than the 5 mg/l. The D.O.
value is maximum at Katiya ghat because of more aeration, as depth of the river is lowest at Katiya ghat. It is lowest in very high as compared to other ghats.
5.Biochemical Oxygen Demand
The Biochemical oxygen demand also indicates the amount of organic compounds in water as measured by the volume of oxygen required by the bacteria to metabolise it under aerobic condition.
For more organic matter, more oxygen is required by bacteria for its decomposition.
This results in release of organic nutrients in water bodies resulting in death of organisms thriving on water. BOD ranged from 3.5 mg/l to 8.2 mg/l, which is more than the standard value 3 mg/l as specified by Indian standard. Variations in BOD at different ghat at different season Katiya ghat are sown in Fig. 5.6 The highest degree of biochemical oxygen demand (7 mg/l ) was reported from Katiya ghat t study site in the summer of whereas while lowest level (3.5 mg/l) was observed from Kosam ghat study site in the winter.
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