Murty for his encouragement and guidance from topic selection to thesis completion. Center for Regional Studies for the constant love and encouragement in the completion of the thesis.
Introduction
Brief History of North Coastal Andhra
During the early centuries of the Christian era, it came under the influence of the great Satavahana ruler Gautami Putra Satakarni. The first capital of the Gangas was Dantapura identified by scholars as Dantavarapukota in Srikakulam district.
Historical Evidences of the Worship of the Goddess Nookalamma and Other Village Goddesses in North Coastal Andhra
- Aims and Objectives
- Methodology
- Chapterisation
Placing the participation of various communities in communal harmony through the cult of Goddess Nookalamma;. This chapter discusses the connection between the worship of Goddess Nookalamma and nature.
Review of Literature
Srikakulam District
जिल्ह्यात नागवली, वंशधारा, सुवर्णमुखी, वेगावती, गोमुखी, महेंद्रनगर, चंपावती आणि कुंभिकटागड्डा या महत्त्वाच्या नद्या वाहतात. या जिल्ह्यात, खालील गावांमध्ये नुकलम्मा पांडुगा (सण/उत्सव म्हणून साजरा केला जाणारा विधी) साजरा केला जातो.
2 (a). Chinkalam
2 (b). Subhadrarama Valasa
Usually every house of the Palli (fisherman) community of this village has a small room for these deities. Grama Ammavari Panduga (festival of the village goddess) is celebrated once in three years or whenever epidemics break out in the village.
1 (d). Amalapadu
They are believed to be the daughters of the fishing families and their worship is said to ensure the prosperity of the family.
2 (e). Baruva
2 (f). Konangipadu
2 (g). Pedda Sowlapuram
In some parts of the district Tree is worshiped in the name of Ammavaru (as Ammavani). On Tuesday, the deity is taken in a procession to the holy abode and Kommala panduga is celebrated there.
2 (i). Perantalu Worship
She requested all the villagers to prepare Payasam (a kind of sweet prepared with milk sugar and rice). She adorned herself with turmeric and vermilion. Once every two years, Jatara is celebrated for one day on Thursday in the bright half of Vaisakham (April-May). People from all communities participate in the Jatara.
2 (j). Patbapatnam Ammavaru
There is one and half acre of land and 2 acres of dry land in the name of the deity.
2 (k). Bhoolokamma Festival
The people who inhabit this district can be classified into two categories, namely the people of the Plains and tribes of the agency area. In this district Pydithalli Ammavaru is very popular besides Pydithalli Panduga people also celebrate Nookalamma Panduga in various places.
3 (a). Bhogapuram and Pusapatirega
Asiramma Panduga is performed once in two years for 15 days from Phalgima Sudha Padyami to Purnima (February-March) for the prosperity and welfare of the villagers. Maridamma, who is symbolized in a small bush, is first worshiped with an offering of boiled rice and fenugreek leaves.
3 (d). Gadabavalasa
3 (e). Pentasriramapuram
3 (f). Alamanda
3 (h). Pydithalli Sambaram
- Visakhapatnam
All people pray to the deity to protect them from the epidemics (or other evil effects). The cow is then sacrificed in the name of the deity in the outskirts of the village.
4 (a). Anakapalli
The old idol of the deity is said to have been broken a few years ago by some members of the management committee due to some factions. Nookalamma Jatara is one of the most important and widely popular festivals of the district.
4 (b). Tsuchikonda
In its place a new awe-inspiring cement idol of the deity in female form of 18 feet height, painted in colors with four hands holding a sword in one hand and one hand in Abhayahasta posture and trident and Kumkumbharani in the left hand . Images of the Nava-Durgas are painted on the inside of the walls around the sanctum sanctorium.
4 (c). Kasimkota
4 (d). Pallapu Anandapuram
4 (e). Chinthala Palem
4 (g). Maduthuru
According to the traditional celebration of the festival, a Mala man observes fasting during the day. The well-being and prosperity of that year's village is estimated by the distance the animals have walked before being sacrificed.
4 (j). Krishna Puram
A run known as Pattapothu is sacrificed and the blood of the sacrificed animal is collected in an earthen plate called Baddipattuta. A cradle is prepared in front of the temple for the deity on the last day of the utsavam.
4 (k). Pentakota
4 (1). Lingampet, Hamlet of Kothamallampet
4 (m). Narsipatnam
4 (n). Sabbavarm
4 (o). Kokkirapalle
4 (p). Jaggarajupet
4 (r). Thallapalem
4 (t). Lothugedda
4 (u). Konda Palem Agraharam
Devotees fast, go to the temple and offer fruits, coconuts and sarees to the deity. On Thursday, a procession is taken with musical dance fancy dresses and Koya dances around the village till evening and at night the deity is sent to the temple.
4 (w). Ramachandramma
- East Godavari District
All rituals are performed in the presence of the woman Pujari, who belongs to the fishing community. The next relief can be seen slightly behind the temple and the third is in the sanctum sanctorum.
5 (a). Kakinada
The most important river in the district is the Godavari, from which it derives its name. Like in Visakhapatnam district, Nookalamma is also worshiped in East Godavari district at various places.
5 (b). Mamidikuduru
In this village, Nookalamma festival is celebrated for 8 days from Phalguna Bahula Astami to Amavsya (February-March). There is a widespread belief that Goddess Nookalamma originally belonged to the village of Kandrakota.
5 (h). Kolanka
On Ugadha (Telugu New Year's Day), a bowl of nine different pulses mixed in pumpkin juice is offered to the goddess, and the temple doors will be closed throughout the day. The next day they will open the gates to see which variety has grown well and based on the yields they will choose that year.
5 (i). Uppada
5 (j). Pithapuram
Therefore, he won the war and built the temple and the idol was named Nookalamma. On that day, Navadhanyalu (nine types of pulses) mixed in the blood taken from a goat is offered to the goddess and the doors are kept closed for the whole day.
5 (k). Thalupulamma
5 (I). Maridamma
5 (1). Sattemma
Introduction
Goddess of Disease
The wrath of the goddess, however, is the result of sins committed by humans. The Goddess of Disease is a form of the 'Mother of God' worshiped under various names throughout India.
Goddess of Fertility and Fecundity
Concerns about the fertility of the earth are echoed in the widespread association of goddess worship with human fertility. By order of the Godavari region, Pappu Panduga, Baddi Panduga and Boodamma Panduga are celebrated annually.
3(b). Kandikotha Panduga
Rice is also cooked separately, the cooked rice and blood are kept in three margosa leaves in the name of the deity. In the plains of the Godavari region, this festival is celebrated in the same way as the annual Jatara of village goddesses.
3(e). Pappu Panduga
- Nookalamma as the Goddess of Death
- Goddess Nookalamma and Muslim Rulers
- The Role of Media (Cinema, Radio and Television)(Fig.21,22) The role played by media in promoting the culture of the little communities in
To get help from the deity in their fishing expeditions in the sea, they sacrifice to the goddess. Goddess Nookalamma is also closely associated with the community of Malas in the plains of the Godavari region.
Myths and Rituals of the Goddess Nookalamma
Introduction
Both the Great and Little traditions lie in the stories and songs of the village gods and goddesses. There are various versions of the creation myth of the goddess Nookalamma in different parts of north coastal Andhra.
Creation Myth of the Goddess Nookalamma
The present chapter deals with the myths and rituals of the goddess Nookalamma, the portrayal of female characters in the myths, and the participation of women and different communities in the ritual practices of worshiping the goddess. Some important myths collected during fieldwork at Pithapuram, Uppada, Kakinada and Anakapalle are discussed below.
Origin Myth of the Nookalamma as Goddess of Diseases
She called Vishnu and told him that whoever ever comes to you will come back with shaved heads. They will offer you chickens, chickens and goats, but the goddess was not pleased with this.
Goddess Nookalamma as a Warrior Deity
Nookalamma asks her to help, but when she refuses, Nookalamma tells her that if she agrees to help her, she will give her brother to Yamuralu in marriage. When Nookalamma starts killing the demons, Yamuralu was ready to lick the blood immediately to prevent even a drop of blood from falling on the ground.
Myth Related to the Goddess Nookalamma and Incarnations of Lord Vishnu
Stalapuranam Related to Goddess Nookalamma at Kandrakota This myth is narrated by Jogarao, trustee of the farmers of Nookalamma temple in. As he became indebted to the Nawab of Hyderabad, the Nawab seized his two sons and took them to Hyderabad.
6 (b). Stalapuranam of the Goddess Nookalamma at Kolanka, East Godavari District
6 (c). Myths Related to the Greatness of the Goddess Nookalamma
- Miracles of the Goddess Nookalamma
- Myth Related to the Goddess Nookalamma and PoturajU
- Women and the Worship of the Village Goddesses
Women's aspirations for their freedom and empowerment are implicit in goddess mythologies. In the ritual process of the village community, the male surrenders to the females, the goddess is worshiped as Sakti.
9 (a). A Case Study of a Woman Pujari
- Ritual Practices of the Goddess Nookalamma
In some places women pujaris became beggars in the same premises of the temple where they held the priesthood. In the evening the image will be brought down and kept in a corner of the temple.
10( c). Polimera Katta Daatinchuta (Crossing the boundary line)
To begin with, the Asadis walk on the pyre holding neem leaves in their hands and holding Garagalu on their heads.
10 (e). Kavidikollu
Deepam together, that is, holding the Kavidi on their shoulders, they carry an earthen lamp on their heads and move three times round the temple of Nookalamma.
10 (f) Ganda Deepam (Perpetual Lamp)
10 (g) Jatara
- Vows to the Goddess in Fulfillment of Wishes IV.ll(a) Chaluva Battala Mokku
Devotees who are vegetarians offer this vegetable to the goddess instead of animals and birds. When the wishes of the devotees are fulfilled, devotees (both men and women) also offer their thalaneelaala mokku to the goddess.
Parents of the child believe that since Goddess Nookalamma likes children, she may have possessed the child to take the child with her. This garment is lit and this burning torch (Kaagada) is carried in a procession by Nookalamma during her Jatara.
In this way, the power and life force of the victim is transferred to the goddess or to the participants in the ritual. It is believed that if the sheep is caught, it proves the truth of the goddess (Elmore, 1913).
12(a). Animal Sacrifice at Nookalamma Jatara
In the Usuramma Jatara, at the end of the ritual called Domadi or marriage feast, in which only married people and whose partners are still alive will participate, a sheep is turned loose and everyone runs after it. It is the prize for whoever catches it, and the sheep is often almost torn to pieces.
12(b). Polemera Katta
- RituaI Process: The Jatara
- Bards and Performers
The bowl will be held in front of the goddess and then the door will be closed. Garagalu (brass vessels) will be taken in a procession to the head of the village community.
14 (a) Pambalas
- Sacred Trees (Fig
- Sacred Water
- Ancestor Worship (Fig-10)
The Pambalas are not only performers, they also act as priests in the Jatars of the Goddess. It is believed that Lord Siva resides in the abode of the wood apple tree.
Conclusion
The village goddess is the belief system that embodies the life and health of the natives. These Pambalas get a great respect from the owners of the region during the village goddess festivals.
