264 THEORETICAL RESEARCH BASED ON STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR OF MODIFIED
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS IN CIVIL ENGINEERING: A REVIEW Gaurav Jain
Research Scholar, Eklavya University, Damoh (M.P.) Raushan Kumar
Eklavya University, Damoh (M.P.) 1 GENERAL
Concrete is the most widely utilized development material all around the world because of financially accessible constituents. To expand the solidness of substantial designs, the inward construction of cement should be of better-quality to make it less penetrable.
The polymer change method was utilized to foster the properties of conventional concrete mortar and cement. The expansion of polymer into the substantial structures polymer films which spans the miniature breaks and forestalls the break engendering. It stops the break proliferation and great concrete security is accomplished between concrete hydrate and total. The idea of cement serious areas of strength for is pressure and powerless in strain; its porosity is the justification behind its weakening.
1.1 Latex Modified Concrete
Plastic changed concrete cement (LMCC) is a sort of polymer composite arranged by adding natural polymers to traditional cement at the hour of blending. For the most part, water based polymer scattering (called latexes) are utilized for delivering polymer changed concrete. Acrylic plastic or styrene butadiene plastic (SBR), polyvinyl acetic acid derivation, and ethylene vinyl acetic acid derivation are a portion of the normal plastic utilized for making concrete. The polymer measurement is by and large in the scope of 10-20% by weight of the Portland concrete folio. Among the different polymers styrene butadiene elastic (SBR) has been normally utilized previously and is grouped under elastomeric polymer, having two monomers styrene and butadiene. Plastic is the milk white liquid suspension in water of size 0.05 mm to 0.10mm distance across. Polymerization of Latex adjusts the substantial through hydration and film arrangement. The LMC are widely utilized for floor clearing, water sealing, and overlays in span decks. Thus
its reasonableness for fixing substantial design has been broadly utilized as a decent fixing material (Kuhlmann A.K., 1990).
2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 General
A short survey of writing concerning the investigations of polymer plastic changed mortars, plastic changed cement, and plastic altered cement footers. This study incorporates the investigation of mechanical properties of plastic altered concrete, mechanical properties of plastic adjusted concrete with concrete substitution materials, strength execution of plastic changed cement footers and Structural Behavior of Latex Modified Reinforced Concrete Beams with Styrene Butadiene Rubber, (SBR).
2.2 Latex Modified Cement Paste
Mojtaba Shojaei Baghini et al, (2014) explored the impact of the sort and measure of Portland concrete and carboxylated of styrene-butadiene emulsion on the transient execution of a street base layer by means of a lab assessment of settled soil total blends.
Round and hollow examples balanced out with Portland concrete (0-6%), (5-10%), and a combination of both these added substances were shaped, restored for separately 7, 28 and 60 days, and afterward exposed to various groupings to concentrate on the unconfined compressive strength, circuitous elasticity, and backhanded ductile versatile modulus. They inferred that the added substances improved the strength of examples.
Gretz and Plank, (2011) concentrated on the time subordinate film development of a plastic scattering in water and concrete pore arrangement utilizing of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) correlative strategies. Initial, a model carboxylated
265 styrene/nbutyl acrylate plastic scattering
having a base film shaping temperature (MFFT) of 18 °C was combined in watery media by means of emulsion polymerization. Its film shaping property was concentrated under an ESEM. They presumed endless supply of water, film development happens because of molecule pressing, molecule deformity lastly molecule combination. Film arrangement is essentially impeded when the plastic scattering is available in concrete pore arrangement.
Wang et al, (2009) led a concentrate on miniature mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene elastic (SBR) plastic changed concrete glues recognized through the nano space (NI) strategy are connected with full scale mechanical properties of SBR latexmodified mortars got from standard test techniques. They thought about SBR plastic/concrete proportion shifting from 0% to 20%.The normal worth of the hardness and the purported space modulus of the different material periods of the concrete glue, for example calcium- silicate-hydrate (CSH), portlandite, anhydrous concrete, and so forth, acquired from NI are contrasted and the compressive and flexural qualities, from one perspective, and the powerful versatile modulus of SBR plastic changed mortars, then again. This examination had shown a straight connection between's the powerful versatile modulus and the space modulus and among the compressive strength, flexural strength and hardness. They inferred that the P/C proportion expanding upto 10%, the advantageous impact of the P/C proportion was huge.
Ru Wang et al, (2006) concentrated because of styrene- butadiene elastic (SBR) plastic on concrete hydrates Ca (OH)2, ettringite, C4AH13 and C-S-H gel and the level of concrete hydration through a few measure techniques. The consequences of DSC and XRD show that the Ca(OH)2 content in wet-relieved SBR-adjusted concrete glues increments with polymer- concrete proportion (P/C) and arrives at a greatest when P/C is 5%, 10% and 10%
for the glues hydrated for three dimensional, 7 d and 28 d, separately.
They presumed that the expansion of SBR
advances the hydration of concrete with wet fix. The impact of SBR on the substance of Ca(OH)2 and the level of concrete hydration isn't exceptional in blended restored SBR altered concrete glues. XRD results delineate that SBR speeds up the response of calcium aluminate with gypsum, and hence improves the development and steadiness of the ettringite and hinders the arrangement of C4AH13.
2.3 Latex Modified Mortars
Anant Parghi and Shahria Alam, (2016) examined the polymer concrete (P/C) proportions (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) on mechanical and strength properties of adjusted mortar presented to various restoring conditions. These properties incorporate compressive and flexural qualities, stream spread test, water assimilation, thickness, coefficient of water retention, sorptivity, and salt/sulfate opposition tests. They presumed that joining seven days of water submergence and 21 days of encompassing temperature restoring alongside 15% polymer content is more useful to further develop the mortar properties contrasted with other blend extents and relieving conditions. Likewise they presumed that a similar mix brought about a superior execution concerning water ingestion, the coefficient of water retention, sorptivity, sturdiness and salt/sulfate opposition when contrasted with polymermodified mortars containing 0, 5, 10 and 20% polymer.
Shaikh Faiz Uddin Ahmed (2011) examined the impact of the joined utilization of polymers with beneficial cementitious materials on certain mechanical and sturdiness properties, (for example, compressive and flexural qualities, water retention, carbonation, and chloride entrance) of altered mortars tentatively. They have concentrated on the impact slag and silica seethe on the mechanical and toughness properties of mortars. Based on the best execution among various slag and SF contents, they concentrated on the joined impact of polymers, slag and silica seethe on the mechanical and solidness properties of adjusted mortar. They presumed that the joined slag/SF and polymer-changed mortars (PMMs) displayed improved
266 results than polymer-altered mortar.
Between the consolidated polymers and SF/slag-adjusted mortars, the polymermodified mortar containing 10%
SF showed the most noteworthy compressive and flexural qualities and the least chloride infiltration obstruction when contrasted with those containing 40% slag.
Konar et al, (2011) inspected that the connection between styrene-butadiene elastic (SBR) film and the particles from C2S and C3S hydration of Portland concrete mortar composites by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and the morphology of the composites portrayed with filtering electron microscopy (SEM). The example utilized was restored for 28 days. FTIR range upholds the connection of SBR with concrete in the composite. Compressive strength, mass thickness and water assimilation properties of the restored composites were tried. They presumed that the expansion of SBR plastic in Portland concrete mortar builds the compressive strength and diminishes the water retention. Mass thickness concentrate on revels interface arrangement in the composite.
Ru Wang et al, (2005) made an examination on physical and mechanical properties of styrene-butadiene elastic emulsion changed mortars. Polymer- changed concrete mortars with fluctuating polymer/concrete mass proportion with a consistent water/concrete mass proportion of 0.4.
The physical and mechanical properties of concrete mortars were considered. With P/C underneath 10%, the sturdiness of the adjusted mortars improves with the increment of P/C proportion. With P/C proportion underneath 10% is tracked down that the compressive strength and flexural strength of the altered mortars are straightforwardly relative to the obvious mass thickness. Yet, when P/C is above 10%, the mechanical properties are not exceptionally subject to the obvious mass thickness and the flexural and compressive strength of the mortars are not worked on further with additional polymers. Two relieving strategies were taken on, for example, blended fix and inundation fix. They reasoned that the
blended fix is more valuable to the improvement of the mortar properties.
2.4 Latex Modified Concrete
Nurul Nadrah Aqilah Tukimat et al, (2017) found that the Polymer adjusted cement or mortar is an option in contrast to the headway of long serving structural designing material - mortar and cement.
The greatness and promising advantages of changed composites have prompted various moderate investigations of its application. They introduced a basic survey from past examination on the polymer changed cement and mortar.
Both new and solidified state ways of behaving were checked on as they are significant for the advancement of superb designing material. The use of each sort of polymers brought about various qualities of composite cement or mortar. Such applications have added to the improvement regarding functionality and mechanical strength, particularly at higher grade of composite strength of substantial material.
Adel Al Menhosh et al, (2016) Conducted a concentrate on the impact of Metakaoline as a strengthening cementitious material along with polymer as admixture on the toughness of cement at somewhat advanced ages. They presumed that supplanting Portland concrete with 15% Metakaoline and an extra 5% polymer (by weight) give the ideal improvement to Portland concrete cement on both mechanical properties and strength
Shafieyzadeh, (2015) managed the impacts of Silica Fume and Styrene- Butadiene Latex (SBR) on flexural strength of cement. A broad trial and error was completed to decide the impacts of silica smolder and SBR on flexural strength of cement. Two water folio proportions and a few rates of silica rage and SBR were thought of. Abrams' Law, which was initially planned for ordinary cement containing concrete as the main cementations material, is utilized for expectation of flexural strength of these cements. The point of this work is to build an experimental model to foresee the flexural strength of silica seethe SBR cements involving substantial fixings and season of relieving in water and furthermore for the acquired outcomes for
267 flexural. They reasoned that the concrete
supplanting up to 7.5% with silica rage prompts augment flexural strength. age, SBR plastic has adverse consequence while at 28 days, the expansion of SBR plastic in substantial outcomes in improvement of compressive strength.
Ahmed M. et al, (2013) concentrated on another element which essentially influences the properties of plastic changed concrete glue, mortar or cement. This element is named as 'plastic strong/water proportion' which is characterized thus as the proportion of weight of strong plastic to weight of all out water content of concrete composite remembering the water for plastic itself.
They assessed the impact of this component on certain properties of concrete glue, mortar and cement.
Properties of concrete glue incorporate the delivered calcium hydroxide and ettringite content during hydration process, while those of concrete mortar produce record of ingestion and results of temperature on compressive strength. They reasoned that the plastic strong/water proportion is a prevailing variable influencing various properties of plastic changed mortars and cement.
Abd Elmoaty, (2011) directed a concentrate on oneself mending peculiarity of cement saw in customary, sinewy, self-compacting concrete. This work means to concentrate on the presence of oneself recuperating peculiarity in polymer adjusted concrete and the connected boundaries. An exploratory examination on self- recuperating of polymer adjusted concrete was embraced. The accompanying boundaries, for example, impact of polymer type, polymer portion, concrete substance; concrete sort, w/cm proportion and period of harm were considered. Ultrasonic heartbeat speed estimations were utilized to assess the recuperating system. That's what results demonstrated, oneself mending peculiarity existed in polymer changed concrete as in customary cement. The increment of polymer portion builds the recuperating degree at a similar mending time. This increment relies upon polymer type. They presumed that Cement content unimportantly affects mending process for both cement with and without polymer.
What's more, the increment of harm age diminishes the productivity of self- recuperating process.
2.5 Latex Modified Fibre Reinforced Concrete
Ashish Darade and Ghugal, (2019) concentrated on the pressure strain conduct of polymer adjusted filaments supported concrete in flexure, pressure, single shear. Creased molded level steel filaments were utilized in this examination. Fiber content fluctuates from 0.5% to 9.5% by weight of concrete considering polymer rate consistent as 5%
by weight of concrete. Polymer as emulsified styrene butadiene elastic plastic was utilized. All examples were air relieved as long as 28 days to shape legitimate connection between polymer layer and substantial fixings while ordinary substantial examples were water restored for 28 days and tried hence. All the pillar examples for flexural strength were tried under two point stacking up to disappointment, and all push off examples were tried by direct shear.
Functionality of wet blend was viewed as expanded because of polymer at first and viewed as diminished with expansion in fiber content. It was inferred that malleability of polymer altered steel strands supported concrete was viewed as expanded. A critical improvement in the different qualities is seen because of consideration of polymers and filaments in the substantial. Ideal strands content is viewed as strength subordinate.
GiaToai et al., (2019) researched the mechanical execution and solidness of latexmodified fiber-supported concrete.
Different kinds of tests were completed by them for compressive, flexural, controlled drying shrinkage, water-snugness, and freeze and defrost tests. The plastic weight parts of 10, 15, and 20% and the fiber volume parts of 0.2 and 0.3% were utilized as fundamental test boundaries.
For every fiber volume division, undefined and customary steel filaments having a similar sum were utilized together. In view of the experimental outcomes, it was found that the utilization of 15% plastic weight division could bring about the early improvement of cement compressive strength at the seventh day; the proportion between the substantial
268 compressive strength at the seventh and
28th days was around 91%. They inferred that the expansion of the plastic weight part up to 20% expanded the flexural strength, and the increment of the fiber volume division up to 0.3% additionally expanded the flexural strength. The expansion of plastic and strands into the substantial network likewise brought about great protections of porousness and freeze-defrost cycles.
Woong et al., (2018), assessed the impact of support fiber type and miniature silica content on the exhibition of plastic changed fiber-built up roller- compacted fast solidifying concrete cement (LMFRCRSC) for a substantial asphalt crisis fix. Trial factors were the microsilica replacement proportion (1, 2, 3, and 4%), and the support fiber (jute versus large scale engineered fiber). In the tests, compressive, flexural, and parting elasticity; chloride particle entrance obstruction; and scraped area opposition were surveyed. From the compressive and flexural strength tests with microsilica replacement, the 4-hour relieving strength diminished as the microsilica replacement proportion expanded. From the chloride particle entrance test, as the microsilica replacement proportion expanded, chloride particle infiltration diminished.
The scraped spot protections expanded with the replacement proportion of microsilica increment. In light of these experimental outcomes, microsilica at a replacement proportion of 3% or less and macrosyntheticfiber as the support worked on the presentation of LMFRCRSC for a substantial asphalt crisis fix and fulfilled all of the objective strength prerequisites.
2.6 Durability of Latex Modified Concrete
Joao and Marcos, (2004) have talked about the impacts of styrene butadiene elastic plastic (SBR) alteration on the solidness of Light Weight Aggregate Concrete (LWAC). High early strength Portland concrete, Brazilian light weight total (rotating furnace extended dirt) with polymer content of 0%, 5% and 15% were utilized for examination. Consumption obstruction, substance opposition and water retention of SBR adjusted LWAC were broke down and contrasted and the
unmodified LWAC. The consequences of this study show that the presentation of SBR adjusted LWAC presented to forceful conditions was superior to unmodified one. SBR adjusted LWAC prompted lower water ingestion and critical obstruction improvement to substance assault and consumption. The SBR changed LWAC has a vastly improved consumption obstruction contrasted with the unmodified LWAC. The consumption opposition of LWAC increments fundamentally with both the increment of SBR concrete proportion and the increment of concrete substance. This higher obstruction offers an improved creation to a steel support against consumption and particularly to the entrance of the chloride particles, which proposes the utilization of such LWAC in structures presented to marine conditions. There was a massive contrast in the water retention of LWAC with the consideration of SBR. The water retention diminishes with expanding polymer concrete.
Shaker et al, (1997) conveyed an examination on the utilization of polymers in concrete. The fundamental goal of this review to examine and assess the principal solidness parts of Styrene- Butadiene plastic altered concrete (LMC) contrasted with those of regular cement.
Likewise, the principal microstructural qualities of LMC were concentrated on utilizing a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).The SEM examination of the LMC showed significant contrasts in its microstructure contrasted with that of the ordinary cement. The LMC ended up being better in its strength analyzed than the sturdiness of regular cement particularly its water snugness (estimated by water entrance, assimilation, and sorptivity tests), scraped area, consumption, and sulfate opposition.
2.7 Latex Modified Concrete Beams Prasad, (2019) made a trial examination on the flexural conduct of plastic altered supported concrete (LMRC) light emissions grade concrete, under cyclic stacking. Sixteen quantities of RC (built up concrete) and LMRC radiates, containing plastic 10% and 15% by weight of concrete, alongside control examples (3D squares) have been tried.
269 The heap avoidance envelope bends,
normal point bends and dependability point bends are laid out for LMRC radiates and contrasted and those of RC radiates. A quantitative correlation made on huge stacking stages is summed up. It was found that LMRC radiates portray better properties than RC radiates.
Daddan Khan Bangwar et al, (2016) considered the ductile and flexural strength of Rice Husk Ash Polymer Modified Reinforced Concrete (RHAPMC).
RHAPMC was ready by supplanting concrete with privately extricated Rice Hush Ash (RHA), a strengthening solidifying material, at 10% and joining of 5% Re-dispersible Polymer-Modified Powder (RPP). To study the pliable and flexural conduct of RHAPMC, concrete and RHAPMC chambers of 150 mm x 300 mm and built up cement and rice husk debris polymer changed supported cement footers of 3'x 6"x 6"(900 mm x150 mm x150 mm) size were made. The pillars were stacked up to a definitive burden to decide the flexural conduct and to research the heap redirection relationship. From the outcomes clearly RHAPMC has worked on elasticity when contrasted with normal cement and RHAPMC radiates has shown more burden conveying limit, greater flexibility and more diversion with delayed disappointment than those of standard supported cement footers.
2.8 Summary
From the writing accessible the accompanying focuses were noticed:
Polymer adjusted cement or mortar is an option in contrast to the progression of long serving structural designing material - mortar and cement.
The use of each sort of polymer brought about various attributes of composite cement or mortar. Such applications have added to the improvement with regards to functionality and mechanical strength, particularly at higher grade of composite strength of substantial material
Plastic expansion into new substantial causes the impact regular for admixture as super plasticizer.
Plastic strong/water proportion is a predominant component influencing various properties of plastic changed mortars and cement
SBR plastic works on the inner design of the plastic adjusted concrete bringing about significant decrease in the water assimilation.
In the plain concrete a checked bury change zone around the total particles was noticed, However, improved results were seen in cements with silica smoke and plastic SBR
The general presentation of LMC under sluggish cycle weariness stacking improves with expansion of plastic up to 10% of as it were 2.9 Need for Research
Only limited experimental study has been reported for
Mechanical properties of the plastic changed concrete with mineral admixture.
Strength properties of plastic adjusted concrete with mineral admixture
Relatively few examinations are accounted for on primary way of behaving of Latex changed cement footers with mineral admixture, for example, fly debris, GGBS and silica seethe.
A large portion of the specialists concentrated on mechanical properties of plastic changed concrete with various level of plastic change and reasoned that minor decrease of compressive strength and improvement of flexural strength. In this proposition conceivable way is investigated to work on the decrease of compressive strength by adding mineral admixture. More over underlying way of behaving of pillars were restricted to range upto 1.5m. Thus research is expected for radiates with more range.
REFERENCES
1. Mojtaba Shojaei Baghini, Amiruddin Ismail, Mohamed Rehan Karim, Foad Shokri, Ali Asghar Firoozi, “Effect of styrene–butadiene copolymer latex on properties and durability of road base stabilized with Portland cement additive”, Construction and Building Materials 68 (2014) 740–749.
2. M. Gretz, J. Plank, “An ESEM investigation of latex film formation in cement pore solution”,
270 Cement and Concrete Research 41 (2011)
184–190.
3. Qingguo Wang, FenlanWang, KuoCheng,
“Effect of cross link density on some properties of electron beam-irradiated styrene–butadiene rubber”, Radiation Physic sand Chemistry 78 (2009)1001–1005.
4. Ru Wang, Xin-Gui Li, Pei-Ming Wang,
“Influence of polymer on cement hydration in SBR-modified cement pastes”, Cement and Concrete Research 36 (2006) 1744–1751.
5. Anant Parghi, M. Shahria Alam, “Physical and mechanical properties of cementitious composites containing recycled glass powder (RGP) and styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)”, Construction and Building Materials 104 (2016) 34–43.
6. Shaikh Faiz Uddin Ahmed, Hirozo Mihashi,
“Strain hardening behavior of lightweight hybrid polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforced cement composites”, Materials and Structures, 2010, DOI 10.1617/s11527-010- 9691-8.
7. B. B. Konar, Arpita Das, Prabir K. Gupta, and Mausumi Saha, “Physicochemical Characteristics of Styrene-Butadiene Latex modified Mortar Composite vis-`a-vis Preferential Interactions”, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A: Pure and Applied Chemistry (2011) 48, 757–765.
8. Ru Wang, Pei-Ming Wang, Xin-Gui Li,
“Physical and mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber emulsion modified cement mortars”, Cement and Concrete Research 35 (2005) 900– 906.
9. Nurul Nadrah Aqilah Tukimat, Noor Nabilah Sarbini, Izni Syahrizal Ibrahim, Chau Khun Ma, and Khairunisa Mutusamy, “Fresh and Hardened State of Polymer Modified Concrete and Mortars – A Review”, MATEC Web of Conferences 103, 01025 (2017).
10. Adel Al Menhosh, YanWang and YuWang,
“The Mechanical Properties of the Concrete Using Metakaolin Additive and Polymer Admixture”, Hindawi Publishing Corporation, Journal of Engineering, Volume 2016, Article ID 1670615, 6 pages.
11. M. Shafieyzadeh, “Prediction of Flexural Strength of Concretes Containing Silica Fume and Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) with an Empirical Model”, J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A (October-December 2015) 96(4):349–355, DOI 10.1007/s40030-015-0140-0.
12. Hadi Banaee, Mobyen Uddin Ahmed and Amy Loutfi, “Data Mining for Wearable Sensors in Health Monitoring Systems: A Review of Recent Trends and Challenges”, Sensors
2013, 13, 17472-17500;
doi:10.3390/s131217472.
13. Sidky M.A. Abdelmoaty, MD, FRCS, Abdulmutalib H. Behbehani, MD, FRCS, “The outcome of congenital cataract surgery in Kuwait”, Saudi Journal of Ophthalmology (2011) 25, 295–299.
14. Ashish Darade, Dr. Y.M. Ghugal, “An Experimental Investigation on Structural Properties of Polymer Modified Fiber Reinforced Concrete”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 06 Issue: 12 | Dec 2019.
15. Gia Toai Truong, Hai Van Tran, and Kyoung- Kyu Choi, “Tensile Behavior of Carbon Fiber- Reinforced Polymer Composites Incorporating Nanomaterials after Exposure to Elevated Temperature”, Hindawi, Journal of Nanomaterials, Volume 2019, Article ID 4139208, 14 pages.
16. Jo˜ao Marcos, “Modality and Paraconsistency”, The Logica Yearbook 2004, pp.213-222.
17. Alan V. Lair and Aihua W. Shaker, “Classical and Weak Solutions of a Singular Semilinear Elliptic Problem”, JOURNAL OF
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS AND
APPLICATIONS 211, 371-385, 1997.
18. B. K. Prasad, “Characteristics of LMRC Beams Under Monotonic and Cyclic Loading:
An Experimental Study”, J. Inst. Eng. India
Ser. A, 2019,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-019-00388- 6.
19. Abdullah Saand, Manthar Ali Keerio, Daddan Khan Bangwar, Muhammad Kashif Samo,
“Development of Metakaolin as a Pozzolanic Material from Local Natural Material, Soorh”, Arab J Sci Eng, 2016, DOI 10.1007/s13369- 016-2216-1.
20. Hui Chen, Wei-Jian Yi, Zhongguo John Ma, and Hyeon-Jong Hwang, “Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Simple and Continuous Deep Beams”, ACI Structural Journal/November 2019.
21. Ali Sabah Al Amli, Nadhir Al-Ansari, Jan Laue, “Study Numerical Simulation of Stress- Strain Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Bar in Soil using Theoretical Models”, Civil Engineering Journal, Vol. 5, No. 11, November, 2019.
22. Lingzhu Zhou, Yu Zheng, Gangbing Song, Dongdong Chen, Yuxiao Ye, “Identification of the structural damage mechanism of BFRP bars reinforced concrete beams using smart transducers based on time reversal method”, Construction and Building Materials 220 (2019) 615–627.
23. Abdullah Dönmez, Zdeněk P. Bažant,
“Critique of critical shear crack theory for fib Model Code articles on shear strength and size effect of reinforced concrete beams”, Structural Concrete. 2019;1–13.
24. Hai-Bang Ly, Tien-Thinh Le, Huong-Lan Thi Vu, Van Quan Tran, Lu Minh Le and Binh Thai Pham, “Computational Hybrid Machine Learning Based Prediction of Shear Capacity for Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams”, Sustainability 2020, 12, 2709;
doi:10.3390/su12072709.
25. P.L. Nga, J.A.O. Barros, G. Kaklauskas, J.Y.K. Lam, “Deformation analysis of fibre- reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams by tension-stiffening approach”, Composite Structures 234 (2020) 111664.
26. De-Cheng Feng and Bo Fu, “Shear Strength of Internal Reinforced Concrete Beam- Column Joints: Intelligent Modeling Approach and Sensitivity Analysis”, Hindawi, Advances in Civil Engineering, Volume 2020, Article ID
8850417, 19 pages,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8850417.
27. Carlos G. Berrocal, Ignasi Fernandez and Rasmus Rempling, “Crack monitoring in
271 reinforced concrete beams by distributed
optical fiber sensors”, Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2021, VOL. 17, NO. 1, 124–139,
https://doi.org/10.1080/15732479.2020.17 31558.
28. Aocheng Zhong, Massoud Sofi, Elisa Lumantarna, Zhiyuan Zhou and Priyan Mendis, “Flexural Capacity Prediction Model for Steel Fibre‑Reinforced Concrete Beams”, Zhong et al. Int J Concr Struct Mater (2021) 15:28, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-021- 00461-0.
29. Remir J Eklou, Muhammad B Yani, Halwan A Saifullah, Senot Sangadji, and Stefanus A
Kristiawan, “Experimental study: Shear behaviour of reinforced concrete beams using steel plate strips as shear reinforcement”, Materials Science and Engineering 1144 (2021) 012040, doi:10.1088/1757- 899X/1144/1/012040.
30. Jian Yuan and Zhinan Ou, “Research Progress and Engineering Applications of Stainless Steel-Reinforced Concrete Structures”, Hindawi, Advances in Civil Engineering, Volume 2021, Article ID 9228493, 10 pages,
https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9228493.
