View of THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV) SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

(1)

Vol. 03, Issue 04,April 2018 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

1

THERMAL MANAGEMENT OF BUILDING INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLTAIC (BIPV) SYSTEMS FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

Dr. Anshu Agrawal¹, Dr. Rajesh Sharma²

1Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, JNVU, Jodhpur 342001, India

2Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, JNVU, Jodhpur 342001, India

Abstract - Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems have become famous worldwide for energy generation due to their eco-friendly nature. The electrical efficiency of the BIPV system is ranging between 4% to 47% which highly depends on the operating temperature of photovoltaic cells. With the increasing temperature of the PV panel, its electrical performance and lifespan reduces. To overcome this problem, various thermal management cooling techniques have been suggested to reduce the panel temperature and improve the efficiency of the BIPV systems. The objective of this paper is to provide knowledge of BIPV practical applications in terms of the selection of proper PV technology, thermal management and solar irradiation enhancement. Firstly, a comparative study is done on major types of PV cells used in BIPV systems in terms of their energy generation amount and nominal power. Secondly temperature effect on outdoor BIPV system and the mitigation approaches which include air-flow ventilation, water circulation and utilization of phase change materials. Finally, the challenges and prospects of using PCM with photovoltaic panels for thermal management are also raised. This review is conducted by an extensive study of various techniques and approaches that are deduced from different works, and conclusions are drawn by summarizing the findings of all the aspects which are found efficient and useful for the building sector and sustainable smart buildings.

Keywords: Building Integrated Photovoltaic Panels (BIPV), Thermal management, Nanoparticle, Phase change material, Energy efficacy.

1 INTRODUCTION

In recent years building sector has become one of the major sources of global energy consumption and CO2 emission.

Worldwide it consumes up to 40% of the total global energy and 36% of carbon dioxide emissions. According to International Energy Agency’s report, 2021 (IEA) it is expected that energy consumption will increase up to 50% by the year 2050. To get net zero emission by 2050, almost 90% of electricity generation would come from renewable sources, with

wind and solar PV together accounting for nearly 70%. Most of the remainder would come from nuclear. Solar energy is a clean energy source solar electricity generation is one of the very few low- carbon energy technologies with the potential to grow to a very large scale. It can be seen from Fig.1, that the capacity of a renewable source to generate energy increased would be 86% by 2050 (IRENA, March 2021). The maximum increment can be seen in Solar power generation.

Fig. 1

(2)

2

9 000

8 000

7 000

6 000

5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000

0

2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050

Cumulative installed capacity (GW)

In India, primary energy utilization increased by two folds between the year gaps of 1990- 2013, resulting in an expected gross generation of about 931 billion kWh per year [1]. Yearly per capita energy utilization of India by 2014 is about 900 kWh (one-third of worldwide average) [2]. To meet the energy shortage developed in the country, thegovernment had initiated many schemes, like India’s Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM). Higher goals are also set up, including, future PV/BIPV solar energy goal of 100 GW in 2022 [3].

Building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems that generate electricity can play an important role in achieving net-zero energy consumption in buildings. BIPV systems have dual responsibilities: Serve as outer façade for the envelope and also generate electricity for the envelope [4]. India has huge solar potential to generate electricity from solar energy because of its geographical location between the tropic of Cancer and the Equator. Almost throughout the year country receives a significant amount of solar radiation which is 3.0-6.5 kWh per square meter per day (10.9 – 23.5 MJ/m2-day). This solar power generation can fulfill more than 60-65% of our entire need for power [5, 6]. Therefore, the use of BIPV technology is the most suitable way to achieve net-zero energy consumption targets. By 2050 solar PV would represent the second-largest power generation source, just behind wind power, and lead the way for the transformation of the global electricity sector [IRENA, 2021]. Fig. 2 represents the cumulative installed capacity (GW) of PV panels and projections for the future.

Fig. 2

It can be clearly seen that the photovoltaic market has grown rapidly and consistently over the past two decades, increasing from 252 MW yr⁻¹ installed in 2000 to 480 GW yr⁻¹ in 2018. As per the report of the International Renewable Energy Agency- 2019a (IRENA), solar PV power installations could grow almost six-fold over the next ten years, reaching an accumulative capacity of 2840 GW globally by 2030 and rising to 8519 GW by 2050. This implies total installed capacity in 2050 is almost eighteen times higher than in 2018.

BIPV systems transform the building from user to producer of energy [4]. This system serves not only as an energy generator but also shields the building from all-weather, provides thermal and sound insulation. Thus BIPV modules gain plus points by serving as building construction components, as building façade, rooftops, or skylights [7].

2 TECHNOLOGY/PERFORMANCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF PV CELL

Today a wide range of PV panels is available in the market (Fig. 3) [11, 12].

The performance of PV panel is mainly related to their efficiency, cost, and toxicity of the material. To enhance the performance, a large number of improvement steps have been taken from one generation to another (Fig. 4).

Various kind of semiconductor materials and technologies applied for making photovoltaic cell includes mainly crystalline silicon(c-Si)[8], Cadmium- telluride (CdTe) [8, 9], Copper-indium- gallium-selenide (CIGS) [8-10]. Silicon- based solar cells were the first-generation solar cell that further developed to thin films, dye-sensitized solar cells, and perovskite solar cells of high efficiency and comparatively low cost.

(3)

3 Fig. 3 2.1 First Generation Solar Cell

It is the oldest and the most popular technology due to high power efficiencies 17%-18% [10]. Mono-crystalline solar cells and poly-crystalline solar cells are considered first-generation solar cells.

Traditional solar panels made from these cells are expensive as well as heavier and bulky also which requires a lot of space and makes transportation difficult.

Second Generation Solar Cell

Most of the thin-film solar cells are considered in second-generation solar cells. These cells have very thin light- absorbing layers, generally of 1 μm thickness [13] while first-generation Silicon-based solar cells have light absorbing layers up to 350 μm thick.

Amorphous Silicon (a-Si), Cadmium- telluride (CdTe), and Copper-indium- gallium-selenide (CIGS) are the main example of it. These solar cells are comparatively cheaper and widely available but their efficiency is slightly low.

Amorphous Silicon PV panels can be easily operated at high temperatures, and are suitable for changing climatic conditions where the sun shines for a few

hours [14]. Its cell efficiency is around 4%-8%. CdTe solar cells have an excellent direct bandgap of ~1.5 eV as well as high light absorption coefficient and chemical stability. Therefore, its efficiency lies in the range of 9%-11% [10, 15] The disposal as well as recycling of these panels can be expensive due to its toxic tendency [16, 14]. CIGS is also a direct bandgap type semiconductor having higher efficiency ~10% - 12%.

2.2 Third Generation Solar Cell

Nano crystal-based solar cells, Polymer- based solar cells, Dye-sensitized solar cells, and concentrated solar cells are the main examples of third-generation solar cells. These cells are based on newly developed technologies but are not commercially investigated in detail.

Perovskite-Based Solar Cell

Perovskite solar cells are a recent discovery among the solar cell research community and possess several advantages over conventional silicon and thin film-based solar cells.The perovskites-based solar cells can have efficiency up to 31% [17] and can potentially be produced at low cost.

Fig. 4 Cost-Efficiency analysis for 1, 2, and 3 generation PV technologies

(4)

4

Table 1 Comparison of major types of Solar PV cells Cell Type Type of PV

Cell Effici

ency High-

Temperature Performance

Size Cost Details

GENERATI

ON 1 MONOCRYST

ALLINE 14% -

17.5% Not good Less volume required to produce the same power

Double than

thin film Primitive PV technology

POLYCRYSTA

LLINE 12% -

14% Not good Less volume required to produce the same power

Double than

thin film Economical

GENERATI

ON 2 CdTe 9% -

11% Well effective Flexible, light, and durable product

Half than conventional silicon cell.

Cd makes it toxic

CIGS 10% -

Half than conventional silicon cell

Some of them

have 20%

efficiency AMORPHOUS

SILICON 4% -

Large space and long installation time

GENERATI

ON 3 NANOCRYST

AL 7% -

8% Excellent Flexible, light, and durable product

Large space but short

installation time DYE-

SENSITIZED ~ 10% Not good Flexible, light, and durable product

Large space but short

installation time POLYMER ~ 3% -

10% Not good Flexible, light, and durable product

Small space but short

installation time CONCENTRA

TED ~ 40% Excellent Specialized

range of products.

Large space and long installation time

PEROVSKI TES

31% Excellent Flexible, light, and durable product

Min. space and short

installation time.

Latest technology The selection of solar PV panels for large-

scale BIPV integration depends on their efficiency, payback time, and temperature coefficient (Table 1). In brief, the crystalline silicon PV cells have high efficiency but are usually mounted on rooftops or facades. The amorphous silicon PV cell has a limited market share but shows potentials for large-scale BIPV applications. CdTe PV cell and CIGS PV cell applications in buildings may be hindered due to their toxicity. Perovskite PV cells are still in the research and are not commercially available.

2.3 Temperature effect on PV Cells Solar PV cells can absorb up to 80% of the solar irradiation but only a small amount of this solar irradiation is converted into electricity depending on the conversion efficiency of the PV cells.

The remaining part of energy is converted into heat which increases solar cell temperature up to 40 degrees above the atmospheric temperature. This elevated

temperature of PV cell is one of the major factors which reduces its electrical performance and shortens the lifespan.

Based on the previous study, for every 1⁰C increase in module temperature causes the decrease of output power by 0.4-0.5% depending upon the PV cell technology used. The temperature coefficient of the PV module plays a significant role in output performance.

Different solar cell technologies have different responses to the temperature variations, and this difference in response has been widely investigated which is shown in Table 2.The temperature coefficient represents the rate at which the panel will underperform at each increase in degree Celsius (°C). Most panels have a temperature coefficient of between -0.2% °C to -0.5% °C when tested under standard laboratory conditions, where the ambient temperature is set to 25°C.

(5)

5

Table 2 Temperature coefficients, Reference efficiency of P.V. technologies [10,11]

P·V. technology Material Thickness (°μm) ŋref

(%) βref (°C⁻¹) Surface area required for 1kWp system(m²)

Mono-cSi 200 16–24 0.0041 ~7

Poly-cSi 160 14–18 0.004 ~8

a-Si 1 4–10 0.011 ~15

CIGS ~2 7–12 0.0048 ~10

CdTe ~1–3 10–11 0.00035 ~10

The impacts of temperature on the current, voltage, and power output of PV cells are shown in Fig. 5. From the optimized values of current, voltage, and power at 25^oC, with an increase in temperature, cell current increases slightly, but the voltage drops at a larger rate, leading to a larger drop in the power output. In general, up to about 0.5% loss of efficiency per degree Celsius increase in temperature is typical in silicon cells.

Fig. 5 Impacts of temperature on a PV cell performance.

From the above discussions, it can be concluded that the electrical performance of the PV panels decreases with the temperature rise. Electrical performance parameters such as open-circuit voltage, power of PV panel and fill factor drops with the increase in temperature.

However, the short circuit current increases slightly due to the depletion of the bandgap. The high temperature of PV panels degrades their lifespan and efficiency. Therefore, cooling and heat transfer methods are necessary to maintain the efficiency of Panels.

2.4 Cooling Techniques of PV Cells It is essential to maintain the operating temperature as low as a minimum, which is called standard test condition (STC) or 25 ◦C temperature to optimize the performance of the PV panel. Therefore, there is a necessity to cool down the temperature of the PV panel in any climatic condition. Numerous cooling techniques have been investigated in this area which can be broadly categorized as active cooling techniques and passive cooling techniques.

Active Cooling systems consist of heat- dissipating devices such as fans or pumps for circulating air or water which requires an external supply of power. The main issues related to such a technique are their applicability and economic viability. Airflow cooling [21,22], Water cooling [23], Heat exchanger [24], and pulsating heat pipe [25.26] are the most common examples of active cooling techniques. In this technique, a significant reduction of module operating temperature is achieved but the overall initial investment cost is still a considerable concern. Thence, recently, most of the research is going on Passive cooling technologies. It is based on the natural convection principle utilizing the ambient airflow to reduce the PV panel temperature. Passive cooling techniques require no additional input power so are more attractive. The major Passive cooling methods which have been invested currently, areas phase change material (PCM) [27, 28]. Nanofluids, extended fin heat sink [29, 30], and radiative cooling [31, 32]. In this paper, the main focus is to review the passive cooling techniques for PV panels.

(6)

6

Fig. 6 Techniques for cooling of PV module 2.6 Passive Cooling through Phase

Change Materials

Extensive research studies have been investigated on Phase Change Materials (PCM) to regulate the temperature of PV panels. In this method heat produced by the PV module is stored in the form of latent heat which deals with change in phase of material from solid to liquid or vice-versa. The temperature of latent heat storage materials remains constant during the process of melting and solidification.

Phase change materials (PCM) absorb or release a large amount of heat at constant phase transition temperature when they undergo phase change as shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 Behavior of phase change material

Absorption of a large amount of heat at a constant temperature during a phase change is one of the main advantages of phase change material. The isothermal nature of heat absorption and release makes PCM the most suitable material for thermal energy storage and temperature control applications.

PCM is of mainly three types, i.e.

organic, inorganic, and eutectic mixtures.

Organic PCM consist of paraffin wax and fatty acids, inorganic PCM consist of salty hydrates, and eutectic PCM consists of both organic and inorganic materials.

They can be distinguished based on their latent heat of fusion and melting temperature mainly. For an integrated novel PV-PCM device, the required PCM properties are given in Table 3.

Table 3 Properties of the PCM desired for Photovoltaic Thermal Regulation Requirements Reason for Requirements

Thermal High heat capacity High latent heat Reversible phase change

Fixed meting point Good thermal

conductivity

Minimum sensible heating Efficient heat removal

Consistent behavior Maximum heat absorption

Physical Congruent melting High density Low volume expansion

Minimum thermal gradient Low containment requirement

No overdesign Kinetic Good crystalline rate

No super cooling Faster solidification Easy to freeze

Chemical Non-flammable Long life

(7)

7

Non-explosive Non-toxic Non-corrosive Chemical stability

Comply with building safety codes

Environment friendly Economic Cost-effective

Cheap Abundant

Economic viability and market penetration

Environmental Recyclable/reusable

Odour free Comfortable to apply in dwellings environment.

Researchers have been used various types of PCM for the thermal management of PV modules. Therefore, it becomes very important to select a suitable kind of PCM. The selection of PCM firstly depends upon the melting temperature of PCM and then its latent heat capacity with high thermal conductivity. Further, it should be user- friendly with higher mass density and no supercooling. PCM cost is also a part of selection criteria as most of the available PCM are very expensive and can’t be used for commercial purposes.

2.7 Photovoltaic- Phase Change Material (PV-PCM) system

Fig. 8 The schematic diagram of the energy flow in the PV-PCM system

The PV-PCM system is an integrated structure in which PCM is provided in a container and embedded at the backside of the PV panel as shown in Fig. 8 [33]. A similar experimental study was presented by Sulltz in 1978 in which authors used Eicosane as PCM and regulated PV panel’s operating temperature [34]. Another study was presented by Huang et al. [35] (2006) where authors used different types of fins including straight, wire matrix, and strip matrix fins in the PCM container. The container was filled with RT25 and GR40.

For a long duration, the PV panel’s

temperature was found to be below 29℃

using RT25 with wire matrix fins in the PV-PCM system. Hasan et al. [36] (2010) proposed four different PV-PCM systems.

The material and internal width of the four systems were Aluminum (5cm), Perspex (5cm), Aluminum (3cm), and Perspex (3cm) respectively. The authors also proposed five different PCMs namely:

RT20, Capric-Palmitic acid, Capric-Lauric acid, calcium chloride, and SP22, and were inserted in these containers. On observation, maximum temperature reduction (10℃) of PV panel was achieved using system 1 (Aluminum material with 5cm of internal width) when compared to other configurations.

Another study was presented by Huang et al. [37] (2011) where authors assessed the thermal performance of PV- PCM systems using three different PCMs namely: Waksol A, RT27, and RT35. It was observed that nearly 21℃temperature was reduced using RT27 when compared with conventional PV panels. M.J. Huang [38] (2011) included five different self- proposed PV-PCM systems namely: RT21, RT24, RT27, RT31, and RT60). In a container, two different PCM systems were inserted using triangular and half- circular cells as a separator better the two systems. The experimental results showed a temperature reduction of 25℃

and 21℃ using RT27 and RT24 systems in PV panels respectively.

Another study was presented by Kazemianet al. [39] (2019) where authors provided analysis of critical parameters in PV/T-PCM systems including melting temperature, enthalpy of fusion, thermal conductivity, solar radiation, and mass flow rate of water on its energy performance. During the experiment, a three-dimensional CFD model of PV/T- PCM was proposed for analyzing the effect of the above-mentioned parameters. The experiment showed that melted PCM was decreased with the increase in the mass flow rate. With the increase in solar radiation, melted PCM’s percentage was

(8)

8 also enhanced. It was also observed that with the rise in surface temperature of PV panel, melting temperature of PCM also increased.

In the above studies, it is observed that PCM absorbs a high rate of heat from photovoltaic panels which makes it an attractive solution for its thermal management. Studies also show that accumulated heat in PCM should be extracted out fully otherwise PCM will not improve its heat storage capacity for the same day or the next day [40]. Therefore, heat extraction from PCM for the same day is an important issue to increase heat storage capacity. Many researchers performed multiple studies on this area and observed that heat extraction from PCM can be improved by increasing the thermal conductivity of PCM. The issue related to heat removable is mainly due to the low thermal conductivity of PCM by which heat within the PCM does not thoroughly distribute throughout the container of PCM [41]. Due to the low thermal conductivity of PCM, heat transfer becomes slow which results in low heat storage and release rate. It is the major drawback of their practical applications. Therefore, to improve the thermal conductivity many researchers have placed metallic fins inside the PCM [42]. Few researchers have also inserted high conductive metallic and carbon- based nanoparticles and expanded graphite inside the PCM [43,44]. It is observed that carbon-based nanoparticles show better performance than metal- based nanoparticles due to their low density and better dispersion.

3 CONCLUSION

In this review, a detailed study of photovoltaic modules and their thermal management using phase change material has been discussed. The main focus was on the suitable selection of PV modules and the various cooling techniques to regulate the temperature adequately.

Crystalline Silicon (c-Si) PV cells are reported with the highest efficiency and large market share, but due to their thick configuration and higher cost their BIPV applications are limited. Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) PV cells are most economic so have good potentials with their properties of thin-film and flexibility.

CdTe PV cells and CIGS PV cells have superior energy payback time in comparison to thin-film PV cells but these are also used in a limited way because of their toxicity.

Although many improvements have done in the field of PV cells, the problem of heat gain remains consistent.

In this paper, advanced cooling techniques are discussed to regulate the operating temperature of the PV panel.

The use of phase change material at the backside of the PV panel is a possible solution for attaining uniform thermal management. The criteria for selecting suitable PCM among different options such as Paraffin, Salty hydrates, and eutectics have been discussed in detail.

To enhance the thermal conductivity, the use of metallic fins, nano-particles, and expanded graphite are also studied.

REFERENCES

1. Sahu BK. A study on global solar PV energy developments and policies with a special focus on the top ten solar PV power- producing countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2015; 43:621–34.

2. Shukla AK, Sudhakar K, Baredar P. A comprehensive review on design of building integrated photovoltaic system. Energy Build 2016; 128:99–110.

3. Akash Kumar Shukla, K. Sudhakar, Prashant Baredar, Rizalman Mamat. Solar PV and BIPV system: Barrier, challenges and policy recommendation in India.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.013 4. Cheng CL, Jimenez Charles S Sanchez, Lee

Meng-Chieh. Research of BIPV optimal tilted angle, use of latitude concept for south orientated plans. Renew Energy 2009;34:1644–50.

5. Evolution of solar energy in India: A reviewK Kapoor, KK Pandey, AK Jain, A Nandan - Renewable and Sustainable …, 2014 – Elsevier

6. Solar energy in India: Strategies, policies, perspectives, and future potential NK Sharma, PK Tiwari, YR Sood - Renewable and sustainable energy …, 2012 – Elsevier 7. Shukla KN, Sudhakar K, Rangnekar S.

Comparative study of isotropic and anisotropic sky models to estimate solar radiation incident on the tilted surface: a case study for Bhopal, India. Energy Rep 2015;1:96–103.

8. McEvoy, A., Castaner, L., and Markvart, T.

(2012) Solar Cells: Materials, Manufacture, and Operation. 2nd Edition, Elsevier Ltd., Oxford, 3-25.

9. Fahrenbruch, A.L. and Bube, R.H. (1983) Fundamentals of Solar Cells. Academic Press Inc., New York.

10. Bertolli, M. (2008) Solar Cell Materials.

Course: Solid State II. Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

(9)

9

11. Choubey, P.C., Oudhia, A. and Dewangan, R.

(2012)A Review: Solar Cell Current Scenario and Future Trends. Recent Research in Science and Technology, 4, 99-101.

12. Srinivas, B., Balaji, S., Nagendra Babu, M.

and Reddy, Y.S. (2015)Review on Present and Advance Materials for Solar Cells.

International Journal of Engineering Research-Online, 3, 178-182.

13. Chopra, K.L., Paulson, P.D. and Dutt, V.

(2004)Thin-Film Solar Cells: An Overview.

Progress in Photo voltaics, 12, 69-92.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.541

14. Maehlum, M.A. (2015)Energy Informative The Homeowner’s Guide To Solar Panels, Best Thin Film Solar Panels— Amorphous, Cadmium Telluride or CIGS? Last updated 6 April 2015.

15. Badawy, W.A. (2015)A Review on Solar Cells from Si-Single Crystals to Porous Materials and Quantum Dots. Journal of Advanced

Research, 6, 123-132.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2013.10.00 16. Bagher, A.M., Vahid, M.M.A. and Mohsen, M.

(2015)Types of Solar Cells and Application.

American Journal of Optics and Photonics, 3, 94-113.

17. Shi, D., Zeng, Y. and Shen, W.

(2015)Pervoskite/c-Si Tandem Solar Cell with Inverted Nanopyramids: Realizing High Efficiency by Controllable Light Trapping.

Scientific Reports, 5, Article No. 16504.

18. W. Luo, Y.S. Khoo, P. Hacke, V. Naumann, D.

Lausch, S.P. Harvey, J.P. Singh, J. Chai, Y.

Wang, A.G. Aberle, S. Ramakrishna, Potential-induced degradation in photovoltaic modules: a critical review, Energy Environ.

Sci. 10 (1) (2017) 43–68, https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE02271E.

19. B.V. Chikate, Y. Sadawarte,The factors affecting the performance of the solar cell, Int. J. Comput. Appl. Sci. Technol. (2015) 975–8887

20. An Overview of Factors Affecting the Performance of Solar PV Systems Dr. K.V.

Vidyanandan, Senior Member, IEEE Power Management Institute, NTPC Ltd., NOIDA, India. 4. factors affecting performance of PV systems, 2-4.

21. A. Fudholi, M. F. Musthafa, A. Ridwan, R.

Yendra, and A. P. Desvina, ―Energy and exergy analysis of air based photovoltaic thermal (PVT) collector : a review,‖

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 109–117, 2019.

22. U. Sajjad, M. Amer, H. M. Ali, A. Dahiya, and N. Abbas, ―Cost effective cooling of photovoltaic modules to improve efficiency,‖

Case Stud. Therm. Eng., vol. 14, pp. 100420, 2019.

23. F. Spertino, A. D’Angola, D. Enescu, P. Di Leo, G. V. Fracastoro, and R. Zaffina,

―Thermal-electrical model for energy estimation of a water cooled photovoltaic module,‖ Sol. Energy, vol. 133, pp. 119-140, 2016.

24. A. Ibrahim, S. Mat, A. Fudholi, A. F.

Abdullah, and K. Sopian, ―Outdoor performance evaluation of building integrated photovoltaic thermal (BIVPT) solar collector with spiral flow absorber configurations,‖ Int.

J. Power Electron. Drive Syst., 2018.

25. H. Wang, J. Qu, Q. Sun, Z. Kang, and X.

Han, ―Thermal characteristic comparison of three-dimensional oscillating heat pipes with/without sintered copper particles inside fl at-plate evaporator for concentrating photovoltaic cooling,‖ Appl. Therm. Eng., vol.

167, 2020.

26. A. E. Kabeel, M. Abdelgaied, and R.

Sathyamurthy,―A comprehensive investigation of the optimisation cooling technique for improving the performance of PV module with reflectors under Egyptian conditions,‖ Sol. Energy, vol. 186, pp. 257- 263, 2019.

27. S. A. Nada, D. H. El-Nagar, and H. M. S.

Hussein,―Improving the thermal regulation and efficiency enhancement of PCM- Integrated PV modules using nano particles,‖

Energy Convers. Manag., vol. 166, pp. 735- 743, 2018.

28. S. Khanna, K. S. Reddy, and T. K. Mallick,

―Optimization of finned solar photovoltaic phase change material (finned pv pcm) system,‖ International Journal of Thermal Sciences, vol. 130, pp. 313-322, 2018.

29. C. K. Gan, P. H. Tan, and S. Khalid, ―System performance comparison between crystalline and thin-film technologies under different installation conditions,‖ in CEAT 2013 - 2013 IEEE Conference on Clean Energy and Technology, 2013.

30. I. K. Karathanassis, et al., ―Experimental and numerical evaluation of an elongated plate- fin heat sink with three sections of stepwise varying channel width,‖ Int. Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 84, pp. 16-34, 2015 31. A. Shukla, K. Kant, A. Sharma, and P. H.

Biwole, ―Cooling methodologies of photovoltaic module for enhancing electrical efficiency: A review,‖ Sol. Energy Mater. Sol.

Cells, vol. 160, pp. 275-286, 2017

32. J. Siecker, K. Kusakana, and B. P. Numbi, ―A review of solar photovoltaic systems cooling technologies,‖ Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 79, pp. 192-203, 2017.

33. Hasan, A., Sarwar, J., Alnoman, H.,

&Abdelbaqi, E. S. (2017). Yearly energy performance of a photovoltaic-phase change material (PV-PCM) system in hot climate.

Solar Energy, 146, 417-429.

34. J.W. Slultz , L.C. Wren , Thermal Performance Testing and Analysis of Photovoltaic Modules in Natural Sunlight, Jet propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California,1978.

35. M.J. Huang, P.C. Eames, B. Norton, Phase change materials for limiting temperature rise in buildings integrated photovoltaics, Sol.

Energy 80 (2006) 1121–1130.

36. A. Hasan, J.S. McCormack, J.M. Huang, Evaluation of phase change material for thermal regulation enhancement of building integrated photovoltaics, Sol. Energy 84 (2010) 1601–1612.

37. M.J. Huang, P.C. Eames, B. Norton, N.J.

Hewitt, Natural convection in an internally finned phase change material heat sink for the thermal management of photovoltaics, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95 (2011) 1598–

1603.

38. J.M. Huang, The effect of using two PCMs on the thermal regulation performance of BIPV systems, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95

(10)

10

(2011) 957–963.

39. A. Kazemian, A. Salari, A. Hakkaki-Fard, T.

Ma, Numerical investigation and parametric analysis of a photovoltaic thermal system integrated with phase change material, Appl.

Energy 238 (2019) 734–746.

40. M.C. Browne, B. Norton, S.J. McCormack, Phase change materials for photovoltaic thermal management, Renew. Sustain.

Energy Rev. 47 (2015) 762–782.

41. R.R. Kumar, M. Samykano, A.K. Pandey, K.

Kadirgama , V.V. Tyagi , Phase change materials and nano-enhanced phase change materials for thermal energy storage in photovoltaic thermal systems: a futuristic approach and its technical challenges, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 133 (2020)

110341.

42. Z.A. Qureshi, H.M. Ali, S. Khushnood, Recent advances on thermal conductivity enhancement of phase change materials forenergy storage system: a review, Int. J.

Heat Mass Transf. 127 (2018) 838–856.

43. M. Hosseinzadeh, M. Sardarabadi, M.

Passandideh-Fard, Energy and exergy analysis of nanofluid based photovoltaic thermal system integrated with phase change material, Energy 147 (2018) 636–647.

44. A.S. Abdelrazik, R. Saidur, F.A. Al-Sulaiman, Thermal regulation and performance assessment of a hybrid photovoltaic/thermal system using different combinations of nano- enhanced phase change materials, Sol.

Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 215 (2020) 110645.