View of ADVANCEMENTS IN DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGY: EXPLORING FUTURE AVENUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

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97 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT ISSN: 2348-4918

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal

VOLUME: 08, Issue 04, Paper id-IJIERM-VIII-IV, August 2021

ADVANCEMENTS IN DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGY: EXPLORING FUTURE AVENUES AND OPPORTUNITIES

Dr. A. Madhusudhan Reddy

Assoc. Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Princeton College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Sunitha Chintala

Assoc. Professor, Department of Pharmacognosy, Princeton College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Abstract - A variety of diagnostic methods based on the specificity of the bond between antibodies and antigens are referred to collectively as diagnostic immunology. The diagnosis of various diseases is made possible by a variety of different tests and methods. These cutting-edge methods aid in the early detection of numerous chronic diseases, including cancer, among others. furthermore, help in the fix of the illness right away. These tests, which are serological in nature, fall primarily into two categories: both direct and indirect ELISA is one of six methods that are utilized on a larger scale for the purpose of diagnostic immunology.

Diagnostic immunology comes with its own set of benefits and drawbacks. In addition, these advanced methods are preferable to conventional ones for better diagnosis because they aid in the early detection of chronic diseases. There are a lot of different kinds of tests, and we can choose the ones that are most convenient, urgent, cost-effective, accurate, etc. All of these tests are reasonably priced and easily accessible worldwide. Because the devices are portable, many tests can be performed easily even at primary levels. Because many of these tests are computerized and automated, they offer quick and accurate results. Again, this aids in improved diagnosis.

Keywords: Diagnostic, Immunology, Antigen, Antibodies, ELISA, Cancer, Devices.

1 INTRODUCTION

A variety of diagnostic methods based on the specificity of the bond between antibodies and antigens are referred to as diagnostic immunology. It is excellent for detecting even the smallest quantities of biochemicals.

Utilizing serological tests, antibodies that are specific for a desired antigen are used as a "probe" to detect it.

These antibodies can be conjugated with a radiolabel, fluorescent label, or color-forming enzyme. These tests are fundamentally arranged in two following sorts:

Direct Exam: Distinguishes antigens from the patients' example.

Test Indirect: analyzes the patient's blood sample for antibodies.2

2 DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES USED 1) Precipitation Reactions

2) Agglutination Reactions

3) Complement Fixation Reaction 4) ELISA

5) Fluorescent antibody 6) Western blot.

2.1 Advanced Applications of Diagnostic Immunology

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VOLUME: 08, Issue 04, Paper id-IJIERM-VIII-IV, August 2021 Using a variety of appropriate tests,

diagnostic immunology is used to identify various chronic diseases.

Typically, these tests are performed on patient blood and serum samples.

Various antibodies are used to check these samples for specific antigens.

This has helped us find cancerous cells in a patient's body, which can help us find other diseases like cancer and genetic disorders that need to be found early for better treatment. This is possible thanks to advanced immunology research. We will now see some tests that can be used to find these diseases.26

3 CANCER

The body's unchecked growth of abnormal cells is cancer. Malignant cells are another name for cancerous cells.

Risk factors, incidence, and causes Cells are what give life its structure. Cancer develops from healthy body cells. Normal cells divide and die when the body doesn't need them anymore. Cancer appears to develop when the body's cells divide too quickly and grow out of control.

Additionally, cells may forget how to die. Cancer can take many different forms. Malignant growth can foster in practically any organ or tissue, like the lung, colon, bosom, skin, bones, or nerve tissue. However, many cancers have no known cause. Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer- related death. The majority of cases involve the following cancers:

3.1 The Principle of the Test

This blood test measures antimalignan, a blood antibody. Early- stage cancer patients have higher

levels of antimalignan antibodies.

Antimalignan antibody levels are measured in this blood test. The naturally occurring antibody known as antimalignan antibodies in serum (AMAS) can be found in the serum of any individual, including children.

Our body's natural defense against cancer is AMAS.

3.2 Benefits of the Test

This AMAS test is over 95% accurate in the initial test and over 99%

accurate in the subsequent one. This test can detect any kind of cancer.

Additionally, this test can be used to monitor the treatment of cancer. This test is superior to the marker test in terms of cancer detection and recovery screening. Patients can afford this option because it is a low- cost test. It is successful in locating cancer cells early in the disease.

3.3 It would be particularly valuable for

1. Those who have a strong family history of cancer, but are fit and well;

2. Those who have had suspicious test results from their doctors, but do not know whether they have cancer or not;

3. Those who have had cancer diagnosed and are about to embark upon a course of treatment; and those who have had cancer in the past, and want to make sure they are clear.

4. For fit and healthy people, over the age of 40, it could be argued that they should have the test every 2 years or so.

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VOLUME: 08, Issue 04, Paper id-IJIERM-VIII-IV, August 2021 5. For fit and healthy people over

the age of 55 – 60 it could be argued that they should have the test every 12 months.

6. For people with cancer, or a history of cancer, or a family history of cancer, it could be argued that the test should be carried out more frequently.

3.4 Procedure

A blood sample taken after fasting (doing without food) for at least 12 hours is used for the DR-70 test.

When they haven't eaten since dinner the night before, patients are asked to give a blood sample in the morning.

Enzyme Linked Immuno Sorbant Assay (ELISA) Based Serological Test is used to analyze it in the laboratory.

4 ADVANTAGES OF DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGY

Diagnostic immunology has recently reached new heights in the world of scientific research. Additionally, it can be utilized for cancer detection. Early cancer diagnosis and treatment have benefited from this. Adults who lead unhealthy lives are more likely to get these diseases. Lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer, esophageal cancer, and distal esophagitis are all caused by smoking and drinking. In these sicknesses, natural safe cells assume a fundamental part, perceiving focused cells or undigested cell contents when cells go through non-apoptotic or non- autophagic demise. Using Diagnostic Immunology, this aids in the detection or diagnosis of cancer. Because these are cutting-edge techniques, cancer is detected early. The primary factor in cancer diagnosis is early detection.

5 DISADVANTAGES OF DIAGNOSTIC IMMUNOLOGY

The fact that Diagnostic Immunology does not completely and completely succeed in the diagnosis, detection, or treatment of many more dangerous diseases, such as cancer and other genetic disorders like leukoderma, is the primary drawback of the method.

The doctors will order additional tests, such as a biopsy, a whole-body CT scan, or X-rays, to confirm the disease after these ones are finished. Many physicians are unaware of these relatively new techniques. Therefore, promoting these tests is crucial.

Because many of these tests don't give accurate results, doctors usually don't recommend them. Because it involves a lot of tests, like serum tests and blood tests, it's a very expensive and complicated procedure for the average person to go through. These tests utilize progressed gadgets and gear and consequently are not accessible wherever without any problem. In order to use these tools in the right way, technicians need to be well- trained. Because these tests are available in developed nations, they are only found in a small area.

6 CONCLUSION

Clinical and diagnostic immunology are undergoing an industrial revolution. We are already reaping the benefits of these new technologies, but in order to take full advantage of them and provide the direction needed to advance the field of clinical and diagnostic immunology, we need to keep up with the rapid changes and participate in their development. As a result, the various conventional methods and cutting-edge tests

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have been discussed in the preceding summary. Additionally, we have observed that advanced tests are simpler and more accurate than traditional ones. The use of cutting- edge technology aids in the reduction of human error and the quicker delivery of results.

Many chronic diseases, like cancer and genetic disorders, can be found early, which aids in their early treatment. In the event that these sicknesses are analyzed in the beginning phase, it is advantageous to the patient as the therapy will be successful really at that time. If these diseases are not caught early, they can be fatal.

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