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AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE URBANISATION OF JAIPUR CITY BY THE INTRODUCTION OF METRO

Kalpana Choudhary

Research Scholar, Department of Geography, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur

Abstract - The paper lays the groundwork for thinking about how a metro affects Jaipur's reputation and contributes to its urbanisation. The Walled City of Jaipur experiences significant traffic congestion, much like other core city areas in India. The local government believes that a new mode of transportation could help reduce traffic congestion, so the Jaipur Development Authority is implementing a renewal of transportation facilities by constructing a metro railway line through the most congested corridors and tourist routes in the Walled City of Jaipur. One of the main issues that the Jaipur Development Authority needs to address is how to finance these projects. The character of a city is impacted by the implementation of large-scale projects like metro rail, or basically any alternative means of transportation to the conventional one. Node regions start to see rapid development, and people tend to live nearby, which causes the city to deteriorate. Encroachment, squatter development, and densification are major issues. In order to determine its viability, this article compares Jaipur to other metro incorporated cities and examines how it will reduce traffic, pollution, and road accidents while preserving the city's urban fabric and character.

Although maintaining the city's image and reducing traffic congestion are separate issues, a joint approach is required. The study seeks to determine whether the metro will be the answer.

Keywords: Jaipur Metro, Walled City, Character, Urbanisation, JDA, Densification, Pollution.

1 INTRODUCTION

The capital of Rajasthan and the first planned city in India, Jaipur was established in the 18th century by Sawai Jai Singh. The entire city was painted pink to welcome Edward, Prince of Wales, starting under Sawai Ram Singh's rule.

The pink city is another name for Jaipur.

This royal location is a treasure trove of history, culture, and architecture. With its magnificent fortifications, regal palaces, serene temples, and lovely havelis, Jaipur makes for an excellent tourist destination.

This city provides more than simply the regal structures and palaces. Along with these mesmerising sights, Jaipur also offers magnificent jewellery and excellent handicrafts. The uniqueness of this Pink City is enhanced by these complex works of art. The tranquilly of lush gardens and an array of flowers also serves as the icing on the cake of magnificent scenery. This creates a stunning scene that usually mesmerises visitors.

One of the nation's cities that is developing the fastest is Jaipur. It's a great place to start. The city is home to 50 medium and large scale units, 19,544 small scale units, 19 well-developed industrial regions, two world-class Special Economic Zones (SEZs), an Export Promotion Industrial Park (EPIP), and two

IT Parks. Four to six lane highways connect Jaipur to Delhi, Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Agra, and Bhopal.¹

Structure of a walled city Maharaja Jai Singh II retained Jaipur as the state's capital in 1727. to this point, letting it go, section, etc. As the most opulent state in the area in the eighteenth century, Jaipur was constantly vulnerable to assault by other rulers. The King advised Vidhyadhar Bhattacharya to draught the design of the new city because he was aware of the security requirements for the new capital. The Vastu Shstra was employed by Vidhyadhar to plan the city. Nine blocks made up the city, of which two were designated for the city palace and the remaining seven for public uses. The Jaipur walled city was laid out on a 3x3 grid, with the grid containing the main streets. There are two different types of roads in the city; one runs from east to west and the other from north to south.

While Sanganeri, Ghat, and New Gate are located on a north-to-west axis, Surajpol and Chandpol are located on an east-to-

1 Singh, A. K., 2016. Jaipur metro rail project as a catalyst for enhancing heritage value of Walled City.

Jaipur, 90th Urban Mobility India Conference & Expo

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west axis. The 24th-fastest growing city in the world is Jaipur.²The patterns in the timeline that demonstrate how the city has changed over time indicate that the urbanisation and proliferation of walled cities are accelerating. The walled city was originally intended to house 50,000 people, but by 2011, there were 6 lakh people living there, making the region's amenities and service offerings inadequate. The same situation is present with regard to transportation infrastructures. Roads become less effective in facilitating smooth vehicle traffic and lack enough space to accommodate new modes of transportation. The majority of the city was constructed during the non- motorized vehicle era, when hand carts, bullock carts, and horse-drawn carriages were used, though not in the same numbers as modern walled cities. The primary business district of the city, the walled city, is also very dense and supports all types of activity there. Rapid urbanisation has led to population growth and increased demand on transportation within walled cities, which has frequently resulted in severe traffic congestion, parking issues, noise pollution, and other problems.³

The walled city is now characterised by congestion, a mix of modes, poor traffic management, vehicles stopped in the middle of the road, and unsuitable planning for bicycle and pedestrian circulation. Governments suggested a metro route inside the walled city to address these issues. Within the walled city, metro stations are planned for Chand Pole, Badi Chaupar, and Choti Chaupar under phase I. The Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation (JMRC) anticipates that the new mode of transportation will ease traffic congestion and improve tourist access to heritage sites inside the walled city, but it will also encourage densification, the relocation of commercial activity, and the creation of blight areas.

Various kind of actions should be done to avoid such scenarios. Parking issues and a lack of available space are present in the walled city. The construction of a

2DNA, 2011. Daily Bhaskar, Referred From:

http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/RAJ-JPR-jaipur-is- worlds-24th-fastest-growing-city-2621110.html

3 Associates, W. S. (2010). Traffic and Transportation Study for DPR for proposed Jaipur Metro. Jaipur.

metro line at this time required a lot of room and parking. For the Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation, the introduction of a metro that preserves the characteristics of the walled city will be a top priority.⁴ 2 ADVANTAGE OF METRO SYSTEM OVER OTHER MODES

 Compared to a road-based system, uses 1/5 the energy per passenger km.

 Has no negative effects on urban air quality.

 Contributes to a lower volume of noise

 Carries the same volume as five lanes of bus traffic or twelve lanes of private motor vehicles (either direction), assuming a light capacity system.

 Is a more trustworthy, relaxing, and secure alternative to road-based systems.

 Conditioning and ventilation air systems for climate regulation.

 Convenient and speedy passenger check-in and ticket-selling automation using automated ticket vending machines.

3 JAIPUR METRO

Jaipur, often known as the "symphony in pink," is a city of extraordinary beauty and cultural wealth. Despite its status as a major metropolitan area and hub of commerce, the city remains a tourist magnet thanks to its ability to meet the interests of every kind of visitor, including those interested in history, culture, adventure, sports, entertainment, shopping, conventions, and conferences.

According to the 2011 Indian Census, Jaipur's urban population was 34,71,847 in total. The population growth is mirrored in the trend of an ever- increasing number of buses registered with the Transport Department (2007- 2017). An in-depth analysis of the city's transport infrastructure has highlighted the necessity for a public mass transit system in Jaipur. According to W. S.

Associates (2010), most of the Walled city's historic economic activity are concentrated in its eastern and northern

4 DeMaio, P. (2009). Bike-sharing: History, Impacts, Models of Provision, and Future. Journal of Public Transportation.

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regions. Movement of traffic is from the city's outskirts into its central business district because of uneven development.

In the Comprehensive Mobility Plan, JMRC proposes high capacity mass transit (MRTS) corridors along the city trunk routes in the North-South, South- West, and Western directions to facilitate the gradual relocation of employment and business activity centres to the city periphery (JMRC, 2018). High car ownership trends (Transport Department, 2007-2017) in the area show that passengers would transfer to private modes due to the expanding economy and insufficient public transport services. The result would be an increase in both traffic and air pollution. So, it's crucial to develop a strategy for a metro in Jaipur.

There is already a bus system in place, but it is insufficient to meet the city's demands, since it is managed and maintained by Rajasthan roads and private operators. It has BRTS on certain routes, but only within certain parameters. Wherever the traffic demand is above 10,000 peak hour driving times per day (PHDDT) (DPR Jaipur Metro, 2012), a metro system is proposed to accommodate the traffic demand through the year 2031.⁵

The Jaipur Metro, a fast rail system that uses electric trains, began service in June 2015. The East-West Corridor (Phase-I) and the North-South Corridor (Phase-II) are the two main routes that will be used for this project (Phase-2). The Government of Rajasthan established the "Jaipur Metro Rail Corporation Ltd." (JMRC) to carry out the construction of the Jaipur Metro Rail system. JMRC website indicates some socio-economic benefits to metro such as Reduction in road accidents⁶with air contamination from cars, Traffic tension is decreased, Saving money on gas by reducing the number of cars and buses on the road, Cuts down on gas money and commuting time, Amplification of influence area accessibility to amenities, More freedom of movement, etc. In this research, we use secondary data from a

5Authority, J. D. (2011). Master Development Plan 2025.

Jaipur Development Authority.

6 Govt. of Rajasthan, T. P. (2014-2018). Road Accidents in Rajasthan - District wise. Jaipur: Govt. of Rajasthan, Transport Portal.

variety of sources to assess whether or not the Jaipur metro is necessary.

4 JAIPUR METRO AS SOLUTION

Because there is no room to enlarge roadways or build any designated corridor for specific form of transportation, the region within the walled city is battling with traffic congestion. To demonstrate that it is possible to create a metro system despite a lack of suitable land, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation built an underground and an overhead metro system. The JMRC is proposing a metro system using the same subterranean tunnels inside the city walls. Three to five stories below street level are dedicated to underground parking, public amenities, a platform, and a subway system. Since the metro is powered by electricity rather than gasoline, it emits no harmful gases into the atmosphere and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by a significant amount.⁷ Per compartment of metro can accommodate 300 passenger⁸however a vehicle can only hold 5-8 people and a bus can fit 90. A six-car metro can carry as many people as twenty buses or two hundred vehicles. In the end, it will have the effect of easing traffic congestion in every possible way. Lightweight and space-efficient, this system is a steal. In contrast to the current environment, where traffic moves at a mean speed of 20–30 kilometres per hour, the metro travels at speeds of 80–120 kilometres per hour. In addition to saving time, the ride is more reliable, more comfortable, and safer. Its global appeal is due to its forward-thinking approach to traffic management, punctual arrivals and departures, stringent security measures, climate control, and accessibility features.

The Jaipur Development Authority, Rajasthan Housing Board, and the Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Ltd. are all part of the state government and are responsible for funding the whole project.

5 FACTOR SUPPORTING

URBANISATION OF WALLED CITY OF JAIPUR

7 Deepti Goel, S. G. (2017). The Effect of Metro Expansions on Air Pollution in Delhi. The world Bank Economic Review, Volume 31, 271-294.

8Delhi Metro Rail Corporation, 2016

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a) Located missing layer: - With the goal of preserving the area's rich history, the part of the project from Chandpol to Badi Chaupar will be built underground. In order to build the section of the metro line from Chandpol to Badi Chaupar, the JMRC suggested demolishing a number of structures and a roundabout in the area. Both the Choti Chaupar and the Badi Chaupar roundabouts were demolished in the past by the authorities. Surveying the earth has uncovered a Bavdi or Kund-like building with a 200-year history of use (a water canal connected from all four direction which brings water to the water body). The presence of historical landmarks necessitated a relocation or redesign of the plaza by JMRC in order to prevent any harm to those buildings. For the purpose of preserving ancient and historic buildings via careful mapping, JMRC officials enlisted the help of conservation architect AbhaNarain, who is located in Mumbai. Since the underlying construction was also salvaged from metro sites in Athens and Lisbon, it aided in finding and planning the metro line, and the architect typically adopted the Athens and Lisbon model. This concept incorporates historic buildings into the design of train stations. Restoring the reputation of a walled city was aided by the metro project's careful preservation of historic buildings.

b) Rain water harvesting: - The city of Jaipur has a serious and growing water shortage due to dwindling water reserves. Many water streams and aqueducts are either stopped or converted to drainage as a consequence of uncontrolled urban sprawl, preventing them from recharging water sources. Three water streams that once fed Talkatora Lake and other water bodies inside the city walls have been eliminated or turned into drainage. Unfortunately for the current population, the government has lately outlawed the usage of groundwater. Water is supplied by the government from Bisalpur Dam

notwithstanding the use of groundwater. Officials at JMRC have included a rain water collection technology into the metro construction project in an effort to save the dwindling ground water supply. The design now includes a rainwater collection system. A viaduct system has been built throughout the whole route to collect rainwater for later use.

Provided at regular intervals, these wells allow the ground water to be replenished.⁹

c) Rejuvenation of park and crossings: - The JMRC has suggested a wide variety of park and road crossing improvement projects.

Badi Chaupar and Choti Chaupar are two such intersections. Some have suggested adding a plaza to the city inside the walls to make it seem more vibrant. Green space, parks, and the incorporation of a water body are crucial to the reconstruction of the walled city because of the severe lack of open land there. JMRC plans to save and rebuild several previously unrealized structures. The initiative also includes documenting the histories of significant buildings and monuments for tourists, such as temples, havelis, and museums. The corridor is surrounded by a variety of notable landmarks, including the Govind Devji Mandir, Tadkeshwar Mahadev Mandir, Rozgareshwar Mandir, Old Mosque, and many more. Insight into the past would be facilitated by the narratives of these cultural artefacts.

d) Giving back to city: - The digging for the subway line uncovered several historical sites. The archaeologists recommended either incorporating the historic elements into the project itself or rerouting the metro to avoid destroying any of the structures. A typical approach for safeguarding historical structures and executing the metro project is the development of a museum at the walled city station,

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showcasing relics, ruins, and antiquities discovered during metro construction due to the station's proximity to the city's historic core.

The background and significance of the building in question will be shown in close proximity to it. The inspiration for this design came from the Athens and Lisbon collection. All nearby buildings were combined into one in an effort to save the station.

e) Makes city tourist friendly:- Heritage Line is the name given to the section of the Metro that runs between Chandpol and Badi Chaupar. Choti Chaupar, Badi Chaupar, the Hawa Mahal, the City Palace, and Jantar Mantar are just few of the major historical sites that the new route will go past in the capital. Then there's Jauhari Bazar, a historic stroll, and the rest of the city's main shopping district. To attract visitors, a region needs more than just good internet service to draw them in. Tourists are enticed to visit a historically significant place by inviting signage, a pedestrian and disabled-friendly layout, restrooms, and a refreshment facility. The walled city is now well-connected through subway, train, and bus. The smart card, automated vending machines, and low prices will all make the trip more convenient and pleasant. The inclusion of a metro station that is accessible to people with disabilities would increase the number of tourists with disabilities who visit museums and other attractions.

f) Reduction of traffic load, pollution and noise: - In 1726, the city of Jaipur's walls were designed for pedestrian and non-motorized traffic. King and planner didn’t conscious of motorised car since it was age of manual driven vehicle.

After industrialisation and World War II motorised vehicle came in existence and highways were built catering to motorised vehicle also.

Traffic congestion, traffic load, pollution, and excessive noise from traffic are only some of the problems that might arise when a city's population grows and its business activity increases. People begin to

move out of the city as a result of its dysfunctional infrastructure. With the metro, the city can function more efficiently. A six-car metro can carry as many people as twenty buses or two hundred vehicles. It's a quick way to go about town that doesn't add to urban noise or air pollution. Badi Chaupar is the proposed location of a new Metro underpass that will carry vehicles from Sanganeri Gate to Zorawar Singh Gate and on to Delhi Road (JMRC, 2016). Underground parking facility is created to manage parking problem inside walled city. The metro provides a partial answer to the traffic issue and associated problems due to its tourist-friendly design, ease of entry to the city, rapid speed, and pleasant ride.

g) Reduction in Pollution: More cars on the road means more pollution.

Using data from two NAMP monitoring stations located inside the metro area's impact zone, we find that although NO2 and SO2 levels are within acceptable ranges, PM10 concentrations are high. Even though NO2 and SO2 levels have decreased somewhat after the subway opened in 2015, PM10 levels have climbed. Possible causes include an increase in the number of cars on the road.

h) Reduction in Travel Time: Without a feeder system, the Jaipur Metro Phase 1 has cut travel time between the first and final connecting points to only 25 minutes. In the same 25 to 30 minutes that it takes to go by bus from Mansarovar to Chandpol, any other mode of transportation is also viable. As most means of transportation do not need a feeder system, they will be chosen over the metro. As a consequence, ridership will be low, which will in turn affect the aforementioned variables.

6 ADVANTAGES UNIQUE TO THE METRO PROJECT THAT WILL HELP PRESERVE THE WALLED CITY'S HISTORIC CHARACTERISTICS

 Reduces the need for cars and parking spaces inside the city walls.

 Will lead to less pollution in areas of historical significance

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 Increased convenience for sightseers

 A baby step towards the revitalization of the city behind the walls

 Starting at a Metro stop, you may map out a route that winds through a historical district or along a bike

 Mini feeder buses powered by batteries are an option.

7 CONCLUSION

According to the article, the proposed new metro line would result in the destruction of several historic treasures inside the city walls. Despite the fact that the projected metro project will destroy the ancient temple of the walled city, work is already underway to rebuild the structure. By 2018, the Rojgareshwar Mahadeva Temple will be rebuilt in its original spot by a firm located in Taiwan. However, recreating the same exact temple from centuries before is no simple task. The population inside Jaipur's fortifications rose from 50,000 in 2001 to 6 Lakhs in 2011, and the city's current infrastructure was not designed to handle this growth. When we talk about upgrading our infrastructure, we don't mean tearing down the existing tunnels, channels, water stream and drainage, proposing new water lines, sewage line and other. As these older networks of infrastructure are important to us, the metro line may be buried more than 10–20 metres to protect them. It's important to take precautions against overdevelopment and commercialization by enacting appropriate policies and zoning ordinances. We require strict enforcement of restrictions since residents inside the walled city are not subject to the same construction bye laws as those who live outside the city. There may be both positive and negative effects of the metro project on the reputation of the walled city. The benefits to the city outweigh the costs, since the project has led to the discovery of many forgotten layers, the revitalization of unkempt parks and crossings, the gathering of rain water, and the exhibition of historic structures inside a metro station. Increasing the city's longevity via attracting more

tourists, decreasing vehicular congestion, and cleaning up air pollution.¹⁰

In the end, we can say that metro is not only helping the walled city out by making transit more convenient; it is also helping to preserve and even improve upon the unique architectural features of the walled city. The JMRC administration should take precautions to preserve historic buildings like temples and ageing infrastructure because of the importance these places have in our culture.

Changing the paths of the metro lines or burying them further underground are also options. Following the examples of Athens and Lisbon, subway stations may be renovated into cultural hubs while simultaneously protecting historic buildings.