View of ANGIOSPERM DIVERSITY OF MARIHAN REGION OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT UP

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ANGIOSPERM DIVERSITY OF MARIHAN REGION OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT UP Dr. Sarvajeet Singh

Dept. of Botany, Assistant Professor, Rajkiya Mahila Mahavidhyala, Shahganj, Jaunpur UP

Abstract- The present study provides a taxonomic account of the angiosperms of Marihan

region of Mirzapur District in Uttar Pradesh. The region, which comes under the Vindhyan region of Uttar Pradesh, is one of the richest areas in the state as far as plant diversity is concerned. It is spread over about 156466.26ha of geographical area, which constitutes about 36% forest cover on highly undulated land. The extensive survey of the area conducted during 2011-2016, critical examination of previous collections housed at various herbaria, and review of published literature have resulted in a total of 705 species belonging to 459 genera under 110 families. Out of these, 541 species (76.73%) under 354 genera (77.12%) and 89 families (80.90%) belong to dicots, and 164 species (23.26%) under 105 genera (23.26%) and 21 families (19.09%) to monocots. The present enumeration of the species also includes about 78 species cultivated in the area for various purposes. Fabaceae (110 spp.) comprises of the maximum number of species, followed by Poaceae (89 spp.), Asteraceae (38 spp.), Cyperaceae (33 spp.), and Malvaceae (33 spp.). Some of the largest genera in the area are Cyperus (14 spp.), Ipomoea (9 spp.), Solanum (9 spp.), Ficus (9 spp.), Crotalaria (7 spp.), Desmodium (7 spp.), Bauhinia (6 spp.), Hibiscus (6 spp.), Fimbristylis (6 spp.), Acacia (5 spp. ), etc. The entire forest is chiefly dominated by trees such as Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd., Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr., Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub., Hardwickia binata Roxb., and Shorea robusta Gaertn.

Keywords: Floristic diversity, Vindhyan region, Marihan region of Mirzapur District, Uttar

Pradesh.

1 INTRODUCTION

The floristic account provides lots of information of plant wealth of an area, which may be beneficial for university students, botanists, researchers, NGOs, naturalists, environmental engineers, forest managers, conservation biologists, and policy makers. Knowledge of floristic composition and structure of forest is also useful in identifying ecologically and economically important plants, analysing their diversities, and protecting threatened plants (Addo-Fordjour et al.

2009). In the past, many important floristic accounts have been published for several states, districts, and biogeographic regions of India and abroad. In addition to general flora of Uttar Pradesh (Duthie 1903-1929;

Kanjilal 1966; Rau 1969; Uniyal et al.

1999; Chaudhary et al. 2016), several works related to different districts, national parks, and sanctuaries have also been produced by many (Kanjilal 1933;

Srivastava 1938; Singh 1969; Srivastava 1976; Sharma & Pandey 1984; Sharma &

Dhakre 1995; Verma & Ranjan 1995;

Singh 1997; Saini2005; Singh & Khanuja 2006; Kumar et al. 2015). The floristic account of Marihan region of Mirzapur District of Uttar Pradesh, however, is still unexplored in spite of its rich diversity.

The production of state flora will be easier, once all the district floras are worked out systematically. Hence, there is a need for proper inventory and documentation of all plants available in Marihan region of Mirzapur District with their up to date taxonomic information.

Since the area is very rich in minerals and forest resources, many industries and factories of different kinds have been set up here. Therefore, the present study will also be very important for a comparative study of the plants of the area in future and also to examine the effects of industrial pollutants on them.

Although the district has not been thoroughly inventoried earlier, the reference on the plants of the study area is available in Bhattacharyya (1963, 1964) and Srivastava (1955) wherein the plants of erstwhile Mirzapur District have been dealt with. In these studies, about 460 species have been listed including about 130 species from the study area. In addition, a few scattered works chiefly pertaining to ethnobotanical and medicinal plants have been carried out in the area (Singh et al. 2002; Chaudhary 2010; Singh et al. 2010; Singh et al.

2012; Singh & Dubey 2012; Mishra et al.

2012). Recently, Kushwaha et al. (2016 a,

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b) have thoroughly studied the family Cucurbitaceae of the area and have also presented a preliminary overview of angiospermic plants. Hence, the present work is the first study of its kind from the study area after its recognition as a region.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, 12 field tours in different seasons were conducted between 2011- 2016 to survey the area. The plant materials were collected either in flowering or fruiting or in both stages with detailed information such as habit, habitat, colour of flowers and fruits, shape and size of trees, nature of bark of trees, GPS information, conservation status, etc. The herbarium specimens were prepared following the standard procedure outlined by Lawrence (1951) and Jain & Rao (1977). The identification of species was done with the help of different floras and important taxonomic works (Hooker 1872-1897; Duthie 1903- 1929; Brandis 1906; Singh 1997) and also after matching with the authentic specimens housed at various Indian herbaria such as Botanical Survey of India, Allahabad (BSA), Botanical Survey of India, Dehra Dun (BSD), Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata (CAL), Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun (DD), and National Botanical Research Institure, Lucknow (LWG). All specimens collected in the presentstudy have been deposited at LWG for future records. In the present treatment, each species was furnished with the correct recent name following websites such as The International Plant Names Index (IPNI), Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS), The Plantlist, Wikipedia, and Tropicos, along with habit,

distribution and reference to voucher specimens. The families, genera, and species within the genus have been arranged alphabetically in the list.

2.1 Study Area

The study was carried out in Madihan forest range in Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh (state) of India which lies between 25°0'8.83"N to 24°56'37.61"N and 82°37'31.91"E to 82°45'59.10"E.

The total study area analyzed is 156,466.26 ha and the forest area is 31,380.03 ha. The climate here is characterized by three distinct seasons, the summer season (March - June) is hot and dry when temperatures can reach as high as 480C; warm and humid rainy season (July-October) where rainfall varies from 90-100cm, cool dry winter (November – February) when temperatures can be as low as 60C (Singh 2007). The soil varies from loamy sand to clay. Variation in colour of soil is observed from red to yellow (Das et al.

2007). The terrain is undulating with

hillocks dominating. (Figure 1 –

location of the study area). The forests of

this region are best described as

tropical dry deciduous forest (Champion

and Seth 1968). Large areas are of 5A/C3

and 5B/C2 types of forests, i.e., Southern

and Northern Tropical Dry Deciduous

Forests respectively. The flora is

dominated by tree species such as

Shorea robusta, Boswellia serrata, Anogeissus latifolia, Terminalia arjuna, Lagerstroemia parviflora, Hardwickia binnata, Acacia catechu, Butea monosperma, Zizyphus glaberrima, Diopsyros melanoxylon. Pterocarpus marsupium, Holorrhena antidysentrica, Emblica officinalis, Synzygium cumini, Tectona grandis, Madhuca longifolia.

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3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The whole of the area is covered with natural scrubby jungle and thick forests.

Almost the entire plateau exhibits a uniform horizontal stratification of rocks.

The top of the plateau is unsuitable for the growth of broad-leaved plants and, is represented by uniform scrubby dry vegetation. The broad-leaved plants are generally seen on the slopes of the plateau. Overall, the entire forest is mixed dry deciduous, but evergreen trees are frequently seen in ravines. The data collected fromfield and herbarium studies reveal that the entire area contains about 705 species under 459 genera and 110 families including 78 cultivated ones that have been planted in the area for different purposes (Table 1; Images 2-3). Out of these, 541 species (76.73%) under 354 genera (77.12%) and 89 families (80.90%) belong to dicots and 164 species (23.26%) under 105 genera(22.87%) and 21 families (19.09%) to monocots (Fig. 2).

The family Fabaceae has the maximum number of species (52 Genera, 110 species), followed by Poaceae (63 Genera, 89 species), Asteraceae (32 Genera, 38 species), Malvaceae (15 Genera, 33 species), Cyperaceae (9 Genera, 33 species), Cucurbitaceae (11 Genera, 20 species), Acanthaceae (11 Genera, 17 species),Convolvulaceae (8 Genera, 17 species), Solanaceae (5 Genera, 16 species), and Rubiaceae (13 Genera, 15 species) (Fig. 3). Some of the dominant genera in the forest are Cyperus (14 spp.), Ipomoea (9 spp.), Solanum (9 spp.), Ficus (9 spp.), Crotalaria (7 spp.), Desmodium (7 spp.), Bauhinia (6 spp.), Hibiscus (6 spp.), Fimbristylis (6 spp.), Acacia (5 spp.), etc. Among all plants, 443 species(62.70%) are herbs, 163 species (23.12%) are trees, 75 species (10.21 %) are shrubs, and 29 species (3.97 %) are climbers (Fig. 4).

Marihan Forests

The opening of forests in Marihan

Figure 1 Study site: Marihan region of Mirzapur District Uttar Pradesh.

Source: India map from Google and Marihan region of Mirzapur map from:

https://www.google.co.in/

maps/place/Marihan region of Mirzapur,+Uttar+Pradesh.

According to a revised classification of

forest type in India by Champion & Seth

(1968), the forest type of Marihan region

of Mirzapur District is tropical dry

deciduous. The whole area of the region

has an interesting diversity of flora and

vegetation due to variable plains, slopes,

hills, and climate, represented by dry

deciduous vegetation, natural scrub

jungle, patches of grasses, and thick

forest. The whole area of the regsion is

covered with rich plant diversity with

trees at the top layer, shrubs at the

middle layer, and herbs, climbers, and

twiners at the ground level.

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Family Taxa Growth form DICOT

Acanthaceae Adhatoda zeylanica Medik. Shrub

Andrographis echioides (L.) Nees Herb

Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees Herb

Barleria cristata L. Shrub

Barleria prionitis L. Shrub

Dipteracanthus prostratus (Poir.) Nees Herb

Elytraria acaulis (L.f.) Lindau Herb

Hemigraphis hirta (Vahl) T.Anderson Herb Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine Herb Hygrophila erecta (Burm.f.) Hochr. Herb Hygrophila polysperma (Roxb.) T.Anderson Herb

Justicia diffusa Willd. Herb

Justicia prostrata Schltdl. ex Nees Herb Justicia quinqueangularis K.D.Koenig ex Roxb. Herb Peristrophe bicalyculata (Retz.) Nees Herb

Ruellia suffruticosa Roxb. Shrub

Rungia pectinata (L.) Nees Herb

Aizoaceae Glinus oppositifolius (L.) Aug. DC. Herb

Trianthema portulacastrum L Herb

Ampelidaceae Ampelocissus latifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Climber

Amranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Herb

Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. Herb

Allmania nodiflora (L.) R.Br. ex Wight Herb

Alternanthera ficoidea (L.) Sm. Herb

Alternanthera paronychioides A.St.-Hil. Herb Alternanthera sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC. Herb

Amaranthus spinosus L. Herb

Amaranthus tricolor L. Herb

Amaranthus viridis L. Herb

Celosia argentea L. Herb

Digera muricata (L.) Mart. Herb

Nothosaerva brachiata (L.) Wight Herb

Anacardiaceae Buchanania cochinchinensis (Lour.) M.R. Almeida Tree Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. Tree

Mangifera indica L. Tree

Semecarpus anacardium L.f. Tree

Annonaceae Annona squmosa L. Tree

Miliusa tomentosa (Roxb.) Sinclair Tree Polyalthia longifolia (Sonn.) Thw. Tree Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) Thwaites Tree

Apiaceae Anethum graveolens L. Herb

Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Herb

Coriandrum sativum L. Herb

Family Taxa Growth form

Apocynaceae Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. Tree

Calotropis gigantea (L.) R. Br. Small tree Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. Shrub

Carissa carandas L. Small tree

Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold Tree

Carissa spinarum L. Shrub

Catharanthus pusillus (Murray) G.Don Herb Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don Tree Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) W.T.Aiton Climber Oxystelma esculentum (L.f.) Sm. Climber Tabernaemontana divaricata (L.) R.Br. ex Roem.

& Schult Tree

Wrightia arborea (Dennst.) Mabberley Small tree

Wrightia tinctoria R.Br. Tree

Plumeria rubra L. Tree

Plumeria alba L. Small tree

Aristolochiaceae Aristolochia indica L. Herb

Asclepiadaceae Ceropegia hirsuta Wight & Arn. Climber Cryptolepis dubia (Burm.f.) M.R.Almeida Climber

Gymnema rivulare Schltr. Climber

Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. Herb Marsdenia tenacissima (Roxb.) Moon Woody climber Telosma pallida (Roxb.) W. G. Craib Shrub

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Family Taxa Growth form

Asteraceae Acanthospermum hispidum DC. Herb

Acilepis aspera (Buch.-Ham.) H.Rob. Herb

Acmella calva (DC.) Jansen Herb

Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. Herb

Artemisia nilagirica (C.B.Clarke) Pamp. Herb

Bidens pilosa L. Herb

Blainvillea acmella (L.) Philipson Herb

Blumea lacera DC. Herb

Blumea axillaris (Lam.) DC. Herb

Blumea fistulosa (Roxb.) Kurz Herb

Blumea laciniata (Wall. ex Roxb.) DC. Herb

Blumea oxyodonta DC. Herb

Caesulia axillaris Roxb. Herb

Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb. Herb

Chrysanthellum indicum DC. Herb

Conyza leucantha (D.Don) Ludlow & P.H.Raven Herb Cyanthillium cinereum (L.) H.Rob. Herb Cyathocline purpurea (Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don)

Kuntze Herb

Echinops echinatus Roxb. Herb

Eclipta prostrata L. Herb

Elephantopus scaber L. Herb

Emiliasonchifolia (L.) DC. ex DC. Herb

Gnaphalium polycaulon Pers. Herb

Gnaphalium indicum L. Herb

Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir. Herb

Helichrysum indicum (L.) Grierson Herb

Ixeris polycephala Cass. Herb

Launaea acaulis (Roxb.) Babc. ex Kerr. Herb Launaea procumbens (Roxb.) Ramaya & Rajgopal Herb

Parthenium hysterophorus L. Herb

Pentanema indicum (L.) Ling Herb

Pluchea indica (L.) Less. Herb

Pulicaria crispa Sch.Bip. Herb

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Herb

Sphaeranthus indicus L. Herb

Tagetes erecta L. Herb

Tridax procumbens (L.) L. Herb

Xanthium strumarium L. Herb

Basellaceae Basella alba L. Climber

Bignoniaceae Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.)

Mattos Tree

Fernandoa adenophylla (Wall. ex G. Don) Steenis Tree

Jacaranda mimosifolia D. Don Tree

Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. Tree

Tabebuia rosea DC. Tree

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Tree

Bombacaceae Bombax ceiba L. Tree

Boraginaceae Cordia dichotoma G. Forst. Tree

Ehretia laevis Roxb. Tree

Heliotropium indicum L. Herb

Heliotropium ovalifolium Forssk. Herb

Heliotropium supinum L. Herb

Trichodesma indicum (L.) Lehm. Herb

Brassicaceae Brassica nigra (L.) K.Koch Shrub

Brassica rapa L. subsp. campestris (L.) Clapham Herb

Eruca vesicari (L.) Cav. Herb

Raphanus sativus L. Herb

Burseraceae Boswellia serrata Roxb. ex Colebr. Tree Caryophyllaceae Polycarpaea corymbosa (L.) Lam. Herb

Polycarpon prostratum (Forssk.) Asch. &

Schweinf. Herb

Spergula arvensis L. Herb

Vaccaria hispanica (Mill.) Rauschert Herb

Cactaceae Opuntia dillenii (Ker Gawl.) Haw. Shrub

Opuntia cochenillifera (L.) Mill. Shrub

Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. Shrub

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Campanulaceae Lobelia alsinoides Lam. Herb

Cannabaceae Cannabis sativa L. Shrub

Celtis australs L. Tree

Celtis tetrandra Roxb. Tree

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume Tree

Capparidaceae Capparis zeylanica L. Shrub

Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia L. Tree

Celastraceae Cassine glauca (Rottb.) Kuntze Tree

Celastrus paniculatus Willd. Shrub

Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum L. Herb

Chenopodiaceae Chenopodium murale L. Herb

Chenopodium album L. Herb

Dysphania ambrosioides (L.) Mosyakin &

Clemants Herb

Cleomaceae Cleome gynandra L. Herb

Cleome viscosa L. Herb

Combretaceae Anogeissus acuminata (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex

Guillem. & Perr. Tree

Anogeissus latifolia (Roxb. ex DC.) Wall. ex

Guillem. & Perr. Tree

Terminalia elliptica Willd Tree

Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn. Tree Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. Tree

Convolvulaceae Convolvulus arvensis L. Herb

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Climber

Erycibe paniculata Roxb. Woody climber

Evolvulus alsinoides (L.) L. Herb

Evolvulus nummularius (L.) L. Herb

Ipomoea aquatica Forssk. Herb

Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Climber

Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Climber

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Shrub

Ipomoea dichroa Choisy Climber

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Climber

Ipomoea obscura (L.) Ker Gawl. Herb

Ipomoea pes-tigridis L. Herb

Ipomoea quamoclit L. Herb

Merremia hederacea (Burm. f.) Hallier f. Herb Operculina turpethum (L.) Silva Manso Climber

Porana paniculata Roxb. Climber

Cornaceae Alangium salviifolium (L.f.) Wangerin Tree Cucurbitaceae Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn. Climber

Cayaponia laciniosa (L.) C.Jeffrey Climber Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. Herb Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsumara & Nakai Herb

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt Herb

Cucumis sativus L. Herb

Cucumis melo L. Herb

Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis (Naudin)

Pangalo Herb

Cucurbita maxima Duch. Herb

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey Herb Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. Herb

Luff a hermaphrodita Singh & Bandhari Herb

Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb. Herb

Luffa cylindrica (L.) M.Roem. Herb

Momordica charantia L. Herb

Momordica dioica Roxb. ex Willd. Herb

Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M.Roem. Herb

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. Climber

Trichosanthes cucumerina L. var. anguina (L.)

Haines Climber

Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Herb

Dipterocarpaceae Shorea robusta Gaertn. Tree

Ebenaceae Diospyros melanoxylon Roxb. Small tree

Diospyros montana Roxb. Small tree

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Family Taxa Growth form Elatinaceae Bergia ammannioides Roxb. ex Roth Herb

Euphorbiaceae Acalypha ciliata Forssk. Herb

Baliospermum solanifolium (Burm.) Suresh Shrub Chrozophora rottleri (Geiseler) A.Juss. ex Spreng. Herb

Croton bonplandianus Baill. Herb

Euphorbia hirta L. Herb

Euphorbia hypericifolia L. Herb

Euphorbia prostrata Aiton Herb

Jatropha gossypiifolia L. Shrub

Mallotus nudiflorus (L.) Kulju & Welzen Tree Mallotus philippensis (Lam.) Mull.Arg. Tree Microstachys chamaelea (L.) Mull.Arg. Herb

Ricinus communis L. Shrub

Fabaceae-

Caesalpinioideae Bauhinia malabarica Roxb. Tree

Bauhinia purpurea L. Tree

Bauhinia racemosa Lam. Tree

Bauhinia semla Wunderlin Tree

Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. Tree

Bauhinia variegata L. Tree

Cassia fistula L. Tree

Chamaecrista absus (L.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Tree Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene Herb

Delonix regia (Hook.) Raf. Tree

Hardwickia binata Roxb. Tree

Parkinsonia aculeata L. Small tree

Peltophorum pterocarpum (DC.) K.Heyne Tree Piliostigma malabaricum (Roxb.) Benth. Tree

Senna alata (L.) Roxb. Shrub

Senna occidentalis (L.) Link Herb

Sennasiamea (Lam.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Tree

Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Herb

Fabaceae-

Mimosoideae Acacia auriculiformis Benth. Tree

Acacia catechu (L.f.) Willd. Tree

Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile Tree

Acacia pinnata Link Tree

Acacia torta (Roxb.) Craib Shrub

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. Tree

Albiziaprocera (Roxb.) Benth. Tree

Albizia odoratissima (L.f.) Benth. Tree Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. Tree Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit Tree

Mimosa himalayana Gamble Small tree

Mimosa rubicaulis Lam. Small tree

Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth. Tree

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce Tree

Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. Small tree Fabaceae-

Papilionoideae Abrus precatorius L. Climber

Aeschynomene indica L. Herb

Atylosia scarabaeoides (L.) Benth. Herb

Alhagi maurorum Medik. Shrub

Alysicarpus bupleurifolius (L.) DC. Herb

Alysicarpus glumaceus (Vahl) DC. Herb

Alysicarpus hamosus Edgew. Herb

Alysicarpus monilifer (L.) DC. Herb

Alysicarpus vaginalis (L.) DC. Herb

Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Tree

Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. Shrub

Cajanus platycarpus (Benth.) Maesen Herb Cajanus scarabaeoides (L.) Thouars Herb

Cicer arietinum L. Herb

Clitoria ternatea L. Herb

Codariocalyx motorius (Houtt.) H.Ohashi Shrub

Crotalaria albida Roth Shrub

Crotalaria spectabilis Roth Herb

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Crotalaria juncea L. Shrub

Crotalaria medicaginea Lam. Herb

Crotalaria mysorensis Roth Herb

Crotalaria prostrata Willd. Herb

Crotalaria quinquefolia L. Herb

Daldergia sisso DC. Tree

Dalbergia lanceolaria L.f. Tree

Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. Tree

Desmodium oojenenensis (Roxb.) H. Ohasi Tree Desmodium dichotomum (Willd.) DC. Herb

Desmodium polycarpum (Poir.) DC. Herb

Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. Herb

Desmodium heterocarpon (L.) DC. Shrub

Desmodium triflorum (L.) DC. Shrub

Desmodium velutinum (willd.) DC. Herb

Erythrina stricta Roxb. Tree

Erythrina suberosa Roxb. Herb

Flemingia strobilifera (L.) W.T.Aiton Shrub

Indigofera astragalina DC. Tree

Indigofera cassioides DC. Tree

Indigofera hirsuta L. Herb

Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz. Herb

Indigofera linnaei Ali Shrub

Indigofera tinctoria L. Shrub

Indigofera trita L.f. Herb

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Herb

Lathyrus aphaca L. Herb

Lathyrus sativus L. Herb

Medicago polymorpha L. Herb

Melilotus indicus (L.) All. Herb

Millettia extensa (Benth.) Baker Herb

Millettia peguensis Ali Tree

Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. Climber

Phyllodium pulchellum (L.) Desv. Shrub

Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre Tree

Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. Tree

Rhynchosia capitata (Roth) DC. Herb

Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. Herb

Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W.Wight Herb

Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. Shrub

Smithia conferta Sm. Herb

Tephrosia pumila (Lam.) Pers. Herb

Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. Herb

Tephrosia strigosa (Dalzell) Santapau &

Maheshw. Herb

Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. Herb

Trifolium alexandrinum L. Herb

Trigonellafoenum-graecum L. Herb

Uraria lagopodoides (L.) DC. Herb

Uraria lagopus var. neglecta (Prain) H.Ohashi Herb

Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. Herb

Vicia hirsuta (L.) Gray Herb

Vicia sativa L. Herb

Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal Herb

Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper Herb

Vigna radiata (L.) R.Wilczek Herb

Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. Herb

Vigna umbellata (Thunb.) Ohwi & H.Ohashi Herb

Zornia gibbosa Span. Herb

Zornia glochidiata DC. Herb

Gesneriaceae Didymocarpus pygmaeus C.B.Clarke Herb

Gentianaceae Canscora alata (Roth) Wall. Herb

Canscora diffusa (Vahl) R.Br. ex Roem. & Schult. Herb

Hoppea dichotoma Willd. Herb

Swertia ciliata (D. Don ex G. Don) B.L. Burtt Herb

Hydrophyllaceae Hydrolea zeylanica (L.) Vahl Herb

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Lamiaceae Anisomeles indica (L.) Kuntze Herb

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. Herb

Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R.Br. Herb

Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link Herb

Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. Herb

Ocimum americanum L. Herb

Ocimum basilicum L. Herb

Ocimum tenuiflorum L. Herb

Orthosiphon pallidus Royle ex Benth. Herb

Premna herbacea Roxb. Herb

Salvia plebeia R.Br. Herb

Lauraceae Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B. Rob. Tree

Litsea monopetala (Roxb.) Pers. Tree

Lecythidaceae Barringtonia acutangula (L.) Gaertn. Tree

Careya arborea Roxb. Tree

Lentibulariaceae Utricularia aurea Lour. Herb

Linaceae Linum usitatissimum L. Herb

Linderniaceae Lindernia anagallis (Burm.f.) Pennell Herb Lindernia ciliata (Colsm.) Pennell Herb Lindernia crustacea (L.) F.Muell. Herb Loranthaceae Dendrophthoefalcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. Shrub

Loranthus philippinensis Cham. & Schlecht.,

extract Shrub

Taxillus tomentosus Tiegh. Shrub

Lythraceae Ammannia baccifera L. Herb

Ammannia multiflora Roxb. Herb

Lagerstroemia indica L. Shrub

Lagerstroemia parviflora Roxb. Tree

Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. Tree

Lawsonia inermis L. Shrub

Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne Herb

Trapa natans L. Herb

Woodfordia floribunda Salisb. Shrub

Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz Shrub

Malvaceae Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medik. Herb

Abelmoschus moschatus Medik. Herb

Abelmoschus crinitus Wall. Shrub

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Shrub Abutilon ramosum (Cav.) Guill. & Perr. Shrub

Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet Shrub

Byttneria herbacea Roxb. Shrub

Ceibapentandra (L.) Gaertn. Tree

Corchorus aestuans L. Herb

Corchorus capsularis L. Herb

Corchorus tridens L. Herb

Corchorus olitorius L. Herb

Grewia asiatica L. Tree

Grewia hirsuta Vahl Tree

Grewia tiliifolia Vahl Tree

Hibiscus cannabinus L. Shrub

Hibiscus lobatus (Murray) Kuntze Herb

Hibiscus micranthus L.f. Shrub

Hibiscus mutabilis L. Shrub

Hibiscus panduriformis Burm.f. Shrub

Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Herb

Kydia calycina Roxb. Tree

Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Herb

Pavonia cancellata (L.) Cav. Herb

Pterospermum acerifolium (L.) Willd. Tree Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borss.Waalk. Shrub

Sida cordifolia L. Shrub

Sida spinosa L. Herb

Sida acuta Burm.f. Herb

Sida rhombifolia L. Herb

Thespesia populnea (L.) Sol. ex Correa Tree

Triumfetta pentandra A. Rich. Shrub

Urena lobata L. Herb

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Martyniaceae Martynia annua L. Herb

Meliaceae Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Tree

Melia azedarach L. Tree

Soymidafebrifuga (Roxb.) A. Juss. Tree

Toona ciliata M. Roem. Tree

Menispermaceae Cissampelos pareira L. Shrub

Cocculus diversifolius DC. Climber

Cocculus hirsutus (L.) W.Theob. Climber Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers Climber Menyanthaceae Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze Herb

Moraceae Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Tree

Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham Tree

Ficus benghalensis L. Tree

Ficus benjamina L. Small tree

Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem Tree

Ficus hispida L.f. Tree

Ficus palmata Forssk. Small tree

Ficus pumila L. Climber

Ficus racemosa L. Tree

Ficus religiosa L. Tree

Ficus virens Aiton Tree

Morus alba L. Tree

Morus indica L. Tree

Streblus asper Lour. Tree

Moringaceae Moringa oleifera Lam. Tree

Myrsinaceae Embelia tsjeriam-cottam (Roem. & Schult.) A.DC. Tree Myrtaceae Callistemon citrinus (Curtis) Skeels Tree

Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. Tree

Psidium guajava L. Tree

Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels Tree

Syzygium salicifolium (Wight) J.Graham Tree

Nyctaginaceae Boerhavia diffusa L. Herb

Boerhavia chinensis (L.) Rottb. Herb

Boerhavia repens L. Herb

Bougainvillea glabra Choisy in DC. Shrub

Mirabilis jalapa L. Herb

Nymphaeceae Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. Herb

Nymphaea pubescens Willd. Herb

Olacaceae Olaxscandens Roxb. Shrub

Oleaceae Jasminum multiflorum (Burm. f.) Andrews Shrub

Jasminum arborescens Roxb. Shrub

Nyctanthes arbor-tristis L. Small tree

Onagraceae Ludwigia octovalis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven Herb

Ludwigia perennis L. Herb

Orobanchaceae Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. Herb

Oxalidaceae Averrhoa carambola L. Tree

Biophytum reinwardtii (Zucc.) Klotzsch Herb

Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. Herb

Oxalis corniculata L. Herb

Papaveraceae Argemone mexicana L. Herb

Fumaria indica (Hausskn.) Pugsley Herb

Pedaliaceae Sesamum mulayanum N.C.Nair Herb

Sesamum indicum L. Herb

Phyllanthaceae Bridelia retusa (L.) A. Juss. Tree

Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb.) Benth. ex Hook.f. Tree Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle Shrub

Phyllanthus emblica L. Tree

Phyllanthus urinaria L. Herb

Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. Herb

Phyllanthus reticulatus Poir. Small tree

Plantaginaceae Lindenbergia indica Vatke Herb

Scoparia dulcis L. Herb

Plumbaginaceae Plumbago zeylanica L. Herb

Putranjivaceae Putranjiva roxburghii Wall. Tree

Polygalaceae Polygala chinensis L. Herb

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Polygala longifolia Poir. Herb

Polygala arvensis Willd. Herb

Polygonaceae Antigonon leptopus Hook. & Arn. Climber

Persicaria barbata (L.) H.Hara Herb

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre Herb

Polygonum aviculare L. Herb

Polygonum plebeium R.Br. Herb

Rumex dentatus L. Herb

Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea L. Herb

Primulaceae Anagallis arvensis L. Herb

Punicaceae Punica granatum L. Small tree

Ranunculaceae Ranunculus sceleratus L. Herb

Ranunculus scleratoides Perfil. ex Ovczinn. Herb

Rhamnaceae Ventilago maderaspatana Gaertn. Tree

Ziziphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. Small tree Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. Small tree

Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Small tree

Ziziphusxylopyrus (Retz.) Willd. Small tree Rubiaceae Catunaregam longispina (Link) Tirveng. Small tree

Ceriscoides turgida (Roxb.) Tirveng. Tree Dentella repens (L.) J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. Herb

Gardenia latifolia Aiton Tree

Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale Tree

Knoxia sumatrensis (Retz.) DC. Herb

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth Tree Neolamarckia cadamba (Roxb.) Bosser Tree

Spermadictyon suaveolens Roxb. Herb

Oldenlandia diffusa (Willd.) Roxb. Herb

Oldenlandia corymbosa L. Herb

Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. Herb

Spermacoce articularis L.f. Herb

Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz.) Tirveng. & Sastre Small tree Wendlandia heynei (Schult.) Santapau &

Merchant Tree

Rutaceae Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa Tree

Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck Tree

Citrus medica L. Tree

Glycosmis pentaphylla (Retz.) DC. Shrubs Hesperethusa crenulata (Roxb.) M. Roem. Tree

Limonia acidissima Groff Tree

Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng. Tree

Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack Tree

Salicaceae Casearia tomentosa Roxb. Tree

Flacourtia indica (Burm.f.) Merr. Tree

Sapindaceae Sapindus emarginatus Vahl Tree

Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Merr. Tree Sapotaceae Madhuca longifolia (J.Koenig ex L.) J.F.Macbr. Tree Scrophulariaceae Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst. Herb

Centranthera nepalensis D.Don Herb

Kickxia ramosissima (Wall.) Janch. Herb Limnophila heterophylla (Roxb.) Benth. Herb

Limnophila indica (L.) Druce Herb

Mazus pumilus (Burm.f.) Steenis Herb

Mecardonia procumbens (Mill.) Small Herb

Scoparia dulcis L. Herb

Veronica anagallis L. Herb

Simaroubaceae Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Tree

Solanaceae Datura innoxia Mill. Herb

Datura metel L. Shrub

Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) H.Karst. Shrub

Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Herb

Nicotiana tabacum L. Herb

Physalis minima L. Herb

Physalis peruviana L. Herb

Solanum americanum Mill. Herb

Solanum incanum L. Herb

Solanum lycopersicum L. Shrub

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Solanum melongena L. Herb

Solanum nigrum L. Herb

Solanum surattense Burm. f. Herb

Solanum viarum Dunal Herb

Solanum virginianum L. Herb

Solanum tuberosum L. Herb

Sterculiaceae Byttneria herbacea Roxb. Herb

Eriolaena hookeriana Wight & Arn. Tree

Firmiana simplex (L.) W.Wight Tree

Helicteres isora L. Shrub

Melochia corchorifolia L. Herb

Sterculia villosa Roxb. Tree

Waltheria indica L. Herb

Ulmaceae Holoptelea integrifolia ( Roxb. ) Planch. Tree

Parasponica rugosa Blume Tree

Verbenaceae Clerodendrum phlomidis L.f. Shrub

Lantana camara L. Shrub

Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. Shrub

Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene Shrub

Tectona grandis L. Tree

Violaceae Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. Herb Hybanthus linearifolius (Vahl) Urb. Herb Vitaceae Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. Climber

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin Climber

Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale Shrub

MONOCOT

Alismataceae Sagittaria sagittifolia L. Herb

Amaryllidaceae Crinum asiaticum L. Herb

Aponogetonaceae Aponogeton crispus Thunb. Herb

Aponogeton natans (L.) Engl. & K.Krause Herb

Araceae Alocasia macrorrhizos (L.) G. Don Herb

Amorphophallus paeoniifolius (Dennst.) Nicolson Herb

Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott Herb

Pistia stratiotes L. Herb

Remusatia vivipara (Roxb.) Schott Herb

Arecaceae Phoenix acaulis Roxb. Shrub

Phoenix rupicola T.Anderson Tree

Asparagaceae Asparagus racemosus Willd. Shrub

Colchicaceae Gloriosa superba L. Shrub

Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. Herb

Commelina caroliniana Walter Herb

Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Herb

Commelinapaludosa Blume Herb

Cyanotis axillaris (L.) D.Don ex Sweet Herb Murdannia malabarica (L.) G.Bruckn. Herb

Murdannia nudiflora (L.) Brenan Herb

Cyperaceae Courtoisina cyperoides (Roxb.) Sojak Herb

Cyperus compactus Retz. Herb

Cyperus compressus L. Herb

Cyperus cyperoides (L.) Kuntze Herb

Cyperus difformis L. Herb

Cyperus exaltatus Retz. Herb

Cyperus iria L. Herb

Cyperus glomeratus L. Herb

Cyperus leucocephalus Retz. Herb

Cyperus malaccensis Lam. Herb

Cyperus michelianus subsp. pygmaeus (Rottb.)

Asch. & Graebn. Herb

Cyperus niveus Retz. Herb

Cyperus pangorei Rottb. Herb

Cyperus rotundus L. Herb

Cyperus tenuispica Steud. Herb

Eleocharis geniculata (L.) Roem. & Schult. Herb Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult Herb Eleocharis quinqueflora (Hartmann) O.Schwarz Herb Fimbristylis bisumbellata (Forssk.) Bubani Herb

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Fimbristylis dichotoma (L.) Vahl Herb

Fimbristylisfalcata (Vahl) Kunth Herb

Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl Herb

Fimbristylis squarrosa Vahl Herb

Fimbristylis tetragona R.Br. Herb

Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. Herb

Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. Herb

Pycreus flavidus (Retz.) T.Koyama Herb Pycreus polystachyos (Rottb.) P.Beauv. Herb

Pycreus pumilus (L.) Nees Herb

Schoenoplectiella articulata (L.) Lye Herb Schoenoplectiella juncoides (Roxb.) Lye Herb

Scirpus supinus L. Herb

Scleria levis Retz. Herb

Eriocaulaceae Eriocaulon guinguangulare Linn Herb

Hydrocharitaceae Blyxa aubertii Rich. Herb

Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle Herb

Najas minor All. Herb

Vallisneria spiralis L. Herb

Lemnaceae Lemna aequinoctialis Welw. Herb

Wolffia microscopica (Griff.) Kurz Herb

Musaceae Musa balbisiana Colla Large Shrub

Orchidaceae Vanda tessellata (Roxb.) Hook. ex G.Don Herb Zeuxine strateumatica (L.) Schltr. Herb

Poaceae Alloteropsis cimicina (L.) Stapf Herb

Andropogon fastigiatus Sw. Herb

Apluda mutica L. Herb

Apocopis vaginata Hack. Herb

Arundo donax L. Shrubs

Aristida adscensionis L. Herb

Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr. Herb

Aristida redacta Stapf Herb

Aristida setacea Retz. Herb

Arthraxon hispidus (Thunb.) Makino Herb Arthraxon lancifolius (Trin.) Hochst. Herb Arthraxon prionodes (Steud.) Dandy Herb

Avena sativa L. Herb

Arundinella setosa Trin. Herb

Bothriochloapertusa (L.) A.Camus Herb

Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss Tree

Chloris virgata Sw. Herb

Chrysopogonfulvus (Spreng.) Chiov. Herb

Coix aquatica Roxb. Herb

Cymbopogon martini (Roxb.) W.Watson Herb

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Herb

Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd. Herb Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.) Nees Herb Desmostachya bipinnata (L.) Stapf Herb Dichanthium annulatum (Forssk.) Stapf Herb Digitaria bicornis (Lam.) Roem. & Schult. Herb Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Herb Digitaria longiflora (Retz.) Pers. Herb

Digitaria stricta Roth Herb

Dimeria ornithopoda Trin. Herb

Echinochloa colona (L.) Link Herb

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. Herb Echinochloa stagnina (Retz.) P.Beauv. Herb

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Herb

Enteropogon dolichostachyus (Lag.) Keng Herb Eragrostis amabilis (L.) Wight & Arn. Herb Eragrostis japonica (Thunb.) Trin. Herb

Eragrostis pilosa (L.) P.Beauv. Herb

Eragrostis tremula Hochst. ex Steud. Herb Eragrostis unioloides (Retz.) Nees ex Steud. Herb Eremopogon foveolatus (Delile) Stapf Herb Eulalia trispicata (Schult.) Henrard Herb

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Family Taxa Growth form Eulaliopsis binata (Retz.) C.E.Hubb. Herb Hackelochloa granularis (L.) Kuntze Herb Hemarthria compressa (L.f.) R.Br. Herb Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv. ex Roem. &

Schult. Herb

Hordeum vulgare L. Herb

Hygroryza aristata (Retz.) Nees ex Wight & Arn. Herb Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Herb

Isachne globosa (Thunb.) Kuntze Herb

Ischaemum rugosum Salisb. Herb

Iseilema laxum Hack. Herb

Leptochloa chinensis (L.) Nees Herb

Leptochloa panicea (Retz.) Ohwi Herb

Melanocenchris jacquemontii Jaub. & Spach Herb

Ophiuros exaltatus (L.) Kuntze Herb

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P.Beauv. Herb

Oryza glaberrima Steud. Herb

Oryza rufipogon Griff. Herb

Oryza sativa L. Herb

Panicum notatum Retz. Herb

Panicum paludosum Roxb. Herb

Paspalidium flavidum (Retz.) A.Camus Herb

Paspalum scrobiculatum L. Herb

Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R.Br. Herb

Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. Herb

Perotis indica (L.) Kuntze Herb

Phalaris minor Retz. Herb

Pogonatherum paniceum (Lam.) Hack. Herb Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Herb Pseudoraphis spinescens (R.Br.) Vickery Herb Pseudosorghum fasciculare (Roxb.) A.Camus Herb

Saccharum bengalense Retz. Herb

Saccharum spontaneum L. Herb

Sacciolepis interrupta (Willd.) Stapf Herb Sacciolepis myosuroides (R.Br.) A.Camus Herb Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Buse Herb Schizachyrium exile (Hochst.) Pilg. Herb

Schoenefeldia gracilis Kunth Herb

Sehima nervosum (Rottler) Stapf Herb

Setaria intermedia Roem. & Schult. Herb Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. Herb Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv. Herb

Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench Herb

Themeda quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze Herb

Thysanolaena latifolia (Roxb. ex Hornem.) Honda Herb

Tragus racemosus (L.) All. Herb

Triticum aestivum L. Herb

Urochloa panicoides P.Beauv. Herb

Pontederiaceae Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms Herb Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl Herb

Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton crispus L. Herb

Potamogeton nodosus Poir. Herb

Smilacaceae Smilax guianensis Vitman Herb

Typhaceae Typha domingensis Pers. Herb

Typha elephantina Roxb. Herb

Xanthorrhoeaceae Asphodelus tenuifolius Cav. Herb

Zingiberaceae Cheilocostus speciosus (J. Koenig.) C. D. Specht Herb

Curcuma aromatica Salisb. Herb

Curcuma longa L. Herb

Zingiber officinale Roscoe Herb

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