View of BACKYARD STUDY FOR FINDING DRAGONFLY DIVERSITY DURING THE 2021 COVID-19 PERIOD

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VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 252

BACKYARD STUDY FOR FINDING DRAGONFLY DIVERSITY DURING THE 2021 COVID- 19 PERIOD

Aditi Pandey

B.Sc. Biotech (Hons.) III Year, Institute of Biological Science, SAGE University Indore (M.P.), India

Abstract- During the COVID-19 pandemic, wildlife spotting increased in urban green spaces like backyards, gardens, ponds, etc. Swarms of insects have been observed showing a variety of behaviours in these urban green spaces. The dragonflies are one of them, being versatile predatory insects and ecological indicators reflecting the biotic and abiotic state of the natural and urban environment. Our study aimed at finding out the diversity of dragonflies in an urban backyard locatedin Indore city during the monsoon and post- monsoon periods of COVID-19 in 2021. The coordinates of our study location are 22.7023N, 75.8056E. The study was conducted in a small urban area of approximately 2000 square feet, with a high diversity of plants for about 2 months. The point count method was used for conducting this study. A total of six species were observed which belong to two families i.e., Aeshnidae and Libellulidae. The most commonly found species in the region belongs to the family Libellulidae. In the monsoon season, the population of two species namely Pantalaflavescens and Hemianaxephippigerwas found to be the highest, however, the population of Trameabasilaris was dominant during the post-monsoon period.

Therefore, the study location was rich in the diversity of dragonflies during the study period. It can also be hypothesized from the study that some of the species found in the study can be synanthropic. The study can be useful in setting up primary data for future research and can be used as a foundation for conservation efforts.

1 INTRODUCTION

With the spread of COVID-19, human activities declined abruptly.Urban ecosystemsare highly influenced by human activity and therefore the pandemic resulted in an unplanned experiment to study the changes in the specie behavior and composition in an urban ecosystem(Primack et al., 2021). Although the experiments were not planned properly and were conducted in small areas, the experiments resulted in the collection of a wide variety of data that can be used for various studies like conservation efforts, urban planning models, assessment of human impacts, and wildlife management models. Synanthropic species can be used as a model organism for studying the impact of human activity on the urban ecosystem because these species are most adapted and influenced by human activities (Zellmeret al., 2020).

An urban ecosystem can be best studied in an urban green space, which can include gardens, ponds, and backyards (Zellmeret al., 2020). These urban green spaces provide multiple ecosystem services (Ugolini et al., 2020) and are occupied by urban- dwelling species. Various environmental stressors such as air and noise pollution and the presence of humans, which gotabruptly declined due to the pandemic, had a great impact on the behavior and dispersal of the urban dwelling organisms (Zellmeret al., 2020, Kowari et al., 2011, Gaynor et al., 2018).Dragonflies are considered to be a suitable model for studying the impact of human activity in an urban ecosystem because of many factors like small size, changes in specie abundance, and composition in response to human activity (Shukla et al., 2016). They are also used to design a sustainable urban planning model for various conservation efforts.

Dragonflies belong to the infraorder Anisoptera, they are predatory insects with approximately 3000 globally distributed species (Kohli et al., 2021, and Letschet al., 2016), out of which 500 species of dragonflies are discovered in India (Prasad and Varshney 1995, Choudhury et al., 2020). The dragonflies indicate the health of an ecosystem (Tiple et al., 2011, Andrew et al., 2008) and can also be used as biocontrol agents (Tiple et al., 2008).

Dragonflies are adapted to temperate climatic conditions and evolved around tropical regions therefore can also be used as model organisms for studying the effect of climate change and environmental warming (Nesemannet al. 2011, Choudhury et al., 2020).

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT ISSN: 2348-4918 Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal

An ample number of tolerant species are thought to be found in an urban area because highly sensitive dragonfly species can be sorely influenced by urban stressors but tolerant species can withstand these stressors which results in the decreased richness of species in an urban area (Clarkeet al., 1996, Villalobos-Jiménez et al., 2016). In a study conducted in Italy to observe the patterns in the lifehistory of Erythrommalindeniiand I. elegans;

adaptation to low Oxygen concentration, longer reproductive period, and absence of diapause are important considerations made by the species to confront organic pollution (Solimini et al., 1997; Villalobos-Jiménez et al., 2016). Temperature also has a major impact on the polymorph frequency (Gosden et al., 2011), phenology of the odonate, and its body size (Hassall et al., 2014; Hassall et al., 2013; Hassall et al., 2007., Villalobos-Jiménez et al., 2017). In a study conducted in Japan to analyze the genetic differentiation in the population; the urban landscape acted as an obstruction to Ischnura senegalensis, I.

asiatica, and Paracercioncalamorum (Sato et al., 2008, Villalobos-Jiménez et al., 2016).

Urban landscapes with less vegetation and fewer water bodies result in limited connectivity and dispersal of dragonflies in cities (Chovanec et al., 2000; Watts et al., 2004;

Sato et al., 2008, Villalobos-Jimenez et al.,2016), however highly vegetative areas can be used by dragonflies as a habitat because the vegetation affects the behavior of dragonflies (Silva et al., 2010, Buchwald, 1992, Villalobos-Jiménez et al., 2016), also a rich diversity of odonates was found in the highly vegetative urban areas of Austria, Germany, France, and South Africa (Chovanecet al., 2002, Goertzen et al., 2013; Jeanmougin et al., 2014;

Samwayset al., 1996; Prykeet al., 2009; Villalobos-Jiménez et al., 2016).

Our study focuses on finding out the diversity of dragonflies (Anisoptera) at the location (22.7023N, 75.8056E) of Indore city in a subtropical environment with plenty of biodiversity. It was hypothesized that due to the unanticipated onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the behavior and diversity of various native and migratory species of dragonfly may have been affected. To test this hypothesis, we decided to calculate the diversity of dragonflies in the area using various diversity indices. The diversity of the ecosystem was calculated by 2 diversity indices.

2 MATERIALS AND METHOD – 2.1 Study Area

The study was conducted on the following coordinates 22.7023N, 75.8056E of Indore city, in an area of about 2000 square feet. Despite being located in an urban area; the study location was found to be full of biodiversity with more than 50 species of plant with various species of birds and insects. A camera and a guidebook were used to take the observations, the guide used for identification was “A Handbook on common odonates of Central India” by Dr. R. J. Andrew, Dr. K. A. Subramanian, and Mr. Ashish D. Tiple. The observations were taken 3-4 times a week for a period of 2 months during COVID-19 period in 2021 and the data of 32 days were gathered. The observations were conducted for a minimum of 30 minutes either during noon, early morning, or evening and the observations were taken at a height of 15 to 18 meters from the ground. The point count method was used to take the observations. The study had two phases, the monsoon, and the post-monsoon phase.

2.2 Data Analysis

The Shannon Wiener Index, Simpson Index of Diversity, Species richness, Shannon Evenness, Simpson Index, and Simpson Evenness have been used to calculate the diversity of dragonflies in the studied ecosystem. The calculations were performed on an excel file.

The results of the monsoon and post-monsoon phases are recorded separately to identify the variations in the diversity of the two phases. Besides the number of dragonflies, the behavior of the dragonflies was also noted.

3 RESULTS

The values of the Shannon Wiener Index, Simpson Index of Diversity, Species richness, Shannon Evenness, Simpson Index, and Simpson Evenness calculated for the monsoon and post-monsoon phase are shown in Table 1.

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VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 254 Figure 1 The identified species found in the study area

Table 1 Values of the diversity indices calculated for the studied ecosystem

Phase

Indices Da y 1

Da y 2

Da y 3

Da y 4

Da y 5

Da y 6

D ay

7 Da

y 8

Da y 9

Da y 10

Da y 11

Da y 12

Da y 13

Da y 14

Da y 15

Da y 16

Monsoon

Species Richness 2.6 8 1.

60 7.

60 6 2.

94 14.

48 1 6 4.

66 4.

58 9 18 1.

73 2.

68 3 6.

78 Shannon-Wiener

Index 0 0 0.

10 0 0.

28 0.4

5 0 0.

13 0.

23 0.

27 0.

21 0.

47 0 0 0 0.

03 Shannon

Evenness 0 0 0.

12 0 0.

61 0.3

9 0 0.

17 0.

35 0.

41 0.

22 0.

38 0 0 0 0.

04 Simpson Index 1 1 0.

86 0 0.

51 0.2 1 0.

81 0.

61 0.

52 0.

6 0 1 1 1 0.

96 Simpson Index of

Diversity 0 0 0.

13 1 0.

48 0.8 0 0.

18 0.

38 0.

47 0.

4 1 0 0 0 0.

03 Simpson

Evenness

0.3 7

0.

62 0.

15 0 0.

65 0.3

4 1 0.

20 0.

34 0.

41 0.

18 0 0.

57 0.

37 0.

33 0.

15

Post - Monsoon Species Richness 13.

71 6.

91 1.

22 7.

34 0.

72 1.0

9 6 7.

89 0 0 0 0.

84 2.

12 0.

59 8.

68 3.

46 Shannon-Wiener

Index 0.4

3 0.

04 0 0.

08 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.

19 0 Shannon

Evenness 0.3 8 0.

05 0 0.

09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.

20 0

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Simpson Index 0.2 6 0.

95 1 0.

90 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0.

66 1 Simpson Index of

Diversity 0.7 3 0.

04 0 0.

09 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0.

33 0 Simpson

Evenness 0.2 7 0.

15 0.

81 0.

15 1.

38 0.9

1 0 0 0 0 0 1.

17 0.

47 1.

68 0.

17 0.

28 The diversity indices are calculated for six species belonging to two families i.e., Aeshnidae and Libellulidae. Family Aeshnidae was represented by Hemianaxephippiger and the family Libellulidae was found to be dominant in the study area. Family Libellulidae is also found to be the most dominating in the Indian sub-continent (Kumaret al., 1998, andChoudhury et al., 2020). Two species namely Hemianaxephippiger and Pantalaflavescenshad the high values of species richness in the monsoon phase while the value of species richness for Trameabasilaris was found to be high in the post-monsoon phase. There were no species found on days 9, 10, and 11 of the post-monsoon period. The maximum value of diversity indices was found to be on the 12^th day of the monsoon phase.

4 DISCUSSION

The result of the Shannon Wiener Index, Simpson Index of Diversity, Species richness, Shannon Evenness, Simpson Index, and Simpson Evenness helped identify the diversity and the differences in the diversity of the monsoon and post-monsoon period, and with the help of these indices, we investigated the diversity of dragonflies for 32 days in an urban backyard in the given urban ecosystem.

Before COVID-19, the diversity of the dragonflies was mostly calculated in their natural habitats like forests, ponds, and rivers. Species richness and evenness in an urban area depends on the observed taxonomic group and degree of urbanization (McKinneyet al., 2002, Mc Kinney at al., 2008, and Villalobos-Jiménez et al., 2016). Our study was conducted in an urban backyard with no ponds or rivers in a radius of approximately 3 kilo-meters from the study site but the studied ecosystem was full of biodiversity. The study area had some extent of anthropogenic disturbances but no major influence of human activity was observed on the species like Hemianaxephippiger and Pantalaflavescens and they are hypothesized to be synanthropic because they were found to be actively performing the activities like basking, perching,patrolling, roosting and hunting; these activities are performed actively by the dragonflies at their natural habitats.

Increasing the diversity of dragonflies in an urban ecosystem will help humans control the population of disease vectors (like mosquitoes) and other agricultural pests (May et al., 2019). The damaging effects of urbanization cannot be dissolved but planting endemic plants supporting local wildlife can aid in increasing the biodiversity of an urban ecosystem and will reduce the ill effects of urbanization (Painkra et. al., 2016).

We were not been able to identify some species on some days and we have excluded that data from the calculations of the indices to reduce any errors in the calculation. Also, due to lack ofevidence, we cannot culminate that the species Hemianaxephippiger and Pantalaflavescens are synanthropic and further research on this topic will help us to conclude.

To culminate our result, the urban ecosystem studied was found to be rich in the diversity of dragonflies during the monsoon and post-monsoon COVID-19 period of 2021.

The rich diversity was a result of decline in urban stressors and proper exposure of sunlight, temperature regulation, and maintenance of biodiversity in the urban green space (or backyard). Various dragonfly conservation efforts should be encouraged to save one of the most successful organisms on earth.

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