http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
OPEN ACCESS
Manuscript ID:
TAM-070320235834 Volume: 7
Issue: 3 Month: January Year: 2023 P-ISSN: 2454-3993 E-ISSN: 2582-2810 Received: 15.10.2022 Accepted: 20.12.2022 Published: 01.01.2023 Citation:
Shunmugaraja, J. “British Colonialism and Tamil Society: Obliterations and Exodus.” Shanlax International Journal of Tamil Research, vol. 7, no. 3, 2023, pp. 67–80.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.34293/
tamil.v7i3.5834
*Corresponding Author:
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution- ShareAlike 4.0 International License
British Colonialism and Tamil Society:
Obliterations and Exodus
J. Shunmugaraja
Assistant Professor in Modern History, School of Historical Studies Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-9568 Abstract
The British were the forerunners of publicizing indentured labour system in the globe.
In the beginning the structure was tentatively observed in their American Colony Jamestown. Initially, the whites had also comprised with the indentured labourers category. After the black population arrived in 1619, who had subdued by the indentured labour system were mercilessly hounded by their white masters. Slavery, thus, replaced indentured system in the New World. In Mauritius, such an exigency had arisen when slavery was abolished in 1834. The exploitative experiences of their past urged them to take to the system of indentured labour to ensure prompt supply of labour for their plantation work. The slaves emancipated in the wake of slavery abolition in 1834 were in no mood to opt for plantation work. Therefore the white planters in Mauritius had to look to India for their alternative source of labour supply. While commencing the study period have restricted from 1834 to 1922. 1834 was the year in which slavery was abolished in Mauritius. 1922 was the year in which a comprehensive Act streamlining the old process of immigration was adopted by the Indian legislature. The paper has been classified into four parts. The first, second and third parts of the paper are very comprehensively discussing about the negative effects of the British colonialism, degradation of the economic state and the ground reality of the 19th century Tamil society. The concluding part of the paper has made an attempt to give an outline about the 19th century colonial Tamil Diaspora of the world.
Key Words: British Colonialism, English East India Company, Indentured Labour, Torture Commission Report, Tamils Emigration, Destruction of Indian Economy, Famines of India, Abolition of Slavery, Mauritius, Sri Lanka, Assam, Fiji, Migration from Madras Presidency
References
1. John Kennady, R. 1875-85. Emigration from Madras Presidency to British Burma (Unpublished M. Phil Diss., Bharathiya University, 1991), p. 4.
2. Subramanian, P. Social History of Tamils (New Delhi: D.K. Print World, 1996), p. 194.
3. David Ludden, Peasant History in South India (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985), pp. 130-131.
4. Gyan Prakash, Bonded Histories: Genealogies of Lab or Servitude in Colonial India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 82-83.
5. Arun Mukherjee. 1993. Scarcity and Crime: A Study of 19th Century Bengal, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 28, pp. 237-242.
6. Subramanian, P. Social History of Tamils, p. 192.
7. Abhijit Banerjee & Lakshmi Iyer 2005. History, Institutions, and Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land Tenure Systems in India. The American Economic Review, vol. 95, pp. 1192-1193.
8. Subramanyam Reddy, D. 1988. The Ryotwari Land Revenue Settlements and Peasant Resistance in the Northern Division of Arcot of the Madras Presidency during Early British Rule, Social Scientist, vol. 16, pp. 37-38, See also P. Subramanian, Social History of Tamils, p. 203.
9. Report on the Commission for the Investigation of Alleged Cases of Torture in the Madras Presidency, 1855, p. 18.
10. Ibid., p. 24.
11. Joseph Baranabas, C. From Madras to Mauritius 1800-1856: Studies in Emigration and Assimilation, (Unpublished Ph.D. Diss., University of Madras, 1991), p. 24.
12. 1915. Report on Native News Papers. vol. II, p. 1465.
13. Thirthankar Roy, Acceptance of Innovations in Early Twentieth-Century Indian Weaving, The Economic History Review, vol. 55, August 2002, p. 507.
14. Bipan Chandra, Amles Tripathi and Barun De, Freedom Struggle (New Delhi: National Book Trust, 2004), pp. 3-5.
15. Subramanian, P. Social History of Tamils, p. 223.
16. Adapa Sathyanarayana. 2002. ‘Birds of Passage’: Migration of South Indian Labour Communities to South-East Asia; 19-20th Centuries, A.D., Clara Working Paper, No. 11, 2001, p. 9; and see also Adapa Sathyanarayana, “Birds of Passage,” Asian Studies, p. 109
17. Sugata Bose. 1919-1947. Agrarian Engal: Economy. Social Structure and Politics, (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni- versity Press, 1986), p. 5.
18. Ramannujam, G. 1986. Indian Labour Movement, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, pp. 90-91.
19. Reports of the Indian Famine Commission, 1880, Part I, p. 9.
20. Saradaraju. 1941. Economic Conditions of Madras Presidency 1800-50, Madras: University of Madras, p. 291.
21. Famine Commission Report. 1880. Part I, p. 10; See also Kathleen Gough, Agrarian Relations in Southeast India, 1750-1976, Review (Fernand Braudel Center), vol. 2, Summer 1978, pp. 29-30.
22. Famine Commission Report. 1880. Part I, p. 10; see also G. N. Rao, Transition from Subsistence to Commercialised Agriculture: A Study of Krishna District of Andhra, C 1850-1900, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 20, Jun 1985, pp.60-63.
23. Saradaraju, Economic Conditions of Madras Presidency, p. 39; see also Leela Sami, Gender ifferentials in Famine Mortality: Madras (1876-78 and Punjab (1896-97), Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 37, June 2002, p. 2594.
24. Report on the Speeches of Legislative Council of the Governor-General at Calcutta: The Indian Famine of 1877:
Being a Statement of the Measures Proposed by the Government of India For the Prevention and Relief of Famines in the Future (London: C. Kegan Paul and Co., 1878) pp. 73-74.
25. Ibid., p. 202 and see also David Arnold, Looting, Grain Riots and Government Policy in South India 1918, Past and Present Society, vol. 84, August 1979, p. 114.
26. Karnataka Prakasika, Report on Native News Papers, February 21, 1898, vol. II, p. 13.
27. Kistna Patrika, Report on Native News Papers, February 21, 1898, vol. II, p. 13.
28. Bhatia, BM. Famine and Agricultural Labour in India: A Historical Perspective, Indian Journal of Industrial Relations, vol. 10, April 1975, p.577.
29. Nambi Aroon, K 1985. Indians in South-Africa: With Special Reference to the Tamils (Thanjavur: Tamil University), p. 22-23.
30. Dharma Kumar, 1965. Land and Caste in South India: Agricultural Labour in the Madras Presidency During the Nineteenth Century, London: Cambridge University, pp. 128-129.
31. Report on the Speeches of Legislative Council of the Governor-General at Calcutta: The Indian Famine of 1877, pp. 73-74.
32. Dharma Kumar. 1826-1867. Land and Caste in South India, p. 199; see also C. M. Turnbull, Internal Security in the Straits Settlements, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, vol. 1, March 1970, pp. 37-38.
33. Christophe Z Guilmoto, The Tamil Migration Cycle, 1830-1950, Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 28, January 1993, p. 111; and Dharma Kumar, Land and Caste in South India, p. 199; see also Kathleen Gough, “Modes of Production in Southern India,” Economic and Political Weekly, vol. 15,February 1980, p. 343.
34. Report on Outlines of A Plan: Submitted to Her Majesty’s Government for The Purpose of Establishing An Authorized Committee To Regulate And Carry on the Introduction of Indian Laborers At Mauritius: The Colony From The Distressing Embarrassment which It Now Suffers, From The Want of Means To Cultivate The Land (London: Nichols, 1840), p.13.
35. Richard B Allen, Licentious and Unbridled Proceedings: The Illegal Slave Trade to Mauritius and the Seychelles during the Early Nineteenth Century, The Journal of African History, Vol. 42, ____ 2001, p. 99; and Report on The Export of Coolies from India to Mauritius (London: British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1842), p. 4; see also William A. Green, “Emancipation to Indenture: A Question of Imperial Morality,” The Journal of British Stud- ies, vol. 22, Spring 1983, pp.90-91.
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
36. Lanka Sundaram. 1931. The International Aspects of Indian Emigration, Asiatic Review, p. 745.
37. Dharma Kumar, Land and Caste in South India, p. 131.
38. Valentine Daniel, E. 1993, Violent Measures in the Discursive Practices of Sri Lanka’s Estate Tamils. Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 35, July 1993, p. 570; and Dharma Kumar, Land and Caste in South India, p. 129.
39. Maclean, CD. 1885. Manual of the Madras Presidency, Madras: The Government Press), pp. 502-503.
¤›miè Põ»Û¯•® uªÌa \‰P•®:
]øuÄPЮ ©ØÖ® ¦»¨ö£¯ºÄ®
öá. \s•Pµõáõ
uø»Áº, |ÃÚ Áµ»õØÖz xøÓ, Áµ»õØÖ¨ ¦»®
©xøµ Põ©µõ\º £ÀPø»UPÇP®, ©xøµ
AÔ•P®
¤›miè QÇUS&C¢v¯ P®ö£Û°Úº Á¸øPUS •ß¦ C¢v¯ ©õPõn[P¼¸¢u Qµõ©[PÒ ußÛøÓÄ ö£ØÓ ö£õ¸Íõuõµzøu ußÚPz÷u öPõsi¸¢uÚ. Qµõ©zvÚ›ß ÷uøÁPÒ AøÚzx®
AÁºPÒ ÂøÍÂzu ö£õ¸mPÒ ‰»©õPÄ®, ö\#x Á¢u öuõÈÀPÒ ‰»©õPÄ® {øÓ÷ÁØÔUöPõÒÍ£mhÚ.
ªP A›¯ u¸n[PÎÀ ©mk÷© u[PÒ ÷uøÁPÐUPõÚ öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ ÷ÁØÖ Qµõ©[Pμ¸¢x u¸ÂzxU öPõshÚº. Qµõ© ©UPÎß ÷uøÁPøÍ {øÓÄ ö\#¯ ÷uøÁ¨£mh ua_¨£mhøÓPÒ, ö£õØöPõÀ»ºPÒ, ¡À ¡Ø£ÁºPÒ, \õ¯z öuõÈØ \õø»PÒ, ö|\ÁõͺPÒ, £Ç ¯õ£õ›PÒ, P¸¨£mi öuõÈØ \õø»PÒ, ÂÁ\õ°PÒ, Gsön# EØ£zv ö\#£ÁºPÒ, ©s£õsh® ö\#£ÁºPÒ, Gί ÂÁ\õ¯ P¸ÂPÒ ö\#£ÁºPÒ GÚ AøÚzx Azv¯õÁ]¯ ö£õ¸ÒPÒ ö\#£ÁºPЮ C¸¢uÚº.
18&B® ¡ØÓõsiß CøhUPõ»[PÎÀ öußÛ¢v¯õ¼¸¢u öuõÈØ\õø»PÒ ußÛøÓÄ ö£ØÓ Qµõ©¨ ö£õ¸ÍõuõµzvØS GkzxUPõmhõP ÂÍ[Q¯x. ußÛøÓÄ ö£ØÔ¸¢u Qµõ©¨ ö£õ¸Íõuõµzvß {ø» ¤›miè Põ»Û¯® C¢v¯õ Á¢uÄhß •ØÔ¾® ©õÔ¨ ÷£õÚx. 19 ©ØÖ® 20&uõ®
¡ØÓõsiß •uÀ C¸£x BskPÒ Áøµ {PÌ¢u Põ»Û¯ Bm] C¢v¯ ö£õ¸Íõuµzøu GÆÁõÖ AÈÄUSÒÍõQ¯x Gߣx SÔzx CUPmkøµ P¸¨ö£õ¸ÍõP öPõskÒÍx. Pmkøµø¯
GÎø©¯õUP |õßS £SvPÍõP¨ ¤›UP¨£mkÒÍx. •uÀ £Sv Põ»Û¯zvß uõUPzuõÀ GÆÁõÖ C¢v¯ Qµõ©¨¦Ó[PÎß ÂÁ\õ¯[PÒ AÈøÁ \¢vzux GÚÄ®, CµshõÁx £Sv SÖ¢öuõÈÀPÎß AÈÄ GÆÁõÖ {PÌ¢ux Gߣøu ÂÍUS©õÖ Aø©UP¨£mkÒÍx. ‰ßÖ
©ØÖ® |õßPõ® £SvPÎÀ öuõhº]¯õP C¢v¯õøÁ ^ºSø»zu £g\[PÒ SÔzx® Põ»Û¯zvß uõUPzvß ¤ß ÂøÍÄPÒ SÔzx® ÂÍUP¨£mkÒÍx.
•UQ¯aöŒõØPÒ: ¤›miè Põ»ÛzxÁ®, B[Q÷»¯ QÇUQ¢v¯ P®ö£Û, J¨£¢uz öuõÈ»õͺ, ]zvµÁøuU Pªåß AÔUøP, uªÇºPÒ Si÷¯ØÓ®, C¢v¯¨ ö£õ¸Íõuõµ AÈÄ, C¢v¯õÂß
£g\[PÒ, Aiø©zuÚ® JȨ¦, ö©õ›æ¯ì, C»[øP, Aìéõ®, ¤â, ©uµõì ¤µ]
öhß]°¼¸¢x Ch®ö£¯ºuÀ
C¢v¯ Qµõ©[PÒ ©ØÖ® ÂÁ\õ¯zvß AÈÄ
Põ»Û¯ Bm]¯õͺPÒ C¢v¯ ÂÁ\õ°PÒ
«x Âvzv¸¢u Pkø©¯õÚ Á›PøÍ Gvºzx C¢v¯ Põ[Qµì ÷£\
öuõh[Q°¸¢u Põ»® Põ»Û¯zvß Ea\® öuõmi¸¢ux GÚU TÓ»õ®.
HöÚÛÀ Pkø©¯õÚ Á›Âv¨¦® AuøÚ
Á`¼zu •øÓ²® ªPUöPõlµ©õP C¸¢ux. Aµ_ {ºÚ¯® ö\#u Á›ø¯
ö\¾zv¯ ¤ß ÂÁ\õ°PÒ ÂøÍÂzu ö£õ¸ÒPμ¸¢x ]Ô¯ AÍ»õÚ C»õ£® ©mk÷© AÁºPÎß ÁõÌÂØS Buõµ©õPU Qøhzux. öuõhº ÁÓm]
©ØÖ® ö\¾zu •i¯õu AÍ»õÚ {»Á› C¢v¯ºPÎß ÂÁ\õ¯zøu Á͵
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
Âhõ©÷» ö\#ux. B[Q÷»¯ºPÎß _¯ C»õ£zvØPõÚ Põ»Û¯ Aµ]¯¾®
C¯ØøP ^ØÓzvÚõÀ HØ£mh ö£¸®
AÈÄPЮ C¢v¯õÂß ÁÖø©US Ai¨£øh¯õÚx. C¢v¯ Põ»Û¯
Aµ_ £oPμ¸¢u B[Q÷»¯ºPÐUS ÁÇ[P¨£mh Fv¯® E»Qß ÷ÁÖ G¢u £SvPξ® ¯õ¸US® ÁÇ[P¨£h
•i¯õu AÍÄUS AvP©õP C¸¢ux.
Põ»Û¯ Põ»zvÀ ÂÁ\õ°PÎß ÁõÌUøP, Áõ#US® Á°ØÖUS® ÷£õµõkÁuØ÷P
\›¯õ# ÷£õÚx. HÌø©°ß öÁΨ£õhõP CÁºPÎß Á]¨¤h® ©s_Áº öPõsk Pmi Gʨ£¨£mh TøÓ ÃhõP C¸¢ux.
ÃmiÀ E£÷¯õP¨£kzu £õzvµ[PÒ Hx©ØÓ {ø»°¼¸¢uÚº. öÁΨ£øh¯õPa ö\õÀÁöußÓõÀ AÁºPÎß ÁõÌUøP°À x¯µ•®, ÁÖø©²® ©mk÷©
{øÓ¢v¸¢ux. ö|\ÁõͺPÎß {ø»÷¯õ ªP¨ £›uõ£zvØS›¯uõP C¸¢ux.
©uµõêÀ ©mk® 5,000 ö|\Äz öuõÈ»õͺPÒ J¸ ÷ÁøÍ EnÂØ÷P ÁȯØÓÁºPÍõP C¸¢uÚº. AUPõ»[PÎÀ öuõÈ»õͺPÒ ö\#QßÓ ÷Áø»US Fv¯©õPz uõÛ¯[P÷Íõ AÀ»x ÷ÁÖ ö£õ¸ÒP÷Íõ ÁÇ[P¨£mhx. ªP A›¯ u¸n[PÎ÷» £n® T¼¯õPU öPõkUP¨£mhx. J¸ öuõÈ»õΰß
\µõ\› Á¸h Á¸©õÚ® Gߣx 12
¹£õ°¼¸¢x 20 ¹£õ#USÒ C¸¢ux.
C¢v¯ Áµ»õØÔÀ, SÔ¨£õP Põ»Û¯
Põ»zvÀ, ÂÁ\õ°PÒ u[PÍx {»[PøÍ CÇ¢uxöuߣx ¦v¯uõP |h¢u {PÌöÁõßÖ® CÀø». Aµ]¯À ]µzußø©¯ØÓ {ø», Sk®£¨ ¤µa]øÚ AÀ»x Phß öuõÀø»PÍõÀ {»[PøÍ CÇ¢x öPõs÷h C¸¢uÚº. CÆÁõÖ {»[PøÍ CÇ¢u ÂÁ\õ°PÒ u[PÒ Sk®£[PøÍU Põ¨£õØÖ® Phø©°ÚõÀ
ÂÁ\õ¯U T¼PÍõP ©õØÓ©øh¢uÚº.
CÇ¢u {»[PøÍ «mk GkUP ]»º
•¯Ø] ö\#uÚº. ö£¸®£õßø©°Úº Qµõ©[PÎÀ ÂÁ\õ¯U T¼PÍõP÷Á u[QÂmhÚº. ö£¸® {»a_
ÁõßuõµºPЮ, £søn •u»õÎPЮ
u¸® ÷uõmh ÷Áø»PøÍ ©mk÷© |®¤
ÁõÌUøP |hzx® Pmhõ¯ {ø»USÒ uÒͨ£mhÚº. ¤›miè&C¢v¯ Bm]
Põ»zvÀ uõ©ì ©ß÷Óõ (Thomas Munroe)
µ¯zxÁõ› {»Á› •øÓø¯ AÔ•P¨£kzvÚõº.
Gvº£õº¨¦PÐUS GvµõP µ¯zxÁõ›
•øÓ C¢v¯ ÂÁ\õ°PÎß ¤µa\øÚPÐUS wºÄ Hx® uµÂÀø». C¸¨¤Ý®
µ¯zxÁõ› •øÓ PõÀ ¡ØÓõsk Põ»®
¤›miè&C¢v¯ Põ»Û¯ Bm] Põ»zvÀ A©»õUP£mka ö\¯À£kzu£mk Á¢ux.
C¢v¯õÂß Jmkö©õzu ©UPÒ öuõøP°À J¸ ]Ö £Sv°Ú÷µ 1,000 ìöhº¼[ AÍÂØPõÚ ö\õzxUPÒ øÁzv¸¢uÚº. 5,000 £U÷Põhõ AÍÂØS ö\ÀÁ® ÷\ºzx øÁzv¸¢uÁºPÒ ªP ]»÷µ. Põ»Û¯ Aµ_ C¢v¯õøÁ G¨£i {ºÁQzux GÚ _¨¤µ©o¯ß uÚx
¦zuPzvÀ ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ SÔ¨¤kQÓõº:
“¤›miè&C¢v¯ Bm]¯õͺPÍõÀ Pøh¤iUP¨£mh ö£õ¸Íõuõµz öPõÒøPPÎÚõÀ HøÇ Gί ©UPÐUS GÆÂu £¯Ý® HØ£hÂÀø». AÁºPÐUS J¸ |õøÍUS K¸ ÷|µ EnøÁ Aø»¢x v›¢x ÷uiU öPõÒÁx Gߣ÷u ÁÍø©ªUP ö\¯»õPU P¸u¨£mhx. HÓzuõÇ PõÀ¡ØÓõsk Põ» ¤›miè QÇUS C¢v¯ P®ö£Û°Ú›ß Bm]°À C¢v¯ ©UPÒ \¢vzuøÁ £], £miÛa
\õÄPÒ, ÁÓm] ©ØÖ® ö£õ¸Íõuõµa
^ºSø»ÄP÷Í.” C¢v¯õøÁz öuõhº¢x
£g\•®, ÁÓm]²® u®¤iUSÒ øÁv¸¢uuºUS P®ö£Û°Ú›ß _¯|»©õÚ ö£õ¸ÍõuõµU öPõÒøPP÷Í Põµn©õQ¯x.
|¼ÄØÔ¸¢u £õµ®£›¯z öuõÈÀPÐUS Põ»Û¯ Aµ_ öuõhº¢x BuµÄ uµõ©À
÷£õÚx®, ÂÁ\õ°Pøͨ £n¨£°ºPÒ
©mk® EØ£zv ö\#¯z ysi¯x®
Jmkö©õzu C¢v¯ ö£õ¸Íõuõµzøu²®
^ºSø»zux.”
Põ»Û¯ Aµ_ C¢v¯ÂÀ A©À£kzv¯
{»Á›²® AuøÚ Á`¼zu •øÓ²®
ö£¸® ©º\ÚzxUS EÒÍõQ¯x.
µ¯zxÁõ› •øÓ ÂÁ\õ¯U Sk®£[PøÍ J¸ ÁøP°À AÈzux GßÓõÀ ©ØöÓõ¸
ÁøP°À Aµ]ß BuµÂßø©°ÚõÀ vÓø©ªUPU øPÂøÚbºPÒ öuõÈÀ ÁÍ[PøÍ CÇ¢x {ßÓÚº. ÂÁ\õ¯
{»[PÒ «x®, öuõÈÀPÒ «x®
ÂvUP¨£mh AvP£m\ Á›²® AÁØøÓ Á`¼UP Á¸Áõ#xøÓ FȯºPÒ
¤ß£ØÔ¯ Áß•øÓPЮ, {Ó ÷ÁØÖø©
Pøh¤izu Põ»Û¯ Aµ_® C¢v¯
Qµõ©[PÎÀ ÁõÌ¢x Á¢u HµõÍ©õÚ ÂÁ\õ¯U SiPøÍ KmhõsiPÍõUQ
|Pµ[PÒ ÷|õUQ ¦»®ö£¯µa ö\#ux.
C¢v¯¨ ö£¸[P»PzvØS ]»
Á¸h[PÐUS •ß£õP 1854&À C¢v¯
ÂÁ\õ°PÒ u[PÒ «x _©zu¨£mi¸¢u HµõÍ©õÚ _[P[PøÍ }UP ÷Põ›
Âsn¨£® KßøÓ Põ»Û¯ Aµ_US ÁÇ[QÚº. Âsn¨£zvÀ TÓ¨£mi¸¢u ÁõºzøuPÒ AÁºPÒ Á›a_ø©°ÚõÀ Aøh¢v¸¢u xߣ{ø»ø¯ GkzxU Põmi¯x. Si}ºÁ›, ÃmkÁ›, öuõÈÀÁ›, \õø»Á›, £õ\ÚÁ›, Qµõ©{ºÁõPÁ›, ö£õ¸mPÒ HØÖ©v
©ØÖ® CÖUS©v Á›, |Pº¨ ¦ÓÁ› GÚ HµõÍ©õÚ _[P[PÒ Aµ_USa ö\¾zu {º¨£¢vUP¨£mhÚº.
_[P® Á`¼¨£uØPõP Á¸Áõ#z xøÓ°ß AvPõ›PÒ ¤ß£ØÔ¯
|øh•øÓPÒ SÔzx HµõÍ©õÚ SØÓ
\õmkPÒ GÊ¢uÚ. BøP¯õÀ Põ»Û¯
Aµ_ SÊ JßøÓ {¯ªzx Â\õµÚn
÷©ØöPõÒÍa ö\#ux. ©uµõì ©õPnzvÀ
|øhö£ØÓ Â\õµÚn SÔzx AUSÊ ÁÇ[Q¯ AÔUøP°ß ‰»® ÂÁ\õ°PÎß Áõ̼¸¢u ÁÖø©²® xߣ•®
E»÷PõºUS öÁÎa\®ªmkU Põmh£mhx.
Á¸Áõ#xøÓ AvPõ›PÒ Á›PøÍ ö\¾zuÁuØS Põ»uõ©u® ö\#u
|£ºPÒ «x®, Á›PøÍa ö\¾zu
©ÖzuÁºPÒ «x® Áß•øÓPøͨ
£¯ß£kzv¯x Esø© GÚ Â\õµøn SÊ JzxUöPõshx. _[P® Á`¼¨£uõP TÔUöPõsk Á¸Áõ#z xøÓ AvPõ›PÒ HµõÍ©õÚ ö£õx©UPøͲ®, uÛ
|£ºPøͲ® SØÓ¯À |hÁiUøPPÐUS A¨£õØ£mk £À÷ÁÖ Põµn[PÐUPõP ]zuµÁøu |hÁiUøPPÒ ‰»®
£ÈÁõ[QÚº. ]zuµÁøu |hÁiUøPPÒ SÔzx ©uµõì ©õPn Â\õµÚn SÊ ÁÇ[Q¯ AÔUøP°¼¸¢x ]»
\õßÖPÒ: “©xøµa \µP QÔìxÁ
©u¨ ÷£õuPº £õv›¯õº ]. G¨. •ß]
(C.F. Muzy) “Á¸Áõ#z xøÓ FȯºPÒ
_[P® Á`¼¨£uõP ö\õÀ¼U öPõsk
|õßS AÀ»x I¢x P°ÖPÒ JßÓõP
¤ønUP£mk E¸ÁõUP¨£mi¸¢u |õßPi }Í® öPõsh \õmøh¯õÀ ÂÁ\õ°PøÍz uõUSÁøuz uõ® ÷|›À PshuõPõÄ®
÷©¾® ÁÇ[Q¯ ]zµÁøuz ushøÚ SÔzx ©õÁmh Bm]¯õÍ›h® “¦Põº
©Ý ÁÇ[Q \õm]¯Îzuõº.”
öPõlµz ushøÚPÒ SÔzx Â\õµøn
÷©ØöPõsh AvPõ›PÎh® ö|\Äz öuõÈ»õÎ J¸Áº u©US ÷|º¢u AÝ£Ázøu \õm] öu›Âzuõº: “GÚx öuõÈÀ ö|\Ä ö\#Áx AuØPõP¨ £zx uÔPøÍ øÁzxÒ÷Íß. AÁØÔØS
|õØ£x ¹£õ# Aµ_ •zuµ¨£õ Á›¯õP {ºn°zxÒÍx. Ph¢u Bi ©õu®
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
¤µõ©n âÀ»õuõµº Gß ÃmiØS Á¢x Á› {¾øÁz öuõøPø¯ EhÚi¯õP ö\¾zx®£i ÷Pmhõº. |õß ©Ö|õÒ u¸ÁuõPa ö\õß÷Úß. BÚõÀ Gß Áõºøu°ß «x |®¤UøP¯ØÖ GßøÚ
|kzöu¸ÂØS CÊzx Á¢x øP°À C¸¢u ¤µ®¤ÚõÀ \µ©õ›¯õP Aizx- Âmhõº. Gß •PzvÀ Põ› EªÌ¢x
\¢øu¨£SvUS GßøÚ CÊzx Á¢uõº.
A[÷P GßøÚ¨ ÷£õßÖ Á› ö\¾zu
•i¯õu 50 ÷£º {Özv øÁUP¨£mi¸¢uÚº.
AÁºPÐhß GßøÚ A¢u |õÒ •ÊUP A[÷P÷¯ {ØP øÁzuÚº. ©Ö|õÒ {a\¯©õP Á› ö\¾zvÂk÷Áß GÚ GÚx EÓÂÚºPÒ öPõkzu ÁõUSÖv°ß Ai¨£øh°÷» GßøÚ Âkuø»
ö\#uõº. C¸£x |õmPÐUS •ß¦ A÷u
¤µõ©n âÀ»õuõµº GÚx ÃmiØS
«sk® Á¢x CÆÁ¸hzvØS |õß ö\¾zu ÷Ási¯ _[Pzøu K÷µ uÁøn°À ö\¾zx©õÖ Ga\›UøP ö\#xÂmka ö\ßÖÒÍõº. KÆöÁõ¸
Á¸h•® ¤µõ©n âÀ»õuõµº CzuøP¯U öPõkø©PøÍz öuõhº]¯õP ö\#x Á¸QÓõº.”
ö£õx©UPÒ «x Á¸Áõ#z xøÓ°Úº
÷©ØöPõsh ]zuµÁøu |hÁiUøPPÒ SÔzx ©uµõì ©õPõnzvÀ ©mk®
496 ÁÇUSPÒ Â\õµønU SÊÂh®
£vÄö\#¯£mhx. AÁØÔÀ 314 ÁÇUSPÒ Eßø© GÚ {¸¤UP¨£mhx.
C¢v¯ß ÷£m›¯õm GßQßÓ £zv›UøP
©uµõì ©õPõnzvß {ø» SÔzx
¤ßÁ¸©õÖ GÊv¯x: “©uµõì ©õPõn
\mh AøÁ°À ÂÁ\õ°PÎß AÁ»{ø»
SÔzx PÁÚDº¨¦z wº©õn® öPõsk Áµ¨£mk ÂÁõvUP¨£mhx. ÂÁõuzvß
|k÷Á ÂÁ\õ°PÒ u[PÒ ÁõÌUøPUSz
÷uøÁ¯õÚ Buõµzøu £À÷ÁÖ öuõÈÀPÒ ö\#x ö£ÖQßÓÚº GÚ¨
£vÄö\#¯¨£mhx. A¨£i GÛÀ AÁºPÒ ö\#u öuõÈÀPÒ GßÚ GßÚ?
Ãmi¼¸¢x ö\#¯UTi¯ ]Ö öuõÈÀPÍõ?
CßøÓ¯ {ø»°À ö£¸®£õßø©¯õÚ ÂÁ\õ¯U Sk®£[PÒ J¸ ÷ÁøÍ EnÂØ÷P ÁȯØÖ¨÷£õ# EÒÍÚº Gߣx |õ® GÀ÷»õ¸® |ßÓõP AÔ¢u ö\#v. _zu® GßÓ ÷£a_U÷P AÁºPÎh®
ChªÀ»õu AÍÄUS ÷|õ#z uõUSu¾US EÒÍõQ²ÒÍÚº. AÁºPÒ £µ© HøÇPÒ.
|õP›P©õPa _miU Põmi GÚx Ãk GßÖ ö\õÀÁuØSU Th AÁºPÎh® Hx®ªÀø».
u[PÒ ÁõÌøP°ß uµzøu ÷©»õÚ {ø»US Gkzxaö\À» ÷uøÁ¯õÚ
|®¤UøP²®, C»US® AØÓÁºPÍõP C¸UQßÓÚº. PiÚ EøǨ£õÀ u[PÒ ÁÖø©{ø»ø¯ K¸|õÒ ©õØÔh
•i²® GßQßÓ |®¤UøP²® CÇ¢x- ÂmhÚº. £g\® AÁºPÎß ÁõÌøÁ
÷PÒÂUSÒÍõQ EÒÍx. ÁÖø©,
£], £miÛ AÁºPÎß ÁõÌÂß C¯À£õQ÷£õÚx. C¸¨¤Ý® Aµ_
AÁºPÎß ÁÖø© {ø»ø¯¨ ÷£õUPz
÷uøÁ¯õÚ G¢u |hÁiUøP²® GkUP u¯õµõP CÀø». A÷u÷|µ® uÚUS Áµ÷Ási¯ {» Á›¨£õUQ 32 ÷Põi
¹£õ# £nzøu AÁºPÎhª¸¢x Á`¼¨£uØS •øÚ¨¦UPõmi Á¸QßÓx.
C¢v¯õ¼¸US® G¢u {¯õ¯ÁõÝ®
{»Á›¨ ¤µa\øÚPÒ SÔzx¨ ÷£_ÁuØ÷Põ, ÂÁõv¨£Ø÷Põ u¯õµõP CÀø». G¢u
»õ¯À \õºä&® (Loyal George) C¢v¯õÂØS Á¢x ÂÁ\õ¯U SiPÒ CÇ¢u ÁõÌÁõuõµzøu «mkz uµ¨÷£õÁvÀø».
G¨£izuõß ÷PõiUPnUPõÚ C¢v¯ºPÒ u[PÒ ÁõÌUøP°À •ß÷ÚÓ¨
÷£õQÓõºP÷Íõ öu›¯ÂÀø»? CzuS
÷PÒÂø¯ Põ»Û¯ Aµ_ {a\¯©õP Gvº öPõsk wºÄ ö\õÀ» ÷Ási¯ |õÒ Á¸®. ÷PõiUPnUPõÚ C¢v¯ºPÒ öuõhº¢x PiÚ©õP EøÇUQßÓÚº.
C¸¨¤Ý® AÁºPÎß ÁõÌUøP ©mk®
H÷Úõ Esn EnÂÀ»õ©À ]Ô¯
C¸mk {øÓ¢u Siø\ ÃkPÐUSÒ÷Í
•h[QÂkQßÓÚ. CzuøP¯ CÈ{ø»°À
|õ® E¯ºÁõÚ C[Q»õ¢vß Põ»Û¯
Bm]°À E¯º¢uÁºPÍõP C¸UQ÷Óõ®
GÚ G¨£i E»QÚ›h® TÓ•i²®?”
SÖ¢ öuõÈÀPÎß AÈÄ
Põ»Û¯ Põ»zvÀ C¢v¯õÂß øPz öuõÈÀPÒ GÆÁõÖ AÈøÁa \¢vzux GÚ wºzu[Pµõ# ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ GÊxQÓõº:
“C¢v¯ ©UPÒ ÷©ØöPõsh öuõÈÀPÎÀ øPzuÔ ©ØÖ® ö|\Äz öuõÈÀ •UQ¯
Ch® ö£ØÔ¸¢ux. A¢u Põ»zvÀ C[Q»õ¢vÀ HØ£mh C¯¢vµz öuõÈÀ
¦µm]US Cøn¯õP C¢v¯
øPzöuõÈÀPЮ Áͺa] Aøh¢v¸¢uÚ.
C¢v¯õøÁ¨ ö£õ¸zuÁøµU øPÂøÚbºPÎß EøǨ¦ öuõÈÀPÎß Áͺa]US ªP
•UQ¯ Põµo¯õQ¯x. ö£õxÁõP÷Á 19 ©ØÖ® 20&B® ¡ØÓõskPÎÀ E»P AÍÂÀ øPÂøÚbºPÎß ÁÍa]²®, ÃÌa]²® ©õÔ ©õÔ |h¢ux. A÷u Põ»zvÀ I÷µõ¨£õøÁ¨ ö£õ¸zuÁøµ
•u»õÎzxÁ ÁºUP® C¯¢vµz öuõÈÀ
~m£ •ß÷ÚØÓzvØPõP¨ ö£¸©ÍÂÀ
•u½kPÒ ö\#¯z öuõh[Q°¸¢uÚº.
C[Q»õ¢vß C¯¢vµz öuõÈÀ ~m£
Áͺa] C¢v¯õÂß £õµ®£›¯z öuõÈÀPøÍ, SÔ¨£õP ö|\ÄzöuõÈø» •ØÔ¾®
AÈzux GßÓõÀ Ax ªø¯õPx.
¤›miè C¯¢vµz uÔPÒ ‰»® EØ£zv ö\#¯¨£mh xoPÒ ¤›miè&C¢v¯
Põ»Û¯ Aµ_ E¸ÁõUQU Pøh¤izu HØÖ©v CÓUS©v öuõÈØöPõÒøP
‰»® C¢v¯õ Á¢uøh¢uÚ. AøÁ C¢v¯a \¢øuPÒ G[S® ÂØP£mhuß ÂøÍÁõP ö|\Ä EØ£zv°À ö£¸®
£õv¨ø£ HØ£kzv¯x. C»õ£zøu²®,
|èhzøu²® C¢v¯ øPÂøÚbºPÐUS
©õÔ©õÔU öPõkzx ö|\Äz öuõÈÎß ÃÌa]USU Põµn® BQ¯x. _¸[Pa ö\õÀÁöußÓõÀ I÷µõ¨¤¯ E»Qß öuõÈئµm] Jmkö©õzu E»Qß J¸
£Sv ©UPÐUSz ÷uøÁ¯õÚ ÁõÌÁõuõµzøu öPõkzxÂmk ©ØöÓõ¸ £Sv ©UPÎß ÁõÌÁõuõµzøu •ØÔ¾® AÈzxÂmhx.”
ö\[PÀ£mk ©õÁmh Bm]¯õͺ ö|\ÄzöuõÈÀ ÷©ØöPõshÁºP÷Íõk ªP ö|¸[Q¯ öuõhº¦ öPõsi¸¢uuõº.
QÇUS C¢v¯U P®ö£Û •PÁºPÎh®
•ß£n® ö£ØÖUöPõsk ö|\Ä öuõÈÀ ö\#Áu߉»® AÁºPÒ Aøh¢u x¯µzøu²® |ßS AÔ¢v¸¢uõº.
ö|\Äz öuõÈÀ ö\#£ÁºPÒ J¸ •øÓ QÇUS C¢v¯ P®ö£Û •PÁºPÎh®
C¸¢x •ß£n® Áõ[QÂmhõºPÒ GßÓõÀ P®ö£Û°Ú¸US “Aiø©PÍõP EøÇUP ÷Ásk®. uõ® EØ£zv ö\#QßÓ ö£õ¸mPøÍ •ß£n® ö£ØÓ P®ö£Û
•PÁºPÒ uµ ÷ÁÖ ¯õ¸US® ÂØP
•i¯õu {ø»USz uÒͨ£mhÚº.
_¸UP©õPa ö\õÀ÷Áõ©õÚõÀ ö|\Äz öuõÈ»õͺPÒ öPõzuiø©PÍõP SÔ¨¤mh P®ö£Û •PÁ¸US Fȯ®
ö\#¯÷Ási C¸¢ux. u[PÎß ÁÖø©°ß Põµn©õP •ß£n©õP ö£ØÔ¸¢u Phß öuõøPø¯z v¸¨¤
ö\¾zu •i¯õu {ø»USz uÒÍ£mi¸¢uÚº.
CÆÂu©õP ö|\ÁõͺPÒ Põ»zvØS®
P®ö£Û°Ú›ß Aiø©PÍõ°Úº.
öuß C¢v¯õ¼¸¢u u©x AøÚzx öuõÈØ\õø»PøͲ® 1824&CÀ QÇUS C¢v¯ P®ö£Û GÆÂu •ß AÔ¨¦®
CÀ»õ©À ‰i¯uß ÂøÍÁõP uªÌ|õmiß AzuøÚ ©õÁmh[Pμ¸¢u ö|\ÁõͺPÎß ÁõÌUøP ÷PÒÂUSÒÍõÚx. CÁØÔØSa
\õm]¯õP AÚ¢uµ[P¤ÒøÍ uÚx
|õmSÔ¨¤À ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ GÊxQÓõº:
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
“©uµõì ©õPõn® •ÊÁx® xߣ•®, ÁÖø©²® £µÂ C¸UQÓx. B°µUPnUPõÚ ö|\ÁõͺPÒ £], £miÛ¯õÀ ©i¢x
÷£õ#ÂmhÚº. CÁºPÎÀ ö£¸®£õßø©°Úº u[PÍx E°øµ Põ¨£õØÔU öPõÒЮ
÷|õUQÀ ÷ÁÖ G¢u ÁȲ® CÀ»õ©À C»[øP, £º©õ, ö©õ›æ¯ìUS ¦»®
ö£¯º¢x ö\À¾QßÓÚº.”
1840&BÀ ÷PõuõÁ› ©õÁmh Bm]¯õͺ Aµ_US AÎzu AÔUøP°À HµõÍ©õÚ ö|\Äz öuõÈ»õͺPÒ u©x ©õÁmhv¼¸¢x
£º©õÂØS¨ ¦»®ö£¯º¢x ö\ÀÁuõP
£vÄ ö\#uõº. 1863&CÀ Â\õP¨£miÚzvß
©õÁmh Bm]¯õͺ A÷ÚP ö|\Äz öuõÈ»õͺPÒ Asøh ©õ{»[PÐUS
¦»® ö£¯ºÁuõP AÔUøP \©º¤zuõº.
¤Ó ©õÁmh Bm]¯õͺPЮ u[PÍx AÔUøPPÎÀ ÷©Øö\õßÚ {PÌÄPøÍ÷¯
SÔ¨¤mhÚº.
SÖ¢öuõÈÀPÎß ÃÌa]÷¯õk
©UPÒöuõøP ö£¸UP® Cøn¢uuß ÂøÍÁõP ÷Áø» CÀ»õz vshõmh®
AvP›zux. ÁÖø©°ß ¤i°À ]UQ¯
Qµõ©zvÚº Qøhzu ÷Áø»PøÍa ö\#¯z uø»¨£mhÚº. SÖ¢öuõÈÀPÎß AÈÄ “\mh¨§ºÁ K¨£¢uU T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ” GßÓ •øÓø¯ C¢v¯õÂØSÒ AÔ•P¨£kzu£kÁØS •UQ¯ Põµn©õQ¯x.
CÆÁøP°À “QÇUS ©ØÖ® öuØS B]¯
|õkPÒ, ©÷»¯õ, £º©õ, C»[øP, ÷©ØS C¢v¯ wÄPÒ, ö©õ›^¯ì, ¤â wÄPÒ GÚ E»Qß £À÷ÁÖ £SvPÐUS B[Q÷»¯ºPÍõÀ C¢v¯ T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ öPõsk ö\À»¨£mhÚº.
öuõhº]¯õP C¢v¯õøÁ ^ºSø»zu
£g\[PÒ
18 ©ØÖ® 19&B® ¡ØÓõskPÎÀ C¢v¯¨ ö£õ¸Íõuõµ® ªP £»ÃÚ©õP
C¸¢u PõµnzuõÀ öuõhºa]¯õP ÁÓm]²® £g\•® HØ£mhx. ©uµõì
©õPõn®, £õ®÷£ ©õPõn®, PÀPzuõ
©õPõn® ÁÓm] ©ØÖ® £g\zvß öPõkµ©õÚ £õv¨¦PøÍa \¢vzuÚ.
1770&US® 1878&US® Cøh¨£mh Põ»zvÀ C¸£x •øÓ C¢v¯õ £g\zvß uõUSu¾US Bm£mhx. 1770&CÀ RÌ&Á[PõÍ•®, ¥Põ¸® £g\zvß ¤ß ÂøÍÄPøÍa \¢vzuÚ. HÓzuõÇ K¸
÷Põi ©UPÒ A[÷P £g\zuõÀ E°º CÇ¢uÚº. Cx C[S ÁõÌ¢u ©UPÎß
‰ßÔÀ K¸ £Sv ©UPÎß AÈÁõS®.
1781 ©ØÖ® 1782&CÀ ©uµõì ©õPõnzvÀ HØ£mi¸¢u ÁÓm]÷¯õk B[Q÷»¯ºPÒ øPuºA¼÷¯õk ö\#u ÷£õ›ß ÂøÍÁõP ©õPõnõzvß ö£õ¸Íõuõµ®
•ØÔ¾® |¼Áøh¢ux. 1791&CÀ Áh
©õ{»[PÎÀ HØ£mh ÁÓm] £õ®÷£
£SvPøÍ öÁSÁõP¨ £õvzux. CzuøP¯
ÁÓm] ªP GÎvÀ 1792&CÀ £g\©õP
©õÔ¯x. Cuß ÂøÍÁõP 1,200 C¢v¯ºPÒ Â\õP¨£miÚ ©õÁmhzvÀ E°º CÇ¢uÚº.
£g\Põ»zvÀ {PÌ¢u HµõÍ©õÚ E°›Ç¨¦PøÍz uk¨£uØPõÚ |hÁiUøPPøÍ Põ»Û¯ Aµ_ ÷©ØöPõÒÍõux SÔzx®
ö£ØÓ ¤ÒøÍPÒ ÁÖø©°ß Põµn©õP
\¢øuPÎÀ Aiø©PÍõP ÂØ£øÚ ö\#¯£mhx SÔzx® HµõÍ©õÚ ö\#vPÒ
©UPÒ ©zv°À £µÂU Qh¢uÚ. £]°ÚõÀ ysh¨£mh HµõÍ©õÚ HøÇ ©UPÒ EnÄ uõÛ¯[Pøͨ £xUQ øÁzv¸¢u PøhPøͲ®, ÃkPøͲ® uõUQU öPõÒøͯizuÚº.
1812&1813 ©ØÖ® 1824&CÀ Ssl›À HØ£mh £g\zvß Ãa_ Pkø©¯õP C¸¢ux. 1833&CÀ HØ£mh ö£¸® £g\®
HµõÍ©õÚ E°ºPøͨ £ÈÁõ[Q¯x.
Sslº £g\zvß uõUP® Áh©õ{»[Pξ®
Enµ¨£mhx. SÔ¨£õP ©`¼¨£min®
ö£õ¸ÒPÒ Qøh¨¤ßø©°ÚõÀ
£õv¨¤ØSÒÍõÚx. HµõÍ©õÚ PõÀ|øhPЮ, »[SPЮ, ÂÁ\õ¯
©UPЮ ÁõÌÁõuõµ[PÒ Hx©ØÓ {ø»°À Qµõ©[PÎ÷» ©i¢x÷£õ°Ú.
£g\® G¨£i ©UPøÍ AßÛ¯ ÷u\[PÐUS
¦»®ö£¯µz ysi¯x GÚ \õµuõ µõáü ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ SÔ¨¤kQÓõº:
“ö|À¿º \õø»PÒ •ÊÁx® ¤n[PÒ S¢x Qh¢uÚ. 10,000 ©UPÒ Qµõ©[Pμ¸¢x |Pµ[PÐUS¨ ¦»®
ö£¯º¢uÚº, A[S AÁºPÐUS EnÄ QøhUPõ©À vnÔz v›¢uÚº. EnÄ
÷ui |Pµ[PÐUS Á¸® ÁÈPÎ÷»
HµõÍ©õ÷Úõº ©i¢x ÷£õ°Úº.
KÆöÁõ¸ |õЮ öu¸UPÎÀ E°º CÇ¢x Qh¨÷£õ›ß GsoUøP PnUQh
•i¯õu AÍÄUS C¸¢ux. Sslº £g\®
HøÇPøÍ ªP HøÇPÍõP ©õØÔ¯x.
Kmkö©õzu ©UPÒ öuõøP°À £õvUS®
÷©Ø£m÷hõº ©i¢x ÷£õÚuõP A®©õÁmh Bm]¯õͺ AÔUøP \©º¤zuõº. ÷©¾®
‰ßÔÀ Cµsk £[S PõÀ|øhPЮ
E°º CÇ¢uuõP¨ £vÄö\#uõº.
£g\zvÚõÀ HØ£mh xߣzøu ÁõºzøuPÍõÀ ö\õÀ» C¯»õu AÍÂØS C¸¢ux. SÔ¨£õP G¢uöÁõ¸ ©ÛuøÚ²®
_miUPõmi B÷µõUQ¯©õÚ EhÀ{ø»°À C¸¢uõº GÚ TÓ
•i¯õu {ø»÷¯ {»Â¯x.” C¸£x Á¸h[PÐUS ¤ß¦ ©õÁmh ©UPÒ
|»USÊ AÎzu AÔUøP°À £g\zvß uõUPzv¼¸¢x Sslº CßÝ®
Âk£hÂÀø» GÚ £vÄ ö\#ux.
£g\zvÚõÀ HÓzuõÇ 2 ÷Põi ¹£õ#
AÍÂØS |èh® HØ£mi¸¢uõP PnUQh¨£mhx.
C¢v¯õÂÀ {»Â¯ £g\® SÔzx 1877&À PÁºÚº öáÚµ¾® øÁìµõ²©õQ¯ ¤µ¦
ø»mhß (Lord Lytton) {vUSÊ
EÖ¨¤ÚºPÒ AøÁ°À ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ
÷£]Úõº: “ uØ\©¯® GÚUS HµõÍ©õÚ B÷»õ\øÚPøͨ £À÷ÁÖ uµ¨¤Úº u¢xUöPõsk C¸UQßÓÚº. CøÁ GÚUS G›a÷»õk Ti¯ |øP¨ø£
u¸QßÓx. uØPõ» {ø»°À £õmÚõÂÀ Psk¤iUP¨£mh £Çø©Áõ#¢u ªP ö£›¯ EnÄuõÛ¯U Qh[QÀ “£g\zv¼¸¢x C¢u £Sv ©UPøÍ {µ¢uµ©õP Põ¨£ØÖÁuØPõP” GÚ ö£õÔUP£mi¸¢u
¦PÌö£ØÓ Áõ\Pzøu B£zx ÂøÍÂUP Ti¯ AÍÂØS uÁÓõP¨ ÷£\z öuõh[Q C¸¨£øu |õß •UQ¯® Áõ#¢uuõP P¸xQ÷Óß. uØ\©¯ {ø»°À |õß
‰ßÖ Â\¯[PÒ •UQ¯©õP ÂÁõvUP¨£h
÷Ásk® GßÖ {øÚUQß÷Óß. •u¼À C¢v¯ºPÎß ¦»®ö£¯ºÄ SÔzx®, CµshõÁuõP C¢v¯õÂÀ |øhö£ØÖ Á¸® µ°À÷Á vmh¨ £oPÒ SÔzx®,
‰ßÓõÁuõP £õ\Úz vmh[PÒ SÔzx®
ÂÁõvUP ¸®¦Qß÷Óß. C¢v¯õÂÀ uØ\©¯® {»Ä® `Ì{ø»°À ÷©Øö\õßÚ
‰ßÖ ¤µa\øÚPÐUS® J÷µ ÷|µzvÀ wºÄ Põs£x Gߣx C¯»õuPõ›¯®
BS®. C¢v¯ºPÒ EØ£zv ö\#²®
EnÄ uõÛ¯[PÒ ö£¸QÁ¸® ©UPÒ öuõøPUS Cøn¯õÚuõP CÀ»õu PõµnzuõÀ £g\zv¼¸¢x u¨¤¨£uØS uØPõ¨¦ |hÁiUøP¯õP ©UPÒ ¦»®
ö£¯º¢x ö\ÀQßÓÚº. ©UPÒ öuõøP ö£¸UPzvÚõÀ ªuªg] C¸¨£ÁºPÒ, SÔ¨£õP EhÀ EøǨ¤À vÓ® ö£ØÖ C¸¨£ÁºPÒ, CxÁøµ uõ[PÒ AÝ£Âzv¸UPõu
¦v¯ Cߣ[PøͲ®, ÷©®£mh ÁõÌUøP²®
ÁõÇ÷Ási AvP£m\ Fv¯zvØPõP AßÛ¯ ÷u\[PÐUS¨ ¦»®ö£¯ºQßÓÚº.
C¢v¯õÂÀ {»Ä® ÁÓm] ©ØÖ®
£g\Põ» {ø»°À ©õØÓ®©øh¢x Áͺa]¨ £õøu°À ö\ßÓõÀ ©mk÷©
¦»¨ö£¯ºÂØS GvµõP C¸US®
}vUS¨ ¦Ó®£ØÓ P¸zxPÐUS {¯õ¯®
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
ö\õÀ» •i²®, SÔ¨£õP C¢v¯ºPÒ
¦»¨ö£¯ºÂ¼¸¢x «sk Áµ•i²®.
£g\z÷uõk |õ® ö\#xöPõsi¸US®
÷£õµõmhzvØS¨ ¦»¨ö£¯ºÁõÀ ©mk®
wºÄ PskÂh•i¯õx. Kmk ö©õzu
©UPÒ öuõøP°À J¸ ]Ô¯ £Sv°Úº
©mk÷© AvP AÍÄ EnÄ EØ£zv ö\#²®
vÓß ö£ØÔ¸UQßÓÚº. C¨ö£õÊ÷u ]» Pmk¨£õk |hÁiUøPPøÍ |õ®
÷©ØöPõÒÍõ©À uºzuõÀ GvºPõ»zvÀ HØ£h C¸US® ©UPÒ öuõøP ö£¸UP®
|©US \¢÷uPzvØS ChªßÔ ªP¨ö£›¯
ö£õ¸Íõuõµ ö|¸UPiPøÍz uµ¨÷£õQÓx.
Ph¢u Cµsk BskPÎÀ ÁÓm]¯õ¾®, ÁÖø©¯õ¾® JÆöÁõ¸ \xµQ÷»õ
«mh›¾® ÁõÊ® 250 ©UPÒ Pkø©¯õP
£õvUP¨£mkÒÍÚº. ÁÓm]¯õÀ
£õvUP¨£mkÒÍ ©õÁmh[PÎÀ HµõÍ©õÚ {»[PÒ ÂÁ\õ¯zvØS¨ £¯ß£kzu¨£hõ©À uºUP¨£mk EÒÍÚ. CÁØøÓ J¨¦
÷|õUSøP°À ÂÁ\õ¯zøu ÷©®£kzvÚõÀ EnĨ £g\® wºUP¨£kÁuØS ÁÈ QøhUS® GÚz öu›QÓx. ÂøÍ{»[PÒ
£°º ö\#¯õ©À Qh¨£x Gߣx
©õÁmhvØS ©õÁmh® AÍÂÀ
©õÖ£kQßÓx. ¤›miè&C¢v¯ Aµ_
C¢v¯ ©UPøÍ ¤›miè Põ»Û¯
|õkPÐUS¨ ¦»®ö£¯µa ö\#ÁuØPõÚ ysku¾US¨ ÷£õx©õÚ HØ£õkPøÍ ö\#xÒÍx. ¦»®ö£¯µ ¸®¦® T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ ÷uº¢öukzx J¸[QønUP Põ»Û¯ Aµ_ £µ¢uÍÂÀ •Põ®PøͲ®,
•PÁºPøͲ® {¯ªzx EÒÍx. ]»
Á¸h[PÒ uØPõ¼P©õP C¢v¯ºPÒ
¦»®ö£¯º¢x ö\ßÖ ÷Áø» ö\#xÂmk øP{øÓ¯ £nzxhß v¸®¤Á¢x u[PÎß Jmkö©õzu ÁõÌ|õÒPÐUS®
÷uøÁ¯õÚøÁPøÍ ö\#xU öPõÒÍ•i²®.
SÔ¨£õP ö\õ¢u©õP {»® Áõ[Q ÂÁ\õ¯® ö\#¯xU öPõÒÍ•i²®.
CÁØÔØPõP ]Ôx Põ»® AÁºPÒ u[PÒ Sk®£[PøÍ Âmk¨ ¤›¢x C¸UP
÷Ásk®. CÆÁÍÄ |ßø©PÒ ¦»®
ö£¯ºÂÀ C¸¢u ö£õÊx® C¢v¯ºPÒ öuõhº¢x ¦»® ö£¯µ ©Özx Á¸QßÓÚº.
£g\Põ»zvÀ u[PÒ Qµõ©[PÎÀ C¸US® ÁõÌÁõuõµ¨ ¤µa]øÚPÒ SÔzx GÆÂu ¦PõºPøͲ®, SØÓa
\õmkPøͲ® öu›ÂUPõu C¢v¯
ÂÁ\õ°PøÍ GsqøP°À AÁºPÒ
«x GÚUS AÝuõ£® HØ£kQÓx.
÷©ØPzv¯ E»QÀ EÒÍ G¢uöÁõ¸
|õk® CÆÁÍÄ öPõi¯ ªP }sh
£g\zøu 24 ©õuPõ» AÍÂØS Pshx CÀø». Põ»Û¯ Aµ]ß Bm]
AvPõµzvØS Em£mkÒÍ Aøµ¨£Sv C¢v¯ {»¨£µ¨¦ £g\zuõÀ £õvUP¨£mkÒÍx.
CzuøP¯ ÁÓm] •mhõÒPøͲ®,
£]zv¸US® ÂÁ\õ°PøͲ® Th G¢uöÁõ¸
uÁÖ ö\#¯Ä®, \‰P Aø©vø¯U öPkUS®
Põ›¯[PøÍa ö\#¯Ä® yshõ©À C¸¨£x Ba\›¯©õP C¸UQÓx”
£g\Põ» «m¦ |hÁiUøPPÒ ö\¯»ØÖ
÷£õÚuß ÂøÍÁõP ©UPÒ öuõhº¢x Cø»uøÇPøͲ® QÇ[SPøͲ®
÷ÁºPøͲ® EshÚº. BøP¯õÀ ö£¸®£õßø©¯õÚ ©UPÒ EhÀ|»©ØÓÁºPÍõP BQÚº. 21 ¤¨µÁ› 1893&CÀ Pº|õhP
¤µPõ]Põ GßÓ £zv›øP AßøÓ¯
C¢v¯õÂß {ø»ø¯ GkzxUPõmk®£i Pmkøµ JßøÓ ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ GÊv¯x:
“£g\Põ» «m¦U SÊ AÔUøP u¯õº ö\#xÂmk uÓ\©¯® ©uµõì |P›À C¸UQßÓx. u©x AÔUøPø¯ öÁΰh¨£mkÒÍ
\õßÖPÎß Ai¨£øh°À ©mk÷©
AUSÊ u¯õº ö\#xÒÍx Gߣx SÔ¨¤hzuUPuõS®. Cuß ‰»® £g\Põ»
«m¦U SÊ Gߣx ö£õx¨ £nzøu Ãni¨£uØPõP E¸ÁõUP¨£mh JßÖ Gߣx öuÎÁõQÓx. HµõÍ©õÚ Aµ_
AvPõ›PÒ u[PÐøh¯ £g\Põ»
AÝ£Á[PøÍa \õm]¯õP Â\õµøn AvPõ›PÎh® öu›Âzv¸¢u ¤ß¦®
u©x AÔUøP°À £g\zv¼¸¢x ©UPøÍ ÂkÂUPz ÷uøÁ¯õÚ |hÁiUøPPøÍ Aµ_ Gk¨£x SÔz÷uõ, ©UPÎß
•ß÷ÚØzvØPõP GkUP¨£h÷Ási¯
|hÁiUøPPÒ SÔz÷uõ Hx® _miU Põmhõ©À ÂmkÂmhx.” Q¸èn
£zv›Põ GßÓ CuÌ ©UPøͨ ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ Ga\›UQßÓx. £g\Põ» E°›Ç¨¦PÒ SÔzx® £µÂÁ¸® öuõØÖ ÷|õ#PÒ SÔzx® £g\Põ» Â\õµønU SÊ uÚx AÔUøP°À Esø©US¨ ¦Ó®£õÚ ö\#vPøͨ £vÄa ö\#ÁuØS Áõ#¨¦
C¸¨£uõP AÔÄÖzv¯x. ÁÖø©°ß Põµn©õP AvP©õQU öPõs÷h ÷£õS®
E°›Ç¨¦UPÎß GsoUøP ©UPÒ
©zv°À Aa\zøu EshõUQ²ÒÍx GÚÄ® SÔ¤kQÓx.
CÖv¯õP: Aiø©•øÓ KȨ¦
©ØÖ® ©uµõì ©õPõnzv¼¸¢x ¦»¨
ö£¯ºÄ ö\#²® öuõÈ¼ß Ai¨£øh°À C¢v¯ºPÒ ¦øµ÷¯õi¨ ÷£õ°¸¢u
\õvPÎß Ai¨£øh°À ¤ÍÄ£mk Qh¢uÚº. E¯º\õv C¢xUPÍõÀ wshõø© ¦Pmh¨£mk AizuÍ©UPÒ ö£õ¸Íõuõµ Ai¨£øh°À JkUP¨£mhÚº.
{»® Gߣx •ÊUP •ÊUP E¯º
\õvPÎß Pmk£õmiØSÒ øÁUP¨£mi¸¢uuõÀ wshõø© \õzv¯¨£mhx. AizuÍ
©UPÎß E°º Buõµ® {»[PÎÀ EøǨ£uß ‰»® ö£Ó¨£mhx. BÚõÀ EøÇUQßÓ {»® ©ØÖ® AvÀ ÂøÍQßÓ ö£õ¸ÒPÒ EøÇUQßÓÁºPÐUS ö\õ¢uªÀ»õ©À C¸¢ux. CzuøP¯
{ø» ÷©¾® Põ»Û¯ Põ»zvÀ ^º öPmk¨ ÷£õÁuØS {»Á› AvP›¨¦®
AÁØøÓ Á`¼¨£uØPõP¨ £søn¯õºPÒ ö\#u öPõkø©PЮ Põµn[PÒ BQ¯x.
£nzøu Á›¯õPa ö\¾zx®£i G¨ö£õÊx Põ»Û¯ {»Á› •øÓ C¢v¯ ÂÁ\õ°PøÍ {º£¢vzu÷uõ AUPn® •uÀ T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÎß ÁõÌUøP ÷©¾® x¯µzvØSÒÍõÚx.
C[Q»õ¢v¼¸¢x CÓUS©v ö\#¯¨£mk C¢v¯a \¢øuPÎÀ ÂØP¨£mh ö£õ¸ÒPÍõÀ C¢v¯õÂß §ºÁz öuõÈÀPÒ AÈøÁ
\¢vzux, SÔ¨¤mka ö\õßÚõÀ Qµõ©¨¦Ó[PÎß ÁÍø© Gߣx ^ºU öPmk¨ ÷£õÚx. Cuß ÂøÍÁõP
¡ØÖUPnUPõÚ ö|\ÁõͺPЮ, øPÂøÚbºPЮ u® öuõÈÀPøÍ Âmkz yUQ GÔ¯¨£mhÚº. HØPÚ÷Á {»Á›ø¯a ö\¾zu •i¯õu PõµnzvÚõÀ Pèh¨£mkU öPõsi¸¢u ÂÁ\õ¯
Sk®£[PÐUSU øPzöuõÈÀPÒ ‰»®
QøhUP¨£mh Á¸©õÚ•® uøh¨£mk
÷£õÚuõÀ {ø» Sø»¢x ÷£õ°Úº.
CÆÂu©õP C¢v¯ ÂÁ\õ°PЮ
øPÂøÚbºPЮ £õµ®£›¯z öuõÈÀPøÍ ÂmkÂmk Kh ÷|º¢ux. CzuøP¯
ÁõÌ{ø» öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ ©ÚuÍÂÀ AßÛ¯ |õkPÐUS¨ ¦»®ö£¯º¢x ö\ßÖ ÷Áø» ö\#¯z u¯õºö\#ux.
¤›miè Põ»Û¯ Põ»zvØS •ß¦
uªÇºPÒ ìmøµm Si°¸¨¦PÐUS
(Strait Settlements) ¦»® ö£¯º¢x C¸¢uÚº.
CÁºPÒ ìmøµm Si°¸¨¦PÎÀ Ãmk ÷Áø»PÒ ö\#ÁuØS®, ÂÁ\õ¯
÷Áø»PÒ ö\#ÁuØS® £¯ß£kzu¨£mhÚº.
19&B® ¡ØÓõsiß Bµ®£zvÀ
¤›miè&C¢v¯ Aµ_ C¢v¯ºPøÍ C»[øPUS ¦»® ö£¯µa ö\#u •¯Ø]
÷uõÀ¯À •i¢ux. 1815&CÀ ©uµõì BÐ|º ug\õź ©õÁmh Bm]¯õ͸US A®©õÁmh uªÇºPøͲ®, Ãmk »[SPøͲ® C»[øPUS ¦»®
ö£¯µz ysha ö\#¯ uÚx AvPõµzøu
£¯ß£kzx®£i¯õP EzuµÄ JßÖ
http://www.shanlaxjournals.com
¤Ó¨¤zuõº. Cuß Ai¨£øh°À ug\õź
©õÁmh Bm]¯õͺ ©uµõì Aµ_US
¤ßÁ¸©õÖ GÊvÚõº: “uªÇºPÒ C»[øPUS ¦»® ö£¯µ ÷Ásk©õÚõÀ C»[øP Aµ_ u©x •PÁºPøÍ Aݨ¤
AÁºPÒ ‰»® ]Ó¨¦¨ £›_PÒ öPõkzuõÀ
©mk÷© T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ C»[øPz
÷uõmh[PÐUS ¦»® ö£¯ºÁx \õzv¯¨£k®.”
CÆÁõÖ ug\õź ©õÁmh Bm]¯õͺ GÊuU Põµn® A®©õÁmh ©UPÒ u©x {»[Pμ¸¢x Qøhzu AvP ö\»ÂÚ[PÍØÓ ÁõÌUøPø¯ Âmk Âmk ÷ÁÖ Ch[PÐUS¨ ¦»®ö£¯µ ¸¨£ªßÔ C¸¢u÷u BS®.
C¯À£õP÷Á C»[øP Aµ_ öuß&C¢v¯
£SvPμ¸¢x u[PÒ ÷uõmh[PÐUS
÷Áø» ö\#¯z ÷uøÁ¨£mh SøÓ¢u£m\
Fv¯U T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍz
÷uº¢öuk¨£uØPõÚ •PÁºPÒ öPõsh uÛ¯õº {ÖÁÚ[PøÍ HØ£kzv¯x.
1818&BÀ C»[øP xøn¨ ö£õxU PsPõo¨£õͺ ug\õź ©õÁmh Bm]¯õ͸US ¤ßÁ¸©õÖ GÊxQÓõº:
“J¨£¢uU T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ ÷|µi¯õP ö£ÖuØS›¯ ÷uøÁ¯õÚ J¨£¢u[PøÍ C»[øP Aµ_ uªÇP •PÁºPÎh®
ö\#xÒÍx. AÁºPÒ 600 T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ öuß&C¢v¯õ¼¸¢x C»[øPUS Aݨ¦ÁuõP J¨¦U öPõskÒÍÚº.”
\mh¨§ºÁ J¨£¢uU T¼z öuõÈ»õͺ
•øÓ C»[øP°À AÔ•P¨£kzu£kÁuØS
•ß÷£ 1828&BÀ C»[øP Aµ_
öuß&C¢v¯õ¼¸¢x öPõsk Áµ¨£mhU T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍz u[PÍx Põ¨¤z
÷uõmh[PÎÀ £¯ß£kzvÚº. CÆÁõÖ C»[øPz ÷uõmh[PÐUS ¦»®
ö£¯º¢u C¢v¯ T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ ]»|õÒPÐUS EÒÍõP÷Á ÷Áø»¨£Ð
uõ[P•i¯õ©À ÷uõmh[PøÍ Âmk öÁÎ÷¯Ôz uø»©øÓÄ ÁõÌUøP ÷©Ø öPõshÚº. CÁºPÎÀ ö£¸®£õßø©°Úº J¸Á¸h Põ»zvØSÒÍõP÷Á C»[øP°¼¸¢x u¨¤zxz u©x FºPÐUS Á¢xÂmhÚº.
1833&CÀ C[Q»õ¢x Aµ_ u©x AvPõµzvß RÌ C¸¢u |õkPμ¸¢x Aiø©•øÓø¯ µzx ö\#ux. Cuß ÂøÍÁõP ¤›miè Põ»Û¯ |õkPμ¸¢u öÁÒøÍ •u»õÎPÎß ÷uõmh[PÎÀ öuõÈ»õͺ £ØÓõUSøÓ HØ£mhx. ÷uõmh[PøÍ
£µõ©›¨£uØS®, Áͺzöuk¨£uØS®
÷uøÁ¨£mh T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ u©x |õmi¼¸¢x ö£Ó•i¯õu {ø»°À C¸¢uÚº. öuõhºa]¯õP {»Â¯
öuõÈ»õͺ £ØÓõUSøÓ öÁÒøÍ
•u»õÎPÎß P¸Å»[PøÍU Põ¼ö\#ux.
SÔ¨£õP öuõÈ»õͺ £ØÓõUSøÓ°ÚõÀ
|mhÀ (Natal), ö©õ›]¯ì, ¤›miè P¯õÚõ (British Gauiana), ÷©ØS C¢v¯
wÄPÒ (West Indies), ¤â wÄPÒ (Fiji Island) Pkø©¯õÚ £õv¨¦US EÒÍõ°Ú.
u[PÍx ‰»uÚ[Pøͨ £õxPõzxU öPõÒЮ ÷|õUQÀ ÷uõmh[PÐUSz
÷uøÁ¨£mh T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ E»Qß HøÚ¯ £SvPμ¸¢x öPõsk Á¸ÁuØPõÚ •¯Ø]PøÍ öÁÒøÍ
•u»õÎPÒ ö\#¯ Bµ®¤zuÚº.
Bµ®£zvÀ ÷uøÁ¨£mh öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ áõÁõ £SvPÎÀ ÁõÌ¢u ^ÚºPøÍ CÓUS©v ö\#Áuß ‰»® wºzxU öPõÒÍ •i²®ö©Ú |®¤Úº. BÚõÀ öÁÒøÍ •u»õÎPÎß Gvº£õº¨¦US GvµõP Aø©¢ux. ^Úz öuõÈ»õͺPÒ uõ[PÒ ö\#QßÓ ÷Áø»PÐUS HØ£
AvP£m\ Fv¯® ÷Põ›Úº. CzuøP¯
÷Põ›UøP •u»õÎPÐUS G›a\ø» Fmi¯x.
“^Úzx T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ PiÚ©õP EøÇUPõ©À Bh®£µ ÁõÌUøPÁõÇ AvP£m\ Fv¯® ÷Pm£uõP öÁÒøÍ
•u»õÎPÒ SøÓ TÔÚº. ^Ú öuõÈ»õͺPÐUS¨ £v¼¯õP ÷©mŸm
(Madrid) ©ØÖ® Q›÷¯õÀì (Creoles)
£SvPμ¸¢u ÷£õºzxUR\¯z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ öPõskÁ¢x ÷uõmh ÷Áø»PÎÀ Dk£kzxÁuØPõÚ •¯Ø]PøÍ öÁÒøÍ
÷uõmh •u»õÎPÎß Tmhø©¨¦
÷©ØöPõshx. C¸¨¤Ý® ÷£õºzxUR\¯z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ Qøh¨¤¾® ]UPÀPÒ HØ£mhx. |õmhÀ ©ØÖ® ÷P¨
Põ»Û°À ÁõÌ¢u I÷µõ¨¤¯ºPÒ
÷uõmh ÷Áø»PÒ ö\#ÁuØSz u¯õµõP CÀø». AÁºPÒ öuõÈÀPÒ ö\#x
÷uõmh[PÐUS •u»õÎPÒ BSÁøu÷¯
C»m]¯©õPU öPõsi¸¢uÚº.
CÖv¯õPz ÷uõmh •u»õÎPÎß Tmhø©¨¦ C¢v¯õÂÀ QøhUS®
SøÓ¢u£m\ Fv¯ T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPøÍz
÷uõmh[PÐUSU öPõskÁ¸ÁvÀ
•øÚ¨¦U Põmhz öuõh[QÚº. Aiø©
•øÓ JȨ¦ AÔÂUP£mhÄhß B¨¤›UPU P¸¨¤Ú ©UPÒ ÂøÍ {»[PÎÀ ö\#²® PiÚ ÷Áø»PøÍ Âmk {µ¢uµ©õP öÁÎ÷¯Ó ¸®¤Úº.
AÁºPÒ _u¢vµ©õP u[PÍx ÁõÌÂh[PÎÀ |õ÷hõi ÁõÌUøPø¯
öuõhµ ¸®¤Úº.
1833&CÀ •øÓ¨£i¯õÚ C¢v¯ºPÎß
¦»¨ö£¯ºÄ ©÷»¯õÂØS®, ìmøµm Si÷¯ØÓzvØS® Bµ®¤UP¨£mhx.
ìmøµm Si°¸¨¦PÐUPõP ÷\P›UP¨£mh J¨£¢uU T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ
|õP¨£miÚzv¼¸¢u Aµ_ •PÁºPÎß
£shPa \õø»PÎÀ øÁzx¨
£µõ©›UP¨£mhÚº. C÷u Põ»PmhzvÀ C»[øP Põ¨¤z ÷uõmh[PÎÀ HØ£mh Áͺa], öuõÈ»õͺPÎß ÷uøÁø¯
öÁSÁõP AvP›zux. 1839&CÀ \mhzvØSm£mh,
•øÓ¨£kzu¨£mh C¢v¯ T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÎß ¦»¨ö£¯ºÄ C»[øPUS
Bµ®¤zux. C÷u Á¸h® 2,432
\mh¨§ºÁ J¨£¢u T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ
©uµõì ©õPnzv¼¸¢x C»[øP Põ¨¤z ÷uõmh[PÐUS Aݨ£¨£mhÚº.
AuߤßÚº Cµsk BskPÒ PÈzx C»[øP Aµ_ A©À£kzv¯ ¦v¯ uØPõ¼P
\mhzvß Ai¨£øh°À J¨£¢u[PøÍ
«Ö® C¢v¯ T¼z öuõÈ»õͺPÒ «x SØÓ¯À |hÁiUøP Gk¨£uØS®
ushøÚ ÁÇ[SÁuØS® ÷uõmh
•u»õÎPÐUS AvPõµ® ÁÇ[Q¯x.
C¸¨¤Ý® uõ¯Pzvß A¸Põø©
öuõÈ»õͺPøÍ ÷uõmh[Pμ¸¢x Dºzux. HµõÍ©õÚ öuõÈ»õͺPÒ ¦v¯
£oa_ø© uõ[Põ©À ÷uõmh[PøÍ Âmk öÁÎ÷¯Ô u©x Qµõ©[PÐUS Á¢x ÷\º¢uÚº.
÷uõmh[PÐUSz ÷uøÁ¯õÚ öuõÈ»õͺPøͨ PÁºÁuØPõP öÁÒøÍ •u»õÎPÒ £À÷ÁÖ P£h®
{øÓ¢u PÁºa]Pµz vmh[PøͲ®,
|õhP[PøͲ® u[PÒ •PÁºPÒ
‰»® {øÓ÷ÁØÔÚº. SÔ¨£õP, Põ¨¤z
÷uõmh[PÐUS ö\ßÖ ÷Áø» ö\#uõÀ øP{øÓ¯ £n® QøhUS® GßÖ®,
÷\ªzu £nzvß ‰»® u[PÒ FºPÎÀ ö\õ¢u©õP ÂøÍ{»[PÒ Áõ[Q ÁõÇ
•i²ö©Ú ö£õ¸Íõuõµ ÁÍø©
{øÓ¢u ÁõºzøuPøͨ £¯ß£kzvÚº.
Á¸hzvØS 70,000&÷£º öuß&C¢v¯Â¼¸¢x C»[øPUS¨ ¦»® ö£¯º¢uõPU PnUQh¨£mhx. AÁºPÎÀ Á¸hzvØS 54,000&÷£º C¢v¯õ v¸®¤¯uõPÄ®,
£»º Põmk ÁÈPÎ÷» ©i¢x ÷£õÚuõPÄ®
HøÚ¯ öuõÈ»õͺPÒ C»[øP ÷uõmh[PÎ÷»
{µ¢uµ©õP Si¯©º¢uÚº GÚÄ®
SÔ¨¤h¨£mhx.
