106 CHARACTERIZATION OF ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILS AT SITE BUDHAGAR,
JABALPUR (MP) Prof. (Dr.) S. P. Agarwal
Vice Chancellor, Sai Nath University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) India Dr. R. N. Khare
Principal, Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College, Ambikapur (C.G.) INDIA Prashant Pathak
Research Scholar, Sai Nath University, Ranchi (Jharkhand) INDIA Adhyatma Khare
Department of Civil Engineering, Bhilai Institute of Technology, Durg (CG) INDIA Abstract- In order to assist likely impact on environment due to mining activities, this research paper describes the system of classifying the soil for the areas of mineral ores.
Mineral soil based on laboratory determination of particle size characteristics, liquid limit, and plasticity index and shall be used for particle size classification required for the laterite soil. The crystalline rocks are present in layer within the alluvial plain. These are belongs to Mahakoshal group of rock lower to middle Proterozoic. The mining area at Budhagar (district Jabalpur) belongs to laterite soil. These soils are essentially a mixture of aluminum and iron. These soils are deficient in potash, phosphoric acid and lime. The pH value of soil is low which is responsible for changing the bearing capacity of soil from the actual value;
which is a matter of design consideration for knowing the soil-structure interaction.
Keywords: Laterite Soil, Bearing capacity, Problematic soils and its Ground improvement techniques.
1 INTRODUCTION
This research paper covers a detailed study on the presence of laterite, their various compounds, nature and levels of trace and toxic contaminants of laterite soil of Jabalpur (M.P.) India, causes of laterite in soil and the effect of laterite in soil has been carried out in a large number of soils. Special emphasis has been placed on the characterisations (Strength) of soil for Budhagar, belonging to Jabalpur Districtof Madhya Pradesh State.
High alkaline and non-alkaline concentrations have been observed at numerous sites around the Chhattisgarh and Jabalpur (MP) region. Tests were conducted to determine the property of soil with variation of water content for soils under different stage of water flow.
The soils had varying amounts of plasticity’s ranging from low to high plasticity. The unsaturated soil behavior was investigated for different conditions, covering a range of compactive efforts and water contents.
Therefore, an experimental study was carried out to determine the geotechnical properties of the contaminated and non-contaminated soil through various tests for Characterization of laterite soil. The bearing capacity is
also determined for contaminated and non-contaminated soil for the above area where the laterite soil is weak because of alkaline contamination.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Review Paper 1
Geochemistry of Chromium during Elctrokinetic Remediation By S Chintham Reddy and K R Reddy UII, Chicago, USA Remediation of Chromium contaminated clays has been a difficult task due to the complex geochemistry of chromium.
Chromium exists either as an anion or a cation in the soils depending on the pH and redox conditions. This study showed that a detailed understanding of the geochemistry of chromium is critical for the design of the electrokinetic remedial systems.
2.2 Review Paper 2
Models: Summary of Recent Developments and Applications
By Diederik Jacques1, Jiří Šimůnek2, Dirk Mallants3, and Martinus Th. van Genuchten4
The HPx reactive transport codes were developed to simulate flow and transport processes in variably-saturated porous media subject to a variety of low-
107 temperature geochemical processes. As
such, HPx expands significantly the capabilities of the individual codes for multi component one-dimensional (HP1) and two-dimensional (HP2) transport problems. This paper provides a brief summary of recent developments and applications of HPx, such as (i) the inclusion of gas diffusion, (ii) extension to two-dimensional problems, (iii) inverse
optimization, and (iv)feedback between changes in geochemical variables and transport properties. HPx is a flexible tool which can be applied to flow and transport problems involving relatively complex geochemical processes. A typical example is the geochemistry of mercury, which in a contaminated soil may be present in different forms and phases.
Table 1.1
3 OBSERVATION
Table 1.2 - Comparison of Geotechnical properties in original, alkaline contaminated and by adding sand in the laterite soil of different site.
Sr.
No.
(!)
Engineering Properties of
soil (2)
Original Soil
(3)
Uncontaminat ed soil (Near the site) (4)
Contaminated soil at Lab (4%
NaoH by Wt) (5)
Contaminated soil in site (6%
NaOH by Wt) (6)
After adding 10% sand in
the laterite soil 1.Grain size analysis
% Gravel -
% Sand 4 14 20 24 16
% Silt 17 14 11 15 14
% Clay 79 78 69 61 70
2.Atterberg’s Limit:
%LL 80 79 81 82 78
%PL 45 40 29 36 40
%SL 10 13 16 13 15
%PI 35 39 52 46 38
3.Compaction characteristics
OMC % 23 21 23 22 24
MDD (KN/m3) 14 19 17 15 19
4. Swelling characteristics:
Swell Pressure
(KN/m2) 158 112 148 156 102
Diff. Free Swell (%) 150 85 102 111 84
5. Consolidation
(Cvx10-5 m2/s) 3.60 5.60 4.20 4.26 5.90
6. Unconfined Compressive Strength (KN/m2)
98 114.8 99.8 100.8 112.8
7. Compression Index, Cc
0.63 0.70 0.69 0.70 0.71
8. Coefficient of permeability (X10-
6mm/sec)
4.59 6.50 4.90 5.78 6.19
9 Shear strength parameters
Cu’ 78.2 88 79 78.2 81.2
u’ 38 39 38 38.6 37.7
Investigators Purpose Soils Contaminants Purging Solutions
Anode Cathode Reddy (1997) To evaluate the effect of soil
composition on the removal of Cr (VI)
Kaolin, glacial till, Na-mont
morill onite Cr (VI)
Deionized
water Deionized water Khare R.N.
(2005) To investigate the removal of
Arsenic Alluvial &
Black cotton soil As (III, As (V) Deionized
water Deionized water
Reddy (2007)
To evaluate the effect of the initial form of Cr on its removal efficiency
from different contaminant clays Kaolin &
Glacial till
Cr (VI), Cr (III) and Cr (VI) & Cr (III)
combined Potable
water Potable water H.M. Abdou &
M. Flury (2011) To investigate the removal of catonic
contaminants from glacial tll Glacial till Na & Ca as
surrogates Deionized
water Deionized water Khare R.N. et.al. A case study on behavior of soil
under different water flow of
systems at Bhilai SW-SC soil Improper
alkalinity &
chloride content
Surface & Ground Water
108
10. Variation of
properties of
Contaminated Soil for different periods (Testing in lab)
%Sand % Silt % Clay MDD(KN/m3) Cu (KN/m2) u(Degrees)
7 days 20 13 67 15 83 38
10 days 10 20 70 14.6 85 36
20 days 4.5 21 74.50 13 86 36
30 days 0.50 21.5 78 12.2 88 35
Table 1.3 Comparison of Ultimate Bearing Capacity (Avg.) in terms of KN/m2 Sr.No. Site Name Without contaminated
soil (Avg) Soil contaminated with NaOH
1 BHILAI 328 163.33
2 DURG 141 58
3 JABALPUR 121 55.7
4 RESULTS
In order to construct a good multi-story building, the basic need is to have the strong base or fundamentals, or in the other words, the foundation needs to be strong which can withstand the load coming on it. Normally the engineer has to place his structure on soil and to some extent in the soil. Safety and durability of structure largely depend upon the design of the foundation preferred for the structure considering all the engineering characteristics of soil and other parameters. There are several options are available before the designer for decision making of foundation type, depending upon the ground conditions. Definitely each type of foundation has its own merits and demerits. Looking to this variation, in my proposed work I am trying to find out which type of foundation is best suitable for different soil condition of the area Jabalpur for the construction of multistoried building with technical as well as economical parameters.
Based on the analysis of individual soil sites, hand pumps and dug wells the following composite picture emerges regarding the arsenic contamination.
Hence, an increasing trend in arsenic
levels is clearly evident. Kurtosis and skew ness values in soil sites of Rajnandgaon, Durg and Jagdalpur are positive (as mentioned and calculated in chapter-3) indicating high degree of fluctuation in soil.
1. The shear strength of soil is reduces due to the improper Alkanity and Chloride content present in the surface and ground water (alkanity and chloride content was 140 mg/l and 249 mg/l in the ground water/surface water which is less than the permissible value 200mg/l and 250 mg/l respectively and it is responsible for reducing the bearing capacity of soil).
2. After due course of time soil becomes more plastic in 7days if it is contaminated with surface water/ground water.
3. Cu, Cc, LL, PL, OMC, MDDG and Water content is increases initially if the soil is contaminated with GW/SW and then after 7 days it reduces and again increases after 10 days due to Thixotropy character of soil (strength gain-strength loss process).
4. From plasticity chart and by the observation result it is seen that the classification of soil is SW (Well graded sand as more than half the portion of the soil passes through 4.75 mm sieve, the soil is essentially sandy)) after addition of Ground water/Surface water as PI was 5.68
% and 0.7% in the soil respectively.
5 CONCLUSION
1. It is observed that due to addition of ground water in soil finer particles
109 are absorbing the moisture and it
becomes coarser particles. an initially bulk density increases up to 7 days afterwards it decreases if we add more water.
2. It is observed that due to addition of surface water in soil dry density reduces because of contamination present in the surface water. It is also concluded that the changes in the particle sizes are irregular and the particles are disintegrated in to the finer particles.
3. In order to assist likely impact on environment due to mining activities this it describes system the classifying mineral ore.
4. Mineral soil based on laboratory determination of particle size characteristics liquid limit, plasticity index and shall be used pre –size classification required for the laterite soil. The crystaline rocks are present in layer within the alluvial plain.
5. The lime contains improves the Bearing capacity of ground as per the results although water table matters for deciding the type of foundation and as per the geotechnical, field and structural (load on columns) data the Raft foundation will be better suited for the structure defined.
REFERENCES
1. Rao A.S. etal (2004),”Compression Test on Granular Pile Anchors Embeded in Expansive Soil”, IGC,Varangal.
2. Soil mechanics and Foundations by Dr B C Punmia (16th Edition) 2005, p30, 78,123-128 Bowles, J.E. “Foundation analysis and design” Mcgraw hill. Newyork 1968
3. Sunil, B.M., Nayak, Sitaram and Shrihari, S.
(2006). Effect of pH on the geotechnical properties of Laterite. Engineering Geology 85; 197-203.
4. R.N.Khare, et.al, Arsenicsis and deteriorating ground water quality: Unfolding crisis in central –east India region, Current Science, Vol.77, No.5, 1999, p686-693
