View of DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF JUTE FIBER BASED DOOR OPENING ASSEMBLY: A REVIEW

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

Vol. 06, Issue 04, April 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 33 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF JUTE FIBER BASED DOOR OPENING ASSEMBLY: A

REVIEW Himanshu Shukla

Research Scholar, GGITS Jabalpur, M.P.

Sandeep Kumar Dubey Asst. Prof., GGITS Jabalpur, M.P.

S. V. H. Nagendra

Asst. Prof., GGITS Jabalpur, M.P.

Abstract: Natural fiber composites (NFCs) also termed as bio composites offer an alternative to the existing synthetic fiber composites, due to their advantages such as abundance in nature, relatively low cost, lightweight, high strength-to weight ratio, and most importantly their environmental aspects such as biodegradability. This thesis is devoted to the stress analysis of unidirectional jute fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite material for industrial and domestic applications using Ansys software by finite element method. Natural fibers that are mainly from plants, animals and regenerated sources are degradable and environmentally friendly as they absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen, they are cost effective when compare to the synthetic fibers. These Materials mainly from plant are used initially for domestics’ purposes. They have recently been introduced to some industries, such as automotive, aircraft, marine and buildings, arising from their excellent mechanical, physical and chemical properties.For this simulation a unidirectional jute/epoxy composite laminate with overall thickness of 5 mm, length 100 mm and width 40 mm was used in order to deal their effects on the composite laminate. Then the testing specimens was manufactured using matrix and jute fibers with hand lay-up technique and finally the tensile, compression and in-plane shear test was conducted based on their ASTM standards.

The present study focuses on (i) fabricating door opening assembly of jute fibers using hand layup technique, (ii) evaluating the mechanical properties using Finite Element Analysis software like ANSYS. The bio composite have fabricated with four layers of fibre aligned unidirectional and ratio of resin and hardener (100:50). Furthermore it is found that the jute fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite material has a good energy absorption capacity (up to 4.5 J) in the transverse direction and can have a potential to be used for different application.

Keywords: FIBER, JUTE, EPOXY, PROPERTIES, RESIN, ASTM, FEA.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background

The development of mankind is defined in terms of advances in materials i.e. the stone age, the bronze age, and the iron age. The present era of material belongs to the composite materials because of its lighter weight, higher strength, corrosion resistance, ease to shape and durability.

The composites are not new to the mankind; it has a history of more than 3000 years. In ancient Egypt, people used to build walls from the bricks made of mud with straw as reinforcing component.

Another important application of composites can be seen around 1200 AD from Mongols. Mongolians invented a bow made up of composites. Using a combination of animal glue, bone and wood, bows were pressed and wrapped with birch bark. The word composites derived from the Latin word compositus, which means put together signifying

something made by putting together different parts or materials . In general, composites are materials which consist of two or more physically distinct and mechanically separable components, existing in two or more phases. The mechanical properties of composites are superior to those of its individual constituents, and in some cases may be unique for specific properties. Usually, composites have two phases i.e.

continuous and discontinuous. The discontinuous phase is usually stronger and harder than the continuous phase and is called the reinforcement, and continuous phase is termed as the matrix.

Composites can be classified in two ways i.e. based on the reinforcement used (particle reinforced and fiber reinforced) and based on the matrix used (i.e. metal matrix, polymer matrix and ceramic

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Vol. 06, Issue 04, April 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 34 matrix). Composite materials have a wide

range of applications. They possess applications in buildings and public works (chimneys, housing cells, door panel, windows, partitions, swimming pools, furniture and bathrooms); electrical and electronics (insulation for electrical construction, armor, boxes, covers, cable tracks, radomes, antennas, tops of television towers, and wind mills); general mechanical components (gears, bearings, housing, casing, jack body, robot arms, flywheels, weaving machine rods, pipes, components of drawing table, compressed gas bottles, tubes for offshore platforms and pneumatics for radial frames); rail transports (front of power units, wagons, door, seat, interior panels and ventilation housing); road transports (body components, complete body, wheel, shields, radiator grills, transmission shaft, suspension spring, chassis, suspension arms, casing, cabin, seats, highway tankers and isothermal trucks);

marine transports (hovercrafts, rescue crafts, patrol boats, trawlers, anti-mine ships, racing boats, pleasure boats and canoes); space transport (nozzles, rocket boosters, reservoirs and shields for atmosphere reentrance); air transports (all composite passenger aircrafts and gliders, helicopter blades, propellers, transmission shafts and aircraft brake discs); cable transports (telepherique cabins and telecabins); sports and recreation (poles used in jumping, tennis and squash rackets, fishing poles, bicycle frames, roller skates, skies, sails, javelins, surf boards, bows and arrows, protection helmets, golf clubs and oars) etc.

In recent decades the use of composite materials has become increasingly common in different industries because of their superior specific properties; such as high strength and stiffness to weight ratio, design flexibility, improves corrosion and environmental resistance, improved fatigue life, potential reduction of fabrication process and life time costs, and etc. Such Composite materials are being considered to make lighter, strengthen, safe and more fuel-efficient vehicles. For example a Carbon –fiber composites have a weight about one fifth as much as steel, but are as good or better in terms of stiffness and strength. They also do not rust or corrode like conventional

materials, and they could significantly improve vehicle fuel economy by reducing vehicle weight by as much as 60%.

However most of the composite material types that used in industries are the synthetic composite material types and it has some drawbacks including high production cost and green house emission during production period. Due to this, various academic and industrial researchers are conducting researches on environmentally friendly, sustainable materials to replace these conventional materials.

However, such both types of composite materials have common serious limitations. One of the most significant amongst these is their response to impact loading from the foreign objects during life time application. Such Composites structure can be susceptible to damage under this transverse impacts

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

The purpose of this literature review is to provide background information on the issues to be considered in this study and to emphasize the relevance of the present study. This section includes reviews of available research reports about previous work related to natural fiber composite.

2.1Natural Fiber Reinforced Composite A great deal of work has been done on the use of natural fibers in polymer composites by various researchers.

Summer scales et al. carried out a review on the best fiber and their composites and reported that the natural fibers which are currently attracting most interest are kenaf, jute, hemp and flax. Holbery and Houston reported the potential of natural fiber based composites in automotive applications. Ku et al done a thorough study on the tensile properties of natural fiber reinforced polymer composites. The review reveals that the tensile properties of the natural fiber based composites are largely influenced by the interfacial bonding between the fiber and the matrix.

Mukherjee and Kao[2008] studied the effects of processing methods, fiber orientation, fiber length, fiber volume fraction, and fiber surface treatment on the fiber/matrix interfacial bonding and mechanical behaviour of various natural

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composites.

Saheb and Jog presented the work carried out by various researchers on natural fiber composites with a special reference to the type of matrix, fibers, fiber treatments and fiber matrix interface.

Chauhan et al. presented the findings of various researchers on the basis of physical, chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the natural fiber composites. Wirawan et al. reviewed the mechanical properties of the natural fiber reinforced PVC composites and concluded that natural fibers gives positive result to the stiffness of the composites while reducing the density.

2.2 Jute Fiber

Jute is multicelled in structure. Jute fiber is generally derived from the steam of a jute plant. It is an annual plant that grows to 2.5-4.5 m and flourishes in monsoon climates. Jute is a lingo- cellulosic fiber because its major chemical constituents are lignin and cellulose. The thermal and electrical conductivity, biological degradation, proneness to mildew and moths, ability to protect from heat, cold and radiation, reaction to sun and light, etc. are determined by cellular constitution and morphology. The chemical composition of the jute fiber has been reported by many researchers.

Among different natural fibers, jute fibers are easily obtainable in fiber and fabric forms with good thermal and mechanical properties. The inborn properties of jute fiber such as low density, high tensile modulus and low elongation at break and its specific stiffness and strength comparable to those of glass fiber draws the attention of the world. Over hundreds of years it has been used in the applications of ropes, beds, bags etc. High quality and new uses of this fiber can create more job opportunity in the rural sector. Jute has also got applications in the automobile industry and packing materials. Unlike cotton and most of the food crops, jute does not require any pesticides and fertilizer and hence is a

―pure green‖ agro-product. Riverflats, depressions and saline-alkali soils are very much suitable for the jute plantation.

Jute is mostly grown in countries like India, Bangladesh, China, Nepal and

Thailand. About 95% of the global production of jute fibers is produced by these countries. Islam and Alauddin [2003] reported a comparative study among the major jute producing nations.

It has been found that India is one of the largest jute producing nations over the past two decades. In India, jute industry is one of the most labour-intensive industries which provide direct employment to about 2.3 lakhs industrial workers and source of income to another 1.4 lakh people in the tertiary sector and allied activities.

2.3 The objectives of this thesis are:

 Manufacturing of JUTE/epoxy composite materials.

 Conducting experimental test to characterize the unidirectional JUTE/epoxy composite material properties.

 To analysis the damage mechanisms of the composite structure subjected to MECHANICAL loads Using FEA

2.4 Scope of the Study

In this study the analysis of jute fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite material for door support assembly was presented using Ansys software by varies the mechanical load. In order to get the software input data’s, the jute fiber reinforced epoxy resin composite material was manufactured and the experimental material characterization test was done using universal testing machine. Also a two dimensional Hashin failure criteria was used in the simulation in order to predict and evaluate the transverse impact damage.

3. RECOMMENDATION

The following recommendations for future work can be noted:

 Experimental impact test of jute fibre reinforced epoxy resin composite using drop weight impact testing machine can be carried out to find the accuracy of the numerical simula t ion results.

 As shown in many literatures, the main disadvantage of natural fibres was their water absorption capacity.

Therefore water absorption test and its improvement must need in order to use the jute fibre reinforced epoxy resin composite for automotive

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 3D progressive impact simulation using user-defined material subroutine VUMAT/UMAT and using different failure criteria.

 In this thesis the effects of the lamina thickness and orientation, and also the mesh size

 effect was not studied. Therefore the further study was recommended to deal the effects of this parameter on the load carrying and energy absorbing capacity of the jute fibre reinforced composite laminates.

 Manufacturing and impact analysis of woven or cross-ply laminated jute/epoxy composite laminate or by using different natural fiber composites in order to improve the energy absorption capacity during transverse impact.

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