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EFFECT OF GLASS POWDER AND RICE HUSK ASH IN CONCRETE PROPERTIESShikha Singh1, Amit Richariya2
1Research Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SVN University, Sagar (M.P)
2Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, SVN University, Sagar (M.P)
Abstract- Large quantities of construction and demolition wastes are continuing being generated which are just being dumped in the landfills. This requires large areas of land which is becoming difficult to find. The best solution would be to recycle and reuse the demolished waste which would not only help in protecting the environment but also help in dealing with construction wastes. Concrete is most widely used material in the world for construction work. Concrete contains cement, sand, aggregate, water and plasticizer.
Sometimes other pozzolonic materials like glass powder, rice husk ash fly ash etc. are added in concrete by partial replacement of cement in concrete mix. Production of cement requires more amount of energy and produce large amount of CO2. These CO2 affects the atmosphere. So, if cement will be replaced by glass powder and rice husk ash it will reduce the CO2 emission, increasing the strength and saving the cost of construction.
Keyword: Rice husk ash (RHA), Gasses incinerating rice husk ash (GIRHA),Glass Powder Utilization in Concrete Production (GPUCP), Boiler bed ash from rice husk (BBA), chloride ion penetration (CTH method),Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC),Ultra Tech cement (43 grade).
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 General
Concrete is most widely used material in the world for construction work. Concrete contains cement, sand, aggregate, water and plasticizer. Sometimes other pozzolonic materials like glass powder, rice husk ash fly ash etc. are added in concrete by partial replacement of cement in concrete mix. Since Almost every industry produces waste materials, and the effective disposal of these wastes is a challenging task for engineers. According to Coutinho, S. J.,2003“Annually global cement production has reached 2.8 billion tons, and is expected to increase to some 3.5 billion tons per year. Production of cement requires more amount of energy and produce large amount of CO2.
These CO2affects the atmosphere. So, if cement will be replaced by glass powder and rice husk ash it will reduce the CO2
emission, increasing the strength and saving the cost of construction.
1.2 Glass Powder
Glass powder collected from post- consumer source in Indore city. The key sources of waste glasses are waste container, window glasses, window screen, medicinal bottles, liquor bottles, tube lights, bulbs, electronic equipment etc. Only some part of this waste glass can be used in recycling. The waste glass when grounded to a very fine powder
shows some pozzolanic properties.
Therefore, the glass powder to some extent can replace the cement and contribute for the strength development.
The typical glass contains 70% silica approximately. Past study shows pozzolanic properties of glass are noticeable at particle sizes below approximately 100µm. Size of glass powder less than 75µm possessed cementitious capability and improves compressive strength, resistance to sulphate attack and chloride ion penetration. The presents of alkali in glass may cause alkali-silica reaction and change the volume but it has been found that finely ground glass does not contribute to alkali-silica reaction. In this project used size of glass powder is passing by 90-micron sieve.
1.3 Rice husk ash
Rice husk is an agro-waste material which is produced in about 300 million metric tons in worldwide annually.
Approximately, 100 Kg of rice husk are obtained from 500 Kg of rice. Rice husks contain organic substances and 20% of inorganic material. Rice husk ash (RHA) is obtained by the combustion of rice husk. The burning temperature must be within the range of600 to 8000C. The ash obtained has to be grounded in aball mill
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for 30 minutes and its appearance incolor will be grey. The most important property of RHA that determines pozzolanic activity is the amorphous phase content. RHA is a highly reactive pozzolanic material suitable for use in lime-pozzolana mixes and for Portland cement replacement. RHA contains a high amount of silicon dioxide, and its reactivity related to lime depends ona combination of two factors, namely the non-crystalline silica content and its specific surface.
2. TESTING METHEDOLOGY
The workability of the fresh concrete mixture was measured using Vee - Bee consist meter test as per IS 1199-1959 (R1999).Compressive strength test was conducted on cube specimens and flexural strength test was conducted on beam specimens with two point loading as per IS 516-1999. Splitting tensile strength test was carried out on cylinder specimens as per IS 5816-1999. The impact resistance of the concrete specimen was determined as per ACI Committee Report 544.2R-89 drop weight impact test (ACI544.2 R-89 (Reapproved 2009)). The compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength tests were carried out on three specimen sand impact resistance test was performed on five specimens at the age of 28, 56 and 90 days and the average values were calculated. The test results were compared with the control concrete specimen that contained cement replacement materials without fibers.
2.2 Tests on Fresh Concrete Workability Test
In Vee-Bee consist ometer test ,thet ime required for changing a concrete specimen in the shape of a conical frustum into a cylinder by vibration was found out.Vee-Bee consist ometer test was carried out on all the fresconcrete mixture as per IS 1199-1959 (R1999).
The Vee- Bee test gave a more accurate indication of the workability of the FRC than the standard slump test and compacting factor test (Uygunoglu 2011).
Studies have established that admixture with relatively low slump can have good consolidation properties under vibration (ACI 544.1R-96 (Reapproved 2009)). Even
at very low slump, FRC mixtures respond well to vibration (ACI544.2R-89 (Reapproved2009)).
2.3 Strength Tests on Hardened Concrete
Compressive Strength Test
The compressive strength test was carried out in accordance with IS 516-1999 specification. Compressive strength test was conducted on cube specimens (150mm x150mm x 150mm)with different proportions of fibers. After 28, 56 and 90 days curing period was over, the specimens were tested in the compression test in machine 2000kN capacity with testing rate of14N/mm2/min.The compressive strength test arrangement is shown in Figure 3.4.
Figure 1 Compressive strength test setup
2.4 Splitting Tensile Strength Test Splitting tensile strength test was carried out on 150mm diameter and300mm height cylinder specimens as per IS 5816- 1999. After 28, 56 and 90 days curing period was over, the specimens were tested in the compression testing machine 2000 kN capacity with testing rate of 2 N/(mm2/min). Load was applied until the specimen failed. The splitting tensile strength test arrangement is shown in Figure 3.5.
Figure 2 Splitting tensile strength test setup
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2.5 Flexural Strength TestThe flexural strength test was carried out as per IS 516-1999 on beam specimen of size 100mm x100mm x 500 mm. After 28, 56 and 90 days curing period was over, the specimens were tested in the Universal Testing Machine(UTM)400kN capacity with testing rate of1.8 kN/min.
The specimen was subjected to two point loading until failure. Two point loading was adopted on an effective span of 400 mm while conducting the flexural strength test. The flexural strength of the specimen was expressed as the modulus of rupture. The flexural strength test arrangement is shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Flexural strength test setup 3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM
In this work testing of cement, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate has been done.
Also, the experimental study includes the casting of cube and beam with various alternative construction material and the tests were conducted to study the various physical properties such as density, slump, 7 days and 28 days compressive and flexural strength. Total 136 specimen were cast where 102 cubes and 34 beams and tested in laboratory to evaluate their compressive and flexural strength.
3.1 Charecterstics of Materials and Testing
Cement-
Cement used in this experimental work is
“43 grade” which is available under the commercial name “Ultra Tech cement”.
3.2 Testing of Cement
Physical Properties of cement Specific gravity of cement: -
Specific gravity defined as the ratio of the
mass of a given volume of material to mass of an equal volume of water.
Specific gravity found by the use of Le- Chatelier flask in the laboratory. Specific Gravity of Cement- 3.12
3.3 Fineness of Cement
The degree of fineness of cement is a measure of the mean size of the grains in the cement. The rate of hydration and hydrolysis, and subsequent development of strength depends upon the fineness of cement. It can be calculated from the particle size distribution or determined from one of the air permeability methods.
For ordinary Portland cement, the residue by mass in IS test sieve should not exceed 10 percent. The standard cement should comply with the following conditions of fineness as given by IS: 460-1978 & IS:
269-1976.
Fineness of Cement-96%
Chemical properties of cement Oxide Percent Content
Cao 60-67
SiO2 17-25
Al2O3 3-8
Fe2O3 0.5-6
MgO 0.1-4
So3 1.3-3
Alkalies (K2O, Na2O)
0.4-1.3
Table 1 Chemical properties of Cement Source- Ultra Tech manual
Sand-
River sand confirming to zone 2 and with fineness modulus of 2.80 was used in study.
3.4 Testing of Fine Aggregate Physical properties of sand
Specific gravity:- Specific gravity of sand required for calculation of mix design of concrete. And specific gravity also shows quality and properties of aggregate. Le- Chatelier apparatus were used for finding out the specific gravity of sand in laboratory. Specific Gravity of Fine aggregate- 2.47
Fineness Modulus of sand:- It is numerical index of fineness giving some idea of the mean size of particles in the entire body of aggregate. Use of Indian Standard sieves (sieve size 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µm, 300µm, 150µm) for finding out the fineness
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modulus of sand in laboratory. The sieveanalysis of sand is shown in table3.2. As per IS 383the sand falls under zone 2.
3.5 Fineness Modulus of fine aggregate
SIEVE
SIZE WEIGHT
RETAINED %WEIGHT
RETAINED CUMMULATIVE
% WEIGHT RETAINED
10 mm 0 0 0
4.75 mm
0 0 0
2.36
mm 105.8 10.58 10.58
1.18
mm 101.6 10.16 20.74
600 micron
s
271.9 27.19 47.93
300 micron
s
306.6 30.66 78.59
150 micron
s
172.6 17.26 95.85
Pan 41.5 ∑ = 253.69
Table 2 F.M. calculation of Sand 4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 Concrete Mix Design: -
Concrete mix design is the procedure of obtaining suitable proportion of various ingredients like Cement, Fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water and Admixture if used in most optimal manner so as to produce concrete of most economically as far as possible having specified properties of workability, homogeneity in green concrete and strength and durability in hardened concrete.
Concrete mix is designed following the stipulation laid down in IS 456:2000 with respect to minimum cement content and maximum water-cement ratio for various exposure conditions and guidelines. Mix is designed according to IS 10262:2009 – ISI method.
A nominal mix of 30 grade of concrete will be prepared with the cement content 390 kg/m3 and water-cement ratio is 0.38. The proportion 1:1.3:2.6 was adopted for the present study. This table shows material quantity per meter cube for each combination.
4.2 Calculation of Compressive Strength
The compressive test both conventional concrete and glass powder & Rice husk ash added concrete was performed on standard compression testing machine 2000 KN capacity according to IS: 516-
1959. The specimens used for this test are 150 X 150 X 150 mm cubes.In this study, total four groupswere prepared.
First group was glass powder constant at 5% and Rice husk ash was varying at 5, 10, 15 and 20%. In second group, third group and fourth group glass powder were constant at 10 %, 15% & 20%
respectively and Rice husk ash was varying at 5, 10, 15 and 20%. Total 102 cubical specimens (where 51 for 7 days curing and 51 for 28 days curing) of size 150mm x 150mm x 150mm was casted.
Each combination 3 cube was casted. 51 cubes were tested at 7 days curing age and 51 cubes were tested at 28 days curing age. Each the compressive strength test data corresponds to the mean value of the compressive strength of three cubes.
5. DISCUSSION AND COST ANALYSIS DISCUSSIONS
This study will have a positive impact on the environment as it will reduce the volume of Glass Powder and Rice Husk Ash to be disposed off by incineration and land filling. And also reduce the use of cement. This technology can be used to develop pavement, building product, paving block, railway sleeper, etc. and other pre cast structure.
5.1 Cost Analysis
This study found GP15RHA10 combination is shows good strength as compared to other combination and conventional concrete mix. Cement quantity was reduced by using the other pozzolonic material in this study so cost is decrease. Table 5.1 shows cost analysis for two lane pavement and length of road is 1 km and thickness are 25cm.
6 CONCLUSIONS
Addition of Glass Powder and Rice husk ash in cement concrete for replacement of cement solve the problem of disposal of waste material.
When 25 % of cement is replaced by 15% Glass Powder and 10% Rice husk ash compressive strength of modified concrete is more than the normal concrete.
When 25 % of cement is replaced by 15% Glass Powder and 10% Rice
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husk ash flexural strength ofmodified concrete is more than the normal concrete.
On addition of Glass powder and Rice husk ash initially the rate of gain of strength is slightly low but at 28 days it meets required design strength.
The modified concrete is eco-friendly as cement consumption is low.
Use of the modified concrete will reduce the cement consumption hence saving of energy will take place.
Modified concrete is economical than conventional concrete.
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