View of EFFECT OF MICRONUTRIENTS, BIOFERTILIZERS AND FYM ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF CHICKPEA IN VERTISOL

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

Vol. 06, Special Issue 01, (IC-RCOVID19) April 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 82 EFFECT OF MICRONUTRIENTS, BIOFERTILIZERS AND FYM ON GROWTH AND YIELD

OF CHICKPEA IN VERTISOL

Mukesh Tomar, Satish Patidar and R.P. Singh

Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, R.A.K. College of Agriculture, R.V.S.K.V.V., Sehore

Abstract- A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of micronutrients, biofertilizers and FYM application on growth and yield of chickpea. Experiment consisted of eight treatments, laid out in randomized block design with three replications. Application of T8 (RDF + FYM 5t/ha + seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB) recorded highest plant height, branches/plant, Root length in cm, pods per plant, seed yield (kg/ha), straw yield (kg/ha) and harvest index (%).

1 INTRODUCTION

Chickpea is a leguminous crop. India is the largest chickpea producing country accounting for 64% of the global chickpea production. Pulses occupy a very important place in Indian diet because they constitute the major source of protein to the predominantly vegetarian population. Chickpea contains 13-33% protein, 40-55% carbohydrate and 4-10% oil. It also contains 50% Oleic and 40% Linolic acid. It is an excellent source of vitamins B6 , vitamin C and Zinc. Many legumes have the ability to form nitrogen (N2) fixing root nodules with soil bacteria called rhizobia (Sprent, 2001) and thus contribute to biological nitrogen fixation.

Rhizobium symbiosis with legumes species is of special importance, producing 50% of 175 million tons of total biological nitrogen fixation. Bio-fertilizers are microbial cultures, which make available certain plant nutrients to crops by various actions. Rhizobium, Azatobacter and Azospirillum fixes atmospheric nitrogen, while certain bacteria/ fungal cultures viz;

Bacillus polymyxa/Aspergillus awamori helps in phosphate solublization of both native and applied sparingly soluble phosphate. An application of 15-25kg/ha has been found to be optimum for stimulating growth and yield of chickpea in sandy and loam soils. Application of 20kg N/ha increased chickpea yield in sandy loam soils. A high yield was obtained with 20kg N /ha and Rhizobium inoculation in Gujarat, India (Patel and Patel, 1991). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) is mainly cultivated on nonirrigated soils with low native fertility.

2 MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present investigation was carried out during Rabi season of 2014-15 at Research Farm of R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Sehore to study the “Effect of Micronutrients, Biofertilizers and FYM on Growth and Yield of Chickpea in Vertisol’’.. The experiment was laid out in the discipline of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, R.A.K. College of Agriculture, Sehore, Madhya Pradesh. The experimental soil having low available N (189.2 kg/ha), medium available P (12.3 kg/ ha) and high available K (454 kg/ha).The extractable Mo was less than (<0.016ppm) which was below the limit in soil. Organic carbon was also low (0.40%). Soil pH was (7.5) and E.C. was (0.16) dSm-1. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with 8 treatments; T1-RDF – (N:P2O5:K2O:S: 20:50:20:20 kg/ha), T2-RDF + Seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB (Phosphorus Solublising Bacteria), T3-RDF + ZnSO4 @25kg/ha + Rhizobium + PSB, T4RDF + 1g Ammonium Molybdate/kg Seed + Rhizobium + PSB, T5-RDF + Borax @5g/ha + Rhizobium + PSB, T6-RDF+FeSO4 @10kg/ha + Rhizobium + PSB, T7-RDF+MnSO4@25kg/ha + Rhizobium+ PSB and T8-RDF + FYM 5t/ha + Seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB. Observation on plant height, branches per plant, root length, pods per plant, seed index, seed yield, harvest index were recorded at different stages. The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications.

3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Plant Height:

Plant height was recorded at 30, 60, 90 days after sowing and at maturity stage and are presented in Table1. The data (Table 4.1) indicates significant increase in plant height due to different treatments at all the stages of crop growth. The treatment T8, viz RDF + FYM

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Vol. 06, Special Issue 01, (IC-RCOVID19) April 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 83 5t/ha + seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB (46.03cm) recorded highest plant height followed by T4-RDF+ Ammonium Molybdate @ 1g/kg seed + Rhizobium +PSB(45.60cm). The remaining treatments viz. T3, T5, T6 and T7 consisting of Zn,B,Fe,and Mn application were superior over T1 in most of the stages but were statistically at par with RDF+Rhizobium+PSB (T2) in respect of plant height of chickpea at different stages of crop growth.

3.2 Number of branches:

Branching is one of the most important characters which have direct effect on grain yield.

The increase in number of branches per plant was observed with the advancement of growth stage under different treatments. The data in Table 1 indicates the significant effect of various micronutrients treatments on number of branches per plant over RDF alone.

Application of RDF + FYM 5t/ha + seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB (T8) recorded highest branches/ plant (3.63 /pl) followed by with the treatment RDF + 1g Ammonium Molybdate/kg seed + Rhizobium + PSB (3.57/pl) branches/plant (T4) at all the stages of plant growth. Treatments viz. T3, T5, T6 and T7 consisting of Zn, B, Fe, and Mn application were superior over T1 RDF (T1) but were at par with RDF +Rhizobium+PSB in most of the cases under different stages of crop growth.

3.3 Root Length

The data on root length/plant at different stages analyzed statistically and are presented in Table 1. The treatment consisting of RDF + FYM 5t/ha + seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB (T8) produced significant and highest root length (18.60 cm) followed by (18.40cm) with the treatment RDF + 1g Ammonium Molybdate/kg seed + Rhizobium + PSB (T4) which were significantly superior over the root length recorded under T1 and T2 at maturity stage.

Treatments viz. T3, T5, T6 and T7 consisting of Zn, B, Fe and Mn application were superior over RDF alone (T1) but were at par with RDF +Rhizobium+PSB (T2) in respect of root length/plant recorded at various stages of crop growth.

Significant increase in plant height and root length with the use of molybdenum under the treatment of RDF+Ammonium molybdate@1g/kg seed +Rhizobium +PSB (T4) might be due to enhanced nitrogen fixation by increased nitrogenase and nitrate reductase activities due to molybdenum application along with Rhizobium +PSB..Further the positive effect of Zn, Fe, Mn and B nutrients along with Rhizobium+PSB inoculation on these parameters might be due to the role of these micronutrient in many physiological and energy related processes in plant system. The results of similar kind in chickpea have also been reported by Shukla et al. (2013), Tolanur et al. (2008) and Deo et al. (2002)

3.4 Number of Pods Per Plant:

Data Table 2 showed that the numbers of pods per plant was affected significantly by various treatments over RDF alone. Among different treatments, the maximum number of pods/plant (38.26 pods/pl) was recorded with T8 (RDF + FYM 5t/ha + seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB) followed by with T4 (37.55 pods/pl) i.e. (RDF + 1g Ammonium Molybdate/kg seed + Rhizobium + PSB). These treatments T4 and T8 were significantly superior over T1 and T2 .Remaining treatments T3, T5, T6 and T7 were superior over RDF alone ( T1) but were at par with RDF + Rhizobium + PSB (T2).

3.5 Seed Yield (kg ha^-1):

The data on grain yield (kg/ha) of chickpea as influenced by different treatments are presented in Table 2. The treatment T8 viz. RDF + FYM 5t/ha + seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB inoculation resulted maximum grain yield (1835 kg/ha) followed by the treatment T4 viz. RDF+1g Ammonium Molybdate/kg seed + Rhizobium + PSB, (1813 kg/ha), and the treatment T3 viz. RDF + ZnSO4 @25kg/ha + Rhizobium + PSB (1728 kg/ha). These treatments were significantly superior to the control but were identical with each other.

Further the treatment T8 and T4 were also found significantly superior over T1 and T2. 3.6 Straw Yield (kg ha^-1):

The data on straw yield (kg/ha) of chickpea as influenced by different treatment are presented in Table 2 indicates that the treatment T8 viz. RDF + FYM 5t/ha + seed

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Vol. 06, Special Issue 01, (IC-RCOVID19) April 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 84 inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB inoculation resulted maximum straw yield (1943 kg/ha) followed by with the treatment T4 viz. RDF + 1g Ammonium Molybdate/kg seed + Rhizobium + PSB inoculation, (1913 kg/ha), and the treatment T3 RDF + ZnSO4 @25kg/ha + Rhizobium + PSB inoculation (1803 kg/ha).

3.7 Harvest Index:

The data of table 2 indicates significant increase in harvest index and the maximum value of 41.01% was recorded with the treatment T8-RDF+FYM 5t/ha+Rhizobium + PSB inoculation followed by 40.89% with the treatment viz. RDF+ Ammonium Molybdate @ 1g/kg seed + Rhizobium +PSB (T4) .These two treatments were however found identical to each other.

Seed and straw yield of chickpea significantly enhanced by most of the treatments over RDF alone. Highest seed yield under RDF+FYM 5t/ha+Rhizobium + PSB inoculation might be attributed to better nodulation, growth and development of plants due to improved BNF, balance nutrition provided by the integrated use of organics, Inorganic and biological sources of nutrition. Similarly second best yield due to application of molybdenum as Ammonium Molybdate @ 1g/kg seed + Rhizobium +PSB along with RDF might be due to enhanced BNF by increased nitrogenase activity in nodules and nitrate reductase activity inside plant system as mo is an essential constituent of these enzymes..

With the supplementation of Molybdenum along with Rhizobium +PSB with seed inoculation this becomes readily available at the site of nodule formation in the vicinity of root zone (rhizosphere) and resulted positive effect in the formation and activity of these enzymes which ultimately resulted in effective nodulation with enhanced BNF, N assimilation and also complementary nutrient uptake with better growth of crop plants. This is also reflected with the better leghaemoglobin content in nodules, chlorophyll content in leaves and DHA activity in the rhizoshere under molybdenum and FYM treatments. Besides this the better effect of RDF + ZnSO4 25 kg/ha + Rhizobium +PSB inoculation in increasing seed and straw yield of chickpea might be due to role of Zn in nitrogen metabolism, protein synthesis, chlorophyll formation, carbohydrate and starch formation by its involvement in several enzymatic reaction. Soils of the experimental field were also insufficient in Molybdenum and Zinc which also resulted in good response of the treatments of FYM,Molybdenum and Zinc application. The result of similar kind have also been reported by, Shil et al.(2007), Jain and Singh (2003) , Singh et al (2012) , Sawires (2001), Johansen et al. (2005) and Kanter (2003).

REFERENCES

1. Deo, C.; Kothari, M.L. and Kalra, Y.P. (2002). Effect of nodes and levels of molybdenum application on grain yield, protein content and nodulation of chickpea grown on sandy loamy soil. Soil Sci. Pl. Analysis.

33(15-18): 2905-2915.

2. Jain, L.R. and Singh, P. (2003).Growth and nutrient uptake of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) as influenced by bio-fertilizers and phosphorus nutrition. Crop Res,. 25(3): 410-413.

3. Johansen, C.; Musa, A.M.; Kumar, Rao.; Harris, D. and Lauren, J.G. (2005). Molybdenum response of chickpea in the High Braind Tract of Bangladesh and in Eastern India. pp: 205-220

4. Kanter, F.; Elkoca, E.; Ogutcu, H; and Adgur, O.F. (2003). Chickpea yield in relation to Rhizobium inoculation from wild chickpea at high altitudes. J Agric. Crop Sci. 189(5): 291-297.

5. Patel, R.S. and Patel, Z.G. (1991). Effect of FYM, N, P and Rhizobium inoculation on the growth and yield of gram (Cicer arietinum L.). Ann. Agric. Res., 12(2):200-202.

6. Sawires, E.S (2001). Effect of phosphorus fertilization and micronutrients on yield and yield components of chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.). Ann Agric. Sci. Cairo. 46(1): 155-164.

7. Shil, N.C.; Noor, S. and Hussein, M.A. (2007). Effect of boron and molybdenum on the yield of chickpea.

J. Agric. Rural Dev. 5(1-2): 17-24.

8. Shukla, M.; Patel, R.H.; Verma, R.; Deewan, P. and Dotaniya, M.L. (2013). Effect of bio-organics and chemical fertilizers on growth and yield of chickpea(Cicer arietinum L.). Under Middle Gujarat Conditions.

Vegetos, 26(1): 183-187

9. Singh, G.; Sekhon, H.S. and Kaur, H. (2012). Effect of farmyard manure, vermicompost and chemical nutrients on growth and yeild of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Int. J. Agric. Res., 7(2) : 93-99,.

10. Sprent, J.I. (2001). Nodulation in legume royal botanic gardens Kew, London. Ann. Botany, 89:797-798.

11. Tolanur, S.I. (2008). Integrated effect of organic manuring and inorganic fertilizer N on yield and uptake of micronutrients by chickpea in vertisol. Legume Res., 31(3): 184-187.

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING

Vol. 06, Special Issue 01, (IC-RCOVID19) April 2021 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 85 Table 1: Effect of micronutrients, bio-fertilizers and FYM on plant height and

branches/plant of chickpea Treatments

Plant height in cm Branches/Plant Root length in cm 30

DAS 60

DAS 90

DAS At

maturity 30 DAS 60

DAS 90 DAS

At maturit

y

30 DAS 60

DAS 90 DAS

At maturi

ty T1-RDF–

(N:P2O5:K2O:S:20:5 0:20:20 kg/ha)

14.90 29.93 38.20 38.20 2.30 2.68 2.80 2.80 12.6

5 13.90 14.50 14.50 T2-RDF + Seed

inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB

15.37 32.13 41.00 41.00 2.60 2.80 3.17 3.17 13.5

0 15.00 16.10 16.10 T3-RDF + ZnSO4

@25kg/ha +

Rhizobium + PSB

17.03 34.10 43.50 43.50 2.70 3.03 3.30 3.30 14.3

0 16.40 17.33 17.33 T4-RDF + 1g

Ammonium Molybdate/kg seed + Rhizobium + PSB

18.17 36.11 45.60 45.60 2.80 3.20 3.57 3.57 15.2

0 17.20 18.40 18.40 T5-RDF+Borax

@5kg/ha+Rhizobiu m + PSB

17.17 33.17 43.00 43.00 2.65 2.93 3.40 3.40 14.4

0 16.00 17.40 17.40 T6-

RDF+FeSO4@10kg /ha+Rhizobium + PSB

16.63 33.13 42.87 42.87 2.64 3.00 3.40 3.40 14.2

0 16.00 17.10 17.10 T7-

RDF+MnSO4@25kg /ha+Rhizobium+

PSB

16.67 32.80 42.80 42.80 2.69 2.97 3.30 3.30 14.1

7 15.80 17.00 17.00 T8-RDF + FYM

5t/ha + Seed inoculation with Rhizobium + PSB

18.13 36.10 46.03 46.03 2.80 3.23 3.63 3.63 15.4

0 17.10 18.60 18.60 CD at 5% 1.69 3.71 4.53 4.53 0.29 0.30 0.37 0.37 1.47 1.69 1.97 1.97

Table 2: Effect of micronutrients, bio-fertilizers and FYM on yield of chickpea

Treatments Pods per

plant Seed yield

(kg/ha) Straw yield

(kg/ha) Harvest index (%) T1-RDF–(N:P2O5:K2O:S:20:50:20:20

kg/ha) 27.96 1519.00 1578.00 49.04

T2-RDF + Seed inoculation with

Rhizobium + PSB 30.18 1644.00 1725.00 48.79

T3-RDF + ZnSO4 @25kg/ha + Rhizobium

+ PSB 31.50 1728.00 1803.00 48.93

T4-RDF + 1g Ammonium Molybdate/kg

seed + Rhizobium + PSB 37.55 1813.00 1913.00 48.65

T5-RDF+Borax @5kg/ha+Rhizobium +

PSB 31.53 1710.00 1762.00 49.25

T6-RDF+FeSO4@10kg/ha+Rhizobium +

PSB 31.67 1691.00 1765.00 48.92

T7-RDF+MnSO4@25kg/ha+Rhizobium+

PSB 32.20 1670.00 1777.00 48.44

T8-RDF + FYM 5t/ha + Seed inoculation

with Rhizobium + PSB 38.26 1835.00 1943.00 48.57

T1-RDF–(N:P2O5:K2O:S:20:50:20:20

kg/ha) 3.18 122.38 111.22 NS