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Vol. 07, Issue 12, December 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 8.20 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 189 THE ENGLISH LINGUISTICS MEANING, DEFINITION & ITS SCOPE IN INIDA
Dr. Sanjeev Kumar
Assiatant Professor & Head, Dept. of English, D.A.V. (P.G.) College, Bulandsahahr PIN 203001
Abstract - This paper concentrates on the meaning, type and the scope of English Linguistics in Indian Scenario.
This paper also aims at dipictingtjat how does the linguistics issues effected language that marked in literature in linguistics and related disciplines in the language science the database covers all aspects of the study of language including Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntesc and semantics, complete coverage is given to various fields of linguistics including descriptive, historical comparative, theoritical and geographical linguistcs.
The Term defined linguistics is often called "the science of language". The study of the human capacity to communicate and organize thought using different tools (the vocal tract for spotten languages, hands for sign languages, etc.) and involking different abstract and tactile components.
1 MEANING AND DEFINITION OF LINGUISTICS
'Lingua' in Latin means tongue i:e, language and 'istics' means knowledge or science. Hence the word 'Linguistics' etymologically means 'The Science of Language' or the Scientific Study of Language. But it is not the study of any particular language; it is the study of human language in general, as a universal and recognizable part of human behaviour.
A linguist tries to describe and analyse language in all its forms and manifestations to seek: (i) a scientific understanding of the place of language in human life, (ii) the ways in which it is organised to fulfil the needs it serves, and (iii) the functions it performs. In other words the aim of linguistics is to find the origin, organization, nature and development of language descriptively, historically, comparatively and explicitly and to formulate general rules relating to language. A linguist, therefore, describes and classifies language. He identifies and describes the units and patterns of the sound system, the words and morphemes, the phrases and sentences, i:e, the structure of language as completely, accurately and economically as possible.
Linguistics looks at:
The general phenomenon of humen language.
Different families of language (excample: Germanic, including English, German, and Scandinavian, among of
Specific language (excamples:
Arabic, Mandarin and French)
Communicative codes or behaviours that are not so well defined (example: the language of recent immigrants, the ways by which bilinguals choose one or another language, in contain settings).
Linguistics is human science:
In fact, one of the foundational diciplines in the Western intellectual tradition - and may be compared with programs such as sociology, Psychology or anthropology.
As with all human Science, there are several Sub- fields in linguistics:
Phonetics (the study of how spuch sounds are made)
Phonology (how these sounds are organized).
Sociologistics (the intraction of language people are collectiness)
Syntese (how units of meanings come together to create utterances)
Because of its inherently cross - diciplinary nature, linguistics and linguist is often integrated into dicipline as Communications, Sociology, history, literature, Foreign Languages, Pedagogy and Psychology.
1.1 Types of linguistics :-
Linguistics is a scientific study that analyze the structure and meaning, history and improvement, and the various uses of language with many different
ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037
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Vol. 07, Issue 12, December 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 8.20 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 190 forms according to the time. For example,
in this modern era.
Here are the types of linguistics:
1.2 General Linguistics:
In general linguistics, we will learn about Phonetics. Phonology, morphology etc. For now; I will give the meaning for each of them.
Phonetics: It is a branch of linguistics study that learns about how our articulation werks when we spell a word.
Phonology: Phonology study the application of sound structure theories in various languages.
Syntex: The syntex is a part of linguistics sciences that focused on the structure of a sentence, clause, particls and sentence completness.
Semantics: This subtopic learns the meaning of words and how the meaning changes according to the context of the sentence.
Paragmatics: Paragmatics studies the relation between the meaning of an expression and the context outside of the expression.
Inter Jances in Linguistics :
Nearslinguistics: It is the study of how an expression Ir a language is being of represented in our brain.
Like how we memorized the meaning of words, how we spell, understand, read, and we use them to communicate with others.
Sociolinguistics: Sociolingistics studies the effects from every aspects of socioly, including the cultural norms, content, the usage of vocabularies. This shows us that times and places given an impact on the languages especially its usage and pronounciation.
Cognitive Linguistics:
Cognitive is one of the b linguistics type that studies how language reflects our way of minds, such as analyzing if, here's any impact by the numbers of different colored words in various languages to how humans understand and percieve the words.
Hypothesis: Does Linguistics play a role in different fields in India or not? Linguistics explain that aspects
of language influence one another, it is concluded that language also strengthness cognitive functions.
Methodologies: The methods that we can use to learn about cognitive linguistice are data from the recording documentation, transcripts, and from spoken language, experimente, and demography reports of language models found in these elements. The experts beliine that language experssion cannot be separated from its a contest, because of the different of vocabularies, the knowledge that people know can communication.
2 THE SCOPE OF LINGUISTICS IN INDIA
The scope of linguistics is very wide and complex. In a broad way. language is the expression of human thought and as all thought is expressed through language, hence all the knowledge of the universe falls within linguistics. Naturally, its scope is very complex. However, a linguist, at any one time concentrates on one of the many different though interrelated aspects of his subject matter and his subject matter is the data of language, the facts of language as it is spoken and written.
Actually, a full understanding of the components of language and their relation with the rest of the world outside is the right scope of liguistics. The general linguistics covers a wide range to topics and so its boundaries are difficult to define. However the components of linguistics can be summarised to be as follows:
1) Phonetics-the study of human speech sounds or the raw material out of which language is made. This involves the study of the position of tongue, teeth and vocal cords etc.
during the production of sounds.
2) Phonology (sound patternings) 3) Grammar
4) Semantics (meaning)
Thus phonetics, philogy, grammar and sementics are the central core linguistics.
3 LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS
Around the central core are various branches of linguistics, as
ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037
Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE
Vol. 07, Issue 12, December 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 8.20 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 191 psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics,
mathematical linguistics, philosphical linguistics, anthropological linguistics, stylistic and language-teaching.
2.1 Linguistic Levels or the Levels of Language Structure
According to Robert Hall (1969) they are three:
(1) Phonology, (2) Morphology, and (3) Syntax.
Phonology being a combination of phonemics and phonetics; according to R.
H. Robins (1967) linguistics levels are phonology, morphology and semantics but according to Hockett (1937) there are five levels of language structure; the name of subsystems as follows:
(1) The Grammatical system: a stock of morphemes and their
arrangements.
(2) Phonological system: a stock of phonemes and their assignments.
(3) The Morphogenetic system: the code which ties together the grammatical and the phonological systems.
(4) The Semantic system: which associates various morphemes and their arrangements with things and situations.
(5) The Phonemic system: The system in which sequences of phonemes are converted into sound waves by the articulation of a speaker and are decoded from the speech signals by the hearer.
2.2 Three Aspects of Language Activity Broadly speaking, there are three aspects of language activity or three types of pattern in language, the material, the structural and the enviormental leading to three seperate linguistic levels-Substance, Form and Context. The substance is the raw material of language: auditory (PHONIC substance), visual (GRAPHIC substance); the FORM is the organization, the internal structure which is grammar + Lexis. The context is the relationship between form and situation which we call meaning (semantics). The Linguistic science has to account for language at all these levels.
Phonetics-is the study of speech processes, including the anatomy
neurology and pathology of speech i:e, the articulation, classification and perception of speech sounds. It is pure science, not to be studied in relation to a particular speech, but it has its practical application in phonetic transcription, language teaching, speech therapy, communication engineering etc. The linguistic aspects teaching, speech therapy, communication engineering etc. The linguistic aspects of phonetics i:e, the study of the sound systems of particular languages is part of Phonology.
WORKS CITED AND CONSULTED REFERENCES
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3. Hardcastle, W. J. 1973. 'Some observations on the tense-lax distinction in initial stops in Korean.' Journal of Phonetics 1:263-272.
4. Hargus, Sharon. 1988. The Lexical Phonology of Sekani. New York: Garland.
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6. Kagaya, R. 1974. 'A fiberscopic and acoustic study of Korean stops, affricates, and fricatives.' Journal of Phonetics 2:161-180.
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