259 HYDRAULIC DATA AND VEHICLE LOADING DATA CULVERT ANALYSIS USING
ANALYSIS TOOL Ankit Raj1
Research Scholar, Department of Structural Engineering,
School of Engineering and Technology, K. K. University, Nalanda, Bihar Deepak Kumar2, (HOD)
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
School of Engineering and Technology, K. K. University, Nalanda, Bihar
Abstract— As a developing country, India needs a steady flow of transport facilities via road, air, rail, as well as water to ensure proper and convenient communication links.
Culverts are frequently utilised as ditch relief cross-drains and also to flow water underneath a road at natural drainage and flows crossings. A culvert is a bridge-like framework that allows vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross a waterway while somehow enabling water to pass freely. Circular, elliptical, flat-bottomed, pear-shaped, as well as box- like culverts are one of the many different shapes and sizes available. The category and structure of the culvert is determined by a variety of aspects, along with hydraulic performance expectations, upstream water surface height limitations, as well as roadway embankment altitude. Concrete culverts are favoured in most instances.
Reinforced or unreinforced concrete culverts are available. In some instances, culverts are built on the spot and are known as cast - in - situ culverts. Also there are precast culverts accessible. We can make composite culverts by combining the components mentioned above.
Keywords: Discharge, Staad.pro, Retrofitting, N.D.T., Culvert, I.R.C. loading, Cost Analysis.
1 INTRODUCTION
Culverts all over the nation are nearing or past the end of their design phase existences. Culverts built by the "baby boomers" would need to be fixed, rehabilitated, or supplemented. Since complete culvert substitute is so costly and disruptive, alternative methods for extending the life of culvert projects are becoming widely attractive. Retrofitting is such a procedure, in which a' strength improving segment' is implemented and stabilised inside an established culvert barrel. Since the material's lower Manning's roughness values enable for culvert ability to be sustained notwithstanding the a lowering in culvert dimensions, footing assistance as well as column strengthening are indeed very prominent for retrofitting. Culverts are frequently utilised as ditch rescue cross-drains and to flow water underneath a roadway at natural drains and stream crossing points. A culvert is a bridge-like framework that allows vehicle or foot traffic to cross a waterway whilst also enabling water to flow freely. Circ ular elliptical, flat-bottomed, pear-shaped, as well as box-like culverts are among the many different shapes and dimensions available. The category and structure of the culvert is governed by a
range of variables, along with hydraulic performance expectations, upstream water surface elevation limitations, and road surface embankment altitude. Concrete culverts are favoured throughout most scenarios. Reinforced or unreinforced concrete culverts are available. Under certain scenarios, culverts are built on the spot and are known as cast - in - situ culverts. There are also precast culverts available. We can make composite culverts by combining the substances mentioned earlier in this section. Throughout this study, I will make a comparison of the strength of an existing framework to the strength within the same culvert after retrofitting utilising a non-destructive testing procedure (rebound hammer), and before retrofitting, I will analyse both scenarios in staad.pro to clarify the retrofitting and strength benefit by using assessment method.
1.1 Location of Culverts
The location of culverts should be based on cost and efficiency. The majority of the time, the placement of culverts beneath a road surface or railway line is required to be conservative. There is no convincing reason to construct an isolate dike or to provide
260 culverts. The given culverts should be on
the opposite side of the road. It should be larger in size to allow for the highest possible water level, and it should be positioned so that stream crossing is simple. It is possible if the requisite inclination is provided. The course area is an important part of the overall plan. The primary goal of a duct is to efficiently and effectively transport seepage water across a roadway segment. For potential duct regions, the creator should note all live stream intersections, springs, low territories, ravines, as well as impoundment regions provided by new road route bank.
Note that environmental permitting necessities will frequently implement to innovative culverts or retrofits, such as a Section 404 permit that governs infrastructure development in governmental wetlands and "Waters of INDIA." Culverts should be installed on present streambeds and modified to provide the stream with an instantaneous corridor and departure.
Sudden changes in curriculum at either end may obstruct the flow, necessitating the construction of a larger framework. If necessary, a channel change, going to skew the path, or a combination of all these methodologies can be used to obtain an instantaneous delta as well as outlet. The choice of arrangement should be related to financial considerations, environmental problems, pressure-driven implementation, and consistence considerations. If at all possible, a duct should be inseparable from its channel in terms of design.
1.2 Type of Culverts
Following are the types of culverts generally used in construction:
(i) Pipe Culvert (Single or Multiple)-Pipe culverts are commonly used culverts that can be modified to fit like a glove. The culverts could be single or multiple in quantity. When a single pipe course is used, a larger width duct is presented. In the circumstance that the channel width is significant, we will use various pipe culverts. They are particularly well suited to larger streams. The width of pipe culverts varies from 1 metre to 6 metres. These would be composed of cement, steel, and other materials.
Fig.1 Pipe Culvert
(ii) Pipe Arch Culvert (Single or Multiple)- Pipe Arch culverts were just half-circle shaped culverts. Pipe curve culverts are suitable for larger water streams, but the flow must be constant. Because of the curved shape of the fishes or sewer systems in the seepage, it is easily transmitted to the outlet excluding the need for stocking at the bay or channel's base. This type of culvert can also be provided in large quantities depending on the need. They also enhance an attractive design.
Fig. 2 Pipe Arch Culvert
(iii) Box Culvert (Single or Multiple)- Box culverts are well-built and, for even the most portion, made of concrete. In the advancement of a box course, fortification is also provided. These are used to gather rainwater. As a result, they aren't useful during the dry season. They can also be used as entrances for animals to pass the rail or road surface during dry times.
Because of the sharp corners, they are not suitable for higher speeds. Box culverts can also be ordered in a variety of sizes.
261 Fig. 3 Box Culvert
(iv) Arch Culvert- A factory - made floor is offered below the the curve in an arch culvert, which is similar to a pipe curve curriculum. It is widely used in restriction segments. The fake floor is constructed from concrete, and also the curve is formed of cement as well. Steel curve culverts are also available, but they are very expensive.
Fig.4 Arch Culvert
(v) Slab Culvert-Slab culverts are installed in rivers and streams and are also used as vehicle roadside extends. A foundation is laid beneath the ground surface for these culverts. A series of culverts is installed, followed by the installation of an asphalt layer on top of the culverts. Generally, these are rectangular-shaped culverts that can be used in place of case culverts if a constructed floor isn't required.
Fig.5 Slab Culvert
1.3 Requirement of Drainage Culverts The construction of a street bank invariably obstructs and interferes with the consistent overland stream's ability to flow though the normal channels such as water bodies, nallas, trenches, as well as channels.
Adequate scaffold/culvert entrances beneath the street should therefore be provided over such channels to allow the high point discharge to pass through it without causing dangerous afflux or complicating frequent stream government.
A sound street necessitates the placement of a great amount of culverts of appropriate size. Submergence & massive flooding of streets cause damage to the street and its frameworks, as well as disruptions of action, lost motion, and torment for a large number of needy people who seek refuge on the streets during swells in different regions of the country. Overland streams must be managed to capture in longitudinal deteriorates and published into the nearest general waste stream via culverts and ladders in terms of meeting the prevalent stream at a certain point upstream side.
Near the area waste game plans, which include longitudinal channels and culverts, must also be designed to carry overflow from the street surface. When a street continues to run through an undulating landscape, thoroughfares or plunges are commonly provided in valleys to sustain a strategic spacing from the street on the rising bank. The street profile created by visitors plunging down from much more willing to take responsibility alternative stages to the ground is extremely unattractive. Building scaffolds and culverts beneath the street in a high-dike area is a better option than constructing a huge quantity of plunges and interstates, which would cause rush-hour gridlock during peak season. People nearby and tamed animal species commonly use scaffolds, culverts, and viaducts to pass crowded roads such as national as well as state parkways in high banks. They are also used as a point of entry for the advancement of fish as well as other amphibious life forms. Silt, flotsam, and jetsam conducted by the stream must freely flow downward through some of these open positions, especially during surges, to keep a comfortable distance from aggravations and other interconnected problems. For emerging streets, it's not uncommon to find
262 silted barrels of emerging culverts as well as
culverts with inadequate boundaries, resulting in street bank overtopping.
1.4 Planning of Culverts for Effective Road Drainage
The development of a functional cross- waste structure is critical for the success of new road ventures as well as for the rehabilitation of existing ones. From the point of view of street protection, proper culvert placement is an important component of street design, whether the street is novel or old. Generally, organising entails determining the area, type, amount, and dimensions of culverts.
1.5 Hydrological Considerations for Design of Culverts
The main objective of hydrologic analysis is to determine the maximum setup surge discharge that the culvert will transport over through the street during surge season. IRC:SP:13, RDSO, AASHTO, suggested reading, as well as Layout Manuals all clarify the method of culvert surge prediction. However, a few of the most vital topics are briefly summarised below.
Fig.6 Topography Sheet of Bhopal 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The entire structure of the roadside culvert has been segmented using research software (STAAD. Pro), that is a common type of culvert usages. The use of culverts in terms of progress was
discussed in Chapter 1. Culvert segments are a simple, rapid, and easy-to-build framework that can be used for traverse lengths ranging from 3 to 6 metres. A literature review is a report that evaluates the concentrations found in writing and associates them with a specific geographical area. The writing was associated with the chosen zone. The writing survey should show, summarise, evaluate, and clarify the writing. A publishing survey includes differentiating evidence as well as intonation of link among writing and field of research in relation to data collection. Whereas the type of auditing posting may vary depending on the study. We have a unique writing survey that includes papers, diary entries, websites, and google investigations. M. Bilal khan, M.
Parvez alam (2015) Box culverts are the massive structures used to bridge railroad tracks, roads, etc. Flood water is balanced on both sides by embankments.
Various loads, such as those produced by water, traffic, cushion, and soil, are taken by boxes. This project entails the manual design of a box culvert in its entirety.
Design considerations include the impact of earth pressure, the depth of the top slab's cushion, braking force, impact load, live load, load dispersal through tracked or wheeled vehicles, effective width, etc. In this study, culverts with and without cushions were studied for various IRC loading classes, and results were drawn based on bending moments and shear forces in the cushioned and uncushioned situations. The provisions of Indian Standards are fully discussed in this document, together with their rationale and design-related issues. A.Y.
Günal, A. Güven, (2016) A culvert is a construction that enables water to pass from one side to the other of a road, railroad, trail, or other similar impediment. A culvert is typically built of a pipe, reinforced concrete, or another material, and it is usually immersed so that it is covered in dirt. Culverts must have the right size, design, and installation in order to reduce the environmental impact of a water crossing by preventing upstream flooding, downstream erosion, changes to stream habitat, and obstruction of organism passage.. The size of a box culvert has
263 been estimated in this study by using
data from a geographic information system to obtain more realistic maximum flow rates. The rational technique has been used to compare the study's findings. The size of the culvert that is determined using information from a geographic information system will be more accurate and effective than the culvert that is determined using a reasonable method. Wysokowski.2017 The paper highlights a few topics related to culvert and animal crossing construction repairs and reinforcement techniques. The materials utilised in culvert construction and renovation were also covered. The most widely utilised technologies for strengthening and reconstructing these things are also covered in the article. Given the characteristics of the materials used in the rehabilitation of these structures, special consideration has been given to the methods for choosing the reinforcement method and systems.
According to the author, the report also discusses concerns pertaining to the effective execution of road culvert renovation. Vasu Shekhar Tanwar, Dr. M.
P Verma, Sagar Jamle (2018) The culvert was subjected to research using the Staad Pro software, and the values were provided in the form of graphs and tables, showing the reduction in displacement and reduction in bending moment. Software was used to determine the outcome, which revealed the bending moment and reduced the displacements to a minimum percentage amount.
Structure adjustment for flared portions is well appreciated. In this study, shear values dropped when the flared part was increased while stress values increased.
Principle places a decreased emphasis and responds favourably to structural change. As a result, by using the flared part, the stress value is omitted for various scenarios while still showing the graph and its fluctuations in values with respect to stress. French, J.L (2019) Culverts are a crucial component of drainage networks all over the world and offer a reliable way for running water to pass through barriers built of concrete, such as highways. Existing buildings may be ancient and their original design may not have taken climate change-
related changes in rainfall patterns into account. When heavy rainstorms occur, properly engineered culverts can efficiently drain the water, but obsolete or badly designed construction could result in upstream floods, which would cause expensive losses and damage. An advantageous alternative to completely rebuilding every failing structure can be hydraulic upgrades to get existing culverts ready for higher discharge rates.
current design principles determine how well the inlet and exit controlled flows work using the specified hydraulic theories. The inferior flow control is then selected after calculating the headwater levels for both flow controls. predicated on the supposition that the culvert will function at its least effective level. Flow enhancements could be achieved by imposing the choice that performs better.
By increasing, outlet control can be made sure. It was discovered that, under some circumstances, culverts can operate more effectively under enforced outlet control than under inlet control. Better inlet designs could improve many existing structures, but only smooth, short culverts with large losses at the intake were recognised as benefiting from this technique on. Wysokowski, A. & Mońka, (2020) The technological problems covered in this article have to do with how foundations for subterranean flexible steel structures are implemented. These items are more contemporary than the techniques used to build their foundations. Due to their size and typical use of reinforced concrete, these structures' foundations are typically constructed as classic, "stiff" structures.
The article compares the performance of two foundation types for buried flexible structures: a stiff foundation made of concrete and a flexible base built of corrugated steel plates. Vladimir mandiac , Water (2021) The goal of this study was to ascertain the likelihood that surface runoff from the upstream watershed would result in a road culvert overtopping. A road culvert maintenance algorithm based on the overtopping occurrence probability (CMOOP algorithm) for small mountain catchments was developed using a hydrological-hydraulic model. While the hydraulic model determines the culvert
264 flow capacity by factoring in the amount
of silt that the culvert is filled with, the hydrological model specifies the regression dependence between the runoff hydrograph peak values and the probability of occurrences. M V Afanador Arias et al (2022) The goal of this study project was to offer a comprehensive and sufficient solution to places with challenging vehicular traffic, where some watersheds exhibit non-negligible water flow during the rainy season. In order to propose a solution for vehicular continuity in places impacted by water ows that interrupt pedestrian and vehicle traffic and put human lives in danger, the research involved the structural design of several geometries of box culverts. The structural plans complied with both the Colombian bridge code and the criteria set forth by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. With the aid of commercial software SAP2000 and Visual Basic programming, the designs were carried out, enabling a wide variety of geometries and boundary conditions to be established.. The structural designs showed a significant difference in the amount of labour required to build the box culverts for various geometries, with the designs made using the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials code requiring more concrete than those made using the Colombian bridge code. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials code provides the greatest steel standards for heights larger than 3.00 m, but the Colombian bridge code has higher steel needs for fills less than that..
3 METHODOLOGY
Two cases has been considered for comparative analysis:
First Present Box culvert.
Second Box culvert with retrofitting technique.
The following three activities must be executed to achieve that goal -
Modeling of the frame using STAAD.
Pro.
The calculations to decide the explanatory results.
Result check is all empowered by devices contained in the framework's graphical environment.
Culvert inspection for the parametric studies of vehicle critical load position as per I.R.C. loading standard, a 6 m span growth to development has been considered, which is analysed with the assistance of Staad pro software. The following are the requirements that have been recommended:
Step 1: Choice of superstructure geometrical employing STAAD Pro coordinate system or plot over Autocad Software, which can be imported into Staad-Pro as per girder aspect, carrying c/c spacing, growth to development distance, and number of diaphragms, etc. The superstructure is depicted in a schematic diagram.
Step 2: The established strength of the culvert is modelled, and one prototype with retrofitting of the same dimensions and load conditions as per Indian standards is equipped. Designing with finite elements based on the above variables.
4 CONCLUSIONS
We used Staad-Pro software to analyse vehicle load cases, as well as dead and live loads, for the established box culvert, as mentioned in previous chapter. The hereunder are the study's main conclusions.
Support Reaction- In the particular instance of reaction assessment, we examined an amount of instances for critical values and discovered that the retrofitted culvert produces the highest values, namely 1538.05 kN. (Y).
Shear Force-In the case of shear force assessment, we examined various portions of the culvert for sensitive loads and discovered that the value in the established culvert is the highest, indicating that it is in the most serious state, with the most imbalanced forces, whereas in value upon retrofitting lowered in all sections.
Bending Moment-The top slab of a box culvert is a critical member that bears the most bending force. The bending moments of various box culvert members are calculated. After retrofitting, there is a clear reduction in bending moment in all components of the culvert, tends to lead in a more stable form.
265 Axial Force-We analysed an amount of
instances for critical values in the case of axial force assessment and discovered that axial force values reduce with retrofitting methodology due to proper load distribution.
Cost Analysis-Because India is a developing country, there is a need for economical segments with a cost-effective design that can withstand the same load at a lower cost. In this study, we chose the retrofitting technique, wherein we distribute the load by putting additional joints as well as supports at the bottom, which is the most cost-effective way to make a structure stable again.
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