View of THE IMPORTANCE OF METAPHOR AS A LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON

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THE IMPORTANCE OF METAPHOR AS A LINGUISTIC PHENOMENON Akmaljon Shukhratovich Okhunjonov

Kokand State Pedagogical Institute

ABSTRACT

The article deals with the condition, reasons and factors of characterization of metaphor in the field of linguistics. In addition, metaphor and its main peculiarities, its importance in the social life and the functional features of in daily speech are highlighted in the article. As a result of our investigation, the following results were obtained: a) the creation and significance of emotion metaphors with the detailed examples have been proved scientifically b) metaphors as a cultural event in different languages have been verified c) the investigation of metaphors in both Uzbek and English language

Keywords: emotion metaphor, orientational metaphors, metamorphosis, primary and complex metaphors.

INTRODUCTION

Metaphor is a specific layer in each language, formed under the influence of communication and literature with a wide scope. It is natural that this linguistic phenomenon , that is, the metaphor is an integral part of communication of any society, an important factor of linguistic development , as well as one of the forms of linguistic level. In addition, the metaphor can be characterized as a cultural relic of the people.

RESEARCH METHOD

Interest in metaphor has grown significantly in recent years, all the members of society use the metaphor in their daily speech unconsciously. It is also for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish rather than ordinary language . we have found, on the contrary that metaphor is pervasive in every day life not just in language but in thought and action. Moreover, there are invaluable source of knowledge about people’s life tradition and culture . It has always been the object of scientific research in various fields of human knowledge , including, philosopher, historians, cultural scientists, linguistics and others. Many scientists, such as, J. Lakoff, Laguta, M.Djonson emphasize that metaphors transfer all kinds of connotations, associations and connections- more than exchanging words. They exchange concept and ideas. According to the scientist Albert Einstain, used the metaphor to explain his theories. “The only way learning something newly is by comparing it to something we already know”, says author James Geary in the BBC Radio program World of Mouth. It is an impossible to create a metaphor an unvailing of a resemblance. Because it is reflected in our everyday language. That is, it is including emotion metaphor. The major finding that comes from the study of metaphors characterizing the emotion domain, paradoxically there are no emotion – specific metaphors. This idea was first suggested by Kovecses it is established of emotion language, such as in two emotion concepts: anger and love, if we consider as an example, it is illustrated that: anger is fire: His anger is smoldering. anger is hot fluid in a container : She is boiling with anger .

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love: love is nutrient : I’m starved for love

love is journey: it has been a long , bumpy road.[6 p.4]

In other words, emotion metaphors can be conceptual, the well-known linguists Lakoff and Johnson wrote the important connection between emotion metaphors and metonymy.

According to Professor Stacy Pies from New York University , “metaphors is an imaginative leap, that stretches how we think”. It helps to enlarge our frame of reference. It is also described as an invitation to understand something, when that occurs , there is “a moment of intimacy between minds that’s really satisfying and pleasurable and meaningful “ says Pies

Metaphors are also cultural event , that is in a similar vein whatever the language . In Dutch, for example, you might refer to someone having the “skin of an elephant”, whereas in English , it would be said “ a thick skin”,and the French equivalent to the English “ when pigs might fly”

is when hens will have teeth”.

From the results of Pie’s research, we can observe that “language without metaphor is impossible. It is through and through metaphorical without it , language would be dull, boring and flat: she says: we would just fall asleep”.

Metaphors are reflected in our everyday language in a wide variety of expression: such as, attack every weak point. He attacked every my weak point in the argument. It would be the same meaning in Uzbek language “nozik nuqta”. Another example would wipe out meaning destroy, especially a large number of people or things. If you use that strategy, he will wipe you out. In uzbek language it is similar with “tagiga suv quymoq”. Orientational metaphors give a concept a spatial orientation; for example, HAPPY IS UP. The fact that the concept HAPPY is oriented up leads to English expressions like "I'm feeling up today." [3,15]

Such metaphorical orientations are not arbitrary. They have a basis in our physical and cultural experience. Though the polar oppositions up-down, in-out, etc., are physical in nature, the orientational metaphors based on them can vary from culture to culture. For example, in some cultures the future is in front of us, whereas in others it is in back. We will be looking at up- down spatialization metaphors, which have been studied intensively by William Nagy (1974), as an illustration. In each case, we will give a brief hint about how each metaphorical concept might have arisen from our physical and cultural experience. These accounts are meant to be suggestive and plausible, not definitive. [3,15]

Noam Chomsky, the linguist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who wrote a scathing critique of the behaviorist B. F. Skinner’s monograph Verbal Behavior (1957), a review article that appeared in the leading American linguistic journal Language. Chomsky argued that the human language faculty is a “mental organ”,as he put it metaphorically , and that hence linguistic crucially involves the study of an important aspect of the human mind. [1]

The notion of complex metaphor can be illustrated with some lines from William Shakespeare’s comedy As You Like It, Act II, Scene VII. [2]

All the world’s a stage

And all the men and women merely players;

They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages.

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In the given example, metaphors are that a stage =world, players=humans, entrance=birth, exit=death, acts =ages.[5, p276]

As another non-literary ordinary language metaphor that has been discussed in some detail in the cognitive linguistic literature, consider the conceptualization of human life as a journey;

journey= life . Lakoff and Johnson [3,60-62] suggest that this metaphor is based on a cultural model such as that involves primary metaphors as: “ people are supposed to have purposes in life , and they are supposed to act as to achieve those purpose.” [3,61]

Journey=life, traveler=person, destination=goals, intinerary=plan. To summarizing these examples, there is some evidence that metaphors have an influence on how people think and behave.

In cognitive Linguistics, metaphor is seen as a prime example of embodied meaning. Two major metaphor theorists, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson , following Joseph Grady distinguish between primary and complex metaphors. Primary metaphors are directly related to experience, often bodily experience and, according to them , they constitute basic conceptual correlations from which complex metaphors are built up.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded from this that emotions are comprehended by their assumed typical cases and their assumed typical effects, that is analysed above examples. In the exuberant words of Geary [2, 3-4] our understanding of metaphor is in the midst of a metamorphosis. For centuries, metaphor has been seen as a kind of cognitive frill, a pleasant but essentially useless embellishment to “normal” thought. Now , the frill is gone. New research in the social and cognitive sciences make it increasingly plain that metaphorical thinking influences our attitudes, beliefs and action in surprisingly hidden and often oddball ways.

Metaphors are more tenacious than facts and more persuasive too [7]. Some of the questions raised concern how metaphors are originated; the role of people’s embodied experiences in the arising of metaphors; how metaphor in thought might influence metaphor in language, and whether metaphor may help to structure the way a concept is mentally represented. [9]. Gibbs emphasize that “metaphor scholars should recognize some of the complex motivation for why a) people think metaphorically and b) use metaphors so frequently in language , problem solving , remembered , creativity and so forth”[5]

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