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PRODUCTION OF BIOGAS FROM FRUIT AND VEGETABLE WASTE:
REVIEW
ADITI GHANGHORIA PROF. RUCHI PANDEY
Research Scholar, Department of Electrical & Electronics ,GGITS Jabalpur M.P. India Asstt. Prof., Department of Electrical & Electronics ,GGITS Jabalpur M.P. India
ABSTRACT- Bio meth nation is feasible and effective method of treatment of fruits and vegetable waste generated. In this work the biodegradability of waste has been studied and the parameter affecting the anaerobic digestion process has been analyzed. The anaerobic digestion of fruits and vegetable waste found to be most viable and cost effective method of organic waste disposal for urban and rural area’s where they are disposed to the lands for uncontrolled degradation process resulting in methane and other green house gas emission in to the atmosphere. The present work will help all academicians, rural and urban energy industry people in generating eco- friendly energy and maintaining environment too.
INTRODUCTION
According to a study from the United Nations (2007), the world population will likely increase by 2.5 billion over the next 40 years, passing from the current 6.7 billion to 9.2 billion in 2050. In contrast, the population of the more developed countries is expected to remain stable at 1.2 billion. More than half world’s population, 3.3 billion people, lived in urban areas. By 2030, the number is expected to increase by 5 billion. There were at least 23 mega cities with population more than 10 million. Most of these
cities were located in developing countries (UNFPA, 2007). As a consequence to the increasing number of population and the improvement of living quality since the past three decades, the total amount of municipal solid waste is continuously rising. An annual rise of solid waste amount of about 2 - 3 % can be estimated out of which major organic waste is collected from house hold, Restaurants and Hotels in the form of Kitchen waste (Salhofer 2007).
2 As a result, there are millions of tons of solid waste being produced every year which have to be disposed. Especially in the developing countries, caused by the lack of information about and financial support, most of the solid wastes are treated and disposed improperly. These practices lead to several problems such as aesthetical problems odour nuisance, turbid water health problems skin infection, diarrhea, breeding of pathogenic vectors, and environmental problems damage to surface or ground water due to leachate production, eutrophication, soil and air pollution due to improper incinerator or smoking landfills.
Due to the environmental problems caused by solid waste generation, solid waste management has become a major concern around the world. The main tool of solid waste management is solid waste management hierarchy. This management hierarchy consists of a comprehensive waste reduction, recycling, resources recovery (commonly known as 3R
strategies) and final treatment/disposal.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Biomethanation of organic waste is one of the feasible and effective processes of biogas generation and solid waste management. The large quantity of the waste from municipal, agriculture and industrial sector are generated.
These wastes are disposed to the landfills and undergone natural degradation process which result in methane and other green house gas emission into the atmosphere.
This bio- degradable waste can be recycled to develop or generate energy in the form of biogas.“Due to scarcity of petroleum and coal it threatens supply of fuel throughout the world also problem of their combustion leads to research in different corners to get access the new sources of energy, like renewable energy resources. Solar, wind, hydro sources of energy, biogas are all renewable energy resources.” But, biogas is distinct from other renewable energies because of its characteristics of using, controlling and collecting
3 organic wastes and at the same time producing fertilizer and water for use in agricultural irrigation.
Biogas does not have any geographical limitations nor does it require advanced technology for producing energy, also it is very simple to use and apply.
A.R. Ambulkar, A.V. Shekdar 2003
Biomethanation is the anaerobic digestion of biodegradable organic waste in an enclosed space under controlled conditions of temperature, moisture, pH, etc. It is a human engineered decomposing system wherein depending on the waste characteristics; the waste mass undergoes decomposition anaerobically thereby generating biogas comprising mainly methane and carbon dioxide. In today’s world, the reduced organic and inorganic compounds produced by anaerobic microbial processes serve as carbon and energy reservoirs for photo-synthetically fixed energy.
Shalini Singh 2000
She studied that the increased biogas production using microbial
stimulants. They studied the effect of microbial stimulant aquasan and teresan on biogas yield from cattle dung and combined residue of cattle dung and kitchen waste respectively. The result shows that dual addition of aquasan to cattle dung on day 1 and day 15 increased the gas production by 55% over un-amended cattle dung and addition of teresan to cattle dung : kitchen waste (1:1) mixed residue 15% increased gas production.
ARTI (Appropriate Rural Technology of India) 2003 Pune ARTI has developed a compact biogas plant which uses waste food rather than any cow dung as feedstock, to supply biogas for cooking. The plant is sufficiently compact to be used by urban households and about 2000 are currently in use both in urban and rural households in Maharashtra.
The design and development of this simple, yet powerful technology for the people and has won ARTI the Ashden Award for Sustainable Energy 2006 in the Food Security category.
4 Anand Karve (ARTI) developed a compact biogas system that uses starchy or sugary feedstock (waste grain flour, spoilt grain, overripe or misshapen fruit, no edible seeds, fruits and rhizomes, green leaves, kitchen waste, leftover food etc).
Just 2 kg of such feedstock produces about 500g of methane, and the reaction is completed with 24 hours. The conventional biogas systems, using cattle dung, sewerage etc. use about 40 kg feedstock to produce the same quantity of methane and require about 40 days completing the reaction. Thus from the point of view of conversion of feedstock into methane, the system developed by him is 20 times as efficient as the conventional system and from the point of view of reaction time, it is 40 times as efficient. Thus overall, the new system is 800 times as efficient as the conventional biogas system. A variety of waste sources like urban, agriculture, industrial sectors, vegetable markets etc.
generate huge quantities of solid waste containing a sizeable proportion of biodegradable organic matter with Municipal
Solid Waste (MSW) having largest proportion. This material, if processed anaerobically, will not only generate significant quantity of biogas i.e. about 250–350 m3/tonne of waste (NEERI Report) and manure but will also reduce the load on land filling and will in turn prevent the degradation of environmental quality due to uncontrolled decomposition of organic matter in the landfills.
Azadeh babee Iran 2003
He studied that considering the characteristic of high moisture solid waste anaerobic digestion represent feasible and effective method to convert biogas. The experimental bio digester of 70 liters was used at different loading rate with fixed retention time of 25 days at 35 ºC. The biogas produce has methane composition of 49- 63%.
Kumar 2004
Kumar investigated the reactivity of methane. They concluded that it has more than 20 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide and that the concentration of it in the atmosphere is increasing with one to two per cent
5 per year. The article continues by highlighting that about 3 to 19% of anthropogenic sources of methane originate from landfills.
Jantsch & Mattiason 2004 Jantsch & Mattiason studied and discuss that the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion for the treatment of organic waste.
Organic loading rate is one of the parameter which affects the anaerobic digestion, it should be kept below the maximum capacity of digester. Temperature, pH and high volatile fatty acid are other parameter discussed by them to optimize the performance of an anaerobic digestion.
Taleghani and Kia (2005)
As he observed, the resource limitation of fossil fuels and the problems arising from their combustion has led to widespread research on the accessibility of new and renewable energy resources. Solar, wind, thermal and hydro sources, and biogas are all renewable energy resources.
But what makes biogas distinct from other renewable energies is its importance in controlling and collecting organic waste material
and at the same time producing fertilizer and water for use in agricultural irrigation. Biogas does not have any geographical limitations or requires advanced technology for producing energy, nor is it complex or monopolistic.
Veeken 2000 Kelleher 2002 Gallert and Winter 2005
Anaerobic digestion is described as a series of processes involving microorganisms to break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The overall result of anaerobic digestion is a nearly complete conversion of the biodegradable organic material into methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and new bacterial biomass.
Gallert and winter 2005
They proposed a generic formula describing the overall chemical reaction of the anaerobic fermentation process of organic compounds which can be used for the prediction of biogas production. In the anaerobic digestion process different types of bacteria degrade the organic matter successively in a multistep process and parallel reactions.
6 Srikant Subbarao 2006
In India, large quantities of biodegradable wastes are generated from agricultural, municipal, industrial and food processing activities. These wastes, due to lack of proper treatment facilities and strict enforcement of regulations, undergo degradation naturally resulting in methane and other green house gas emissions into the atmosphere. It is estimated, that the potential energy generation from Biomethanation of wastes from above mentioned sectors in India could be over 2500 MW. Recent developments in Biomethanation processes has made it possible to manage wastes in reduced time with cost reductions and increased methane yield.
K.sri.Bala Kameswari 2007 A lots of research had been done to investigate the processing of municipal solid waste including vegetable and fruit waste which is major consistent of Municipal solid Waste, the biomethanation seems to be most economic and efficient method of bio energy generation.
Due to simple and less costly
process of the treatment of waste biomethanation becomes most valuable option for waste disposal
in urban and rural
area.Biomethanation of vegetable and fruit waste is economically viable option for biogas production and from point of view of reduction in green house gas emission. It is best suitable process when compared to composting, land filling, dumping or any other process of solid waste management.
Prez Diaz & Bwanika 2008
Due to urbanization large quantity of waste has been generated but because of lack of waste management techniques it can not be treated properly which creates pollution and methane which is major green house gas contributing to global warming.
Vegetable and fruits waste is major constituent of kitchen waste and highly organic matter.
Biomethanation of food, vegetable, fruit waste creates excellent residue that retains the fertilizer value of waste product.
Biswas 2009
7 Indian Researcher studies that various researches and findings having going on globally to produce biogas from food waste especially from vegetable waste and India is harbinger in this field.
He conducted the comprehensive study on biogas production by municipal waste. He used 10 dm3 anaerobic digester equipped with mechanical agitator under control condition at pH 6.8 and temperature 40 ºC. Due to the dilution of potential toxic compounds, improved balance of nutrients, synergistic effects of microorganisms and for better biogas yield, anaerobic co- digestion studies have gained momentum in recent years. Later Biswas developed mathematical model to predict the character tic of digester by operating 10 liter digester in batch mode at optimum temperature of 40 ºC and pH 6.8 by feeding vegetable and food residue.
Italian researcher Cojolon 2007 He investigate that the technical and socio economical and environmental aspect of biogas generation using rural household.
They found that anaerobic digestion of vegetable waste daily produced by house holds generate biogas sufficiently for daily cooking of those house holds.
K.sri Bala Kamaswari CLRI Chennai 2007
They designed demonstration plant of 30 tones per day capacity at Chennai with organic loading rate 2.5kg of Vs/day/ m3 and biogas generation capacity of 2500m3 of biogas per day. The major signifience of this gas is converted into electricity and exported through TNEB grid. They found the total organic carbon content in waste to be dumped into landfills should be les than 5% from 2004 onwards. Biomethanation followed by anaerobic composting is considering to feasible option for management of vegetable waste.
X. Gomez , M. J. Cuetos , B.
Tartakovsky 2009
They studied that Organic matter contained in food waste was degraded by anaerobic digestion under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions at two hydraulic retention times. All analytical methods suggested that longer
8 retention times might be required for food waste stabilization under mesophilic conditions as compared to thermophilic stabilization. They found all the analytical methods showed that the stabilization process consisted of two steps, where complex organic molecules were formed during initial stabilization and then digested providing sufficient hydraulic retention time. Longer hydraulic retention times were required for food waste stabilization under mesophilic conditions.
R.D Kirtane and P.c. surya vanshi 2009
They studied that treatment of spoiled mango puree should be biphasic Biomethanation. For conducting this phase separation
between pure
hydrolysis/acidification and methanogenesis was achieved by using three acetogenic reactors.
They found from the lab scale over 90 days that reduction in Volatile fatty acid concentration in digested from 1400mg/l to 350 -450mg/l and increased in biogas yield from 10 to 28mg/l and methane content from 68 to 82%.
J.Lin Zuo , K.Wang 2010
J.Lin Zuo K.Wang suggested that fruit and vegetable waste is high potential energy sources and can be utilized for biogassification using anaerobic digestion technology. The biome thane potential of FVW was observed by them was 0.23m3/kg volatile solid and biodegradability estimated to be 63.8%. The methane production yield was 0.63CH4/kg Volatile solid at optimum Hydraulic retention time of 19days and VS removal efficiency 67%. They concluded that one stage anaerobic digestion appears to be technically feasible.
It is attractive method to treat fruit and vegetable waste.
Kamdan cahayari 2010
He studied that biogas plant for fruit and market waste offer to create the good fruit waste management as well as sustainable energy per day. They developed system for the waste of 4 tonns per day from fruit marketing Indonesia. The waste contains 80%
rotten fruits and 20% consist of rice straw leaves wood fabric and plastic. The biogas production
9 follow at 35 ºC total biogas yield is 0.686nm3.kg volatile solid.
Dida Aberra Gudeta Advisor Eng. Teshome Worku 2010
He studied that anaerobic digestion involves the breakdown of complex organics to form fermentable substrates. These substrates then undergo fermentation to biogas. Biogas is a mixture of gasses, chiefly composed of Methane (CH4) 50% - 70% by volume, Carbon dioxide (CO2) 30% -50% by volume and other gases, which includes Hydrogen (H2) 0% -1% by volume and Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 0% - 3% by volume. Some of conditions that must be considered when establishing an anaerobic digestion system includes pH 6 to 8.5, Temperature 25-40 ºC (for mesophilic) and 50-60 ºC (for thermophilic), Dry solids content 7-12%TS, Retention time (RT) 20- 35 days (for mesophilic condition), Carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ) 20:1 – 30:1.
Temperature inside the digester has a major effect on the biogas production process. There are different temperature ranges
during which anaerobic fermentation can be carried out:
psychrophilic (<30 ºC), mesophilic (30–40 ºC) and thermophilic (50–
60ºC). However, anaerobes are most active in the mesophilic and thermophilic temperature range.
Co-digestion is a reasonable way to balance the nutrients by adding other organic materials with higher nutrients than the main substrates to be used during the process.
Nirmala Baradiya & Deepak Somayji
They investigate that Biomethanation of fruits (banana and pineapple) is effective process can produce bio energy with less HRT. They concluded that higher rate of gas production is possible with low retention time. They found that size of particle of waste also affect the anaerobic process and increases the digestion period.
Buswell 2002
He proposed a generic formula describing the overall chemical reaction of the anaerobic fermentation process of organic compounds which can be used for the prediction of biogas production.
10 Veeken & Kelleher 2002
Anaerobic digestion is described as a series of processes involving microorganisms to break down biodegradable material in the absence of oxygen. The overall result of anaerobic digestion is a nearly complete conversion of the biodegradable organic material into methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and new bacterial biomass.
Azeem Khalid, Muhammad arshad 2010
They investigate that anaerobic digestion is one of the most effective biological process to treat wide variety of solid waste. The advantage of this process is low cost production of biogas and organic with nutrient content can be degraded.
Maria Vlachopoulou 2010
They study that anaerobic digestion is currently receiving increasing attention and support in the policy field. Interesting new developments seek to improve the regulatory and economic framework and encourage research for the optimization of the process and assist the building of capacity.
With regards to the economic framework, besides the above mentioned incentives for renewable energy generation, initiatives have been taken to expand the markets for the digestate. More precisely a Quality protocol and a standard for the digestate from source- segregated biodegradable waste were developed in 2009 and 2010 respectively. They clarify that waste management controls are no longer required for the digestate and certify the quality of the product. Concerning the regulatory framework, revised exemptions from environmental permitting and new standard permits for anaerobic digestion plants were introduced in April 2010.
CONCLUSION
This study assessed the potential of fruits and vegetable waste to generate bio gas and effectiveness of anaerobic digestion process to treat the high moisture fruits and vegetable waste. The peelings of vegetable and fruit, rotten fruits and unused vegetable are major constituents of kitchen waste content large amount organic
11 matter can be utilized for the biogas recovery.
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