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SIMULATION OF SECONDARY ARC EXTINCTION AUTORECLOSING FOR 765 KV EHV LINE :REVIEW
MOHIT TIKEKAR
Research Scholar, (High Voltage) Department of Electrical Engineering, Jabalpur Engineering College Jabalpur (MP)
ABSTRACT
This research work is mainly concerned about dealing with different line parameters in power system transmission lines. We tried to reviewed and evaluate the various parameter for the EHV transmission line of 765KV. We reviewed number of article for this proposed research.
1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Transmission Line
Electric power transmission or
"high voltage electric transmission"
is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations located near population centers. This is distinct from the local wiring between high voltage substations and customers, which is typically referred to as electricity distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become high voltage transmission networks. High- voltage overhead conductors are not covered by insulation. The conductor material is nearly
Always an aluminum alloy, made into several strands and possibly reinforced with steel strands.
Today, transmission-level voltages are usually considered to be 110 kV and above. Lower voltages such as 66 kV and 33 kV are usually considered sub transmission voltages but are occasionally used on long lines with light loads.
Voltages less than 33 kV are usually used for distribution.
Voltages above 230 kV are considered extra high voltage and require different designs compared to equipment used at lower voltages. Basic structure of electric system are shown in fig. 1.
Figure 1. Basic Structure of the Electric System.
2 1.2 Faults in Transmission Line Transmission line faults are of two types:
(1) Symmetrical faults (2) Unsymmetrical faults (1)Symmetrical fault
A symmetrical fault is a balanced fault with the sinusoidal waves being equal about their axes, and
represents a steady state condition.
(2) Unsymmetrical fault
An asymmetrical fault displays a d.c. offset, transient in nature and decaying to the steady state of the symmetrical fault after a period of time.
Figure 2:- An Asymmetrical Fault Unsymmetrical faults are of three types:
Types of unsymmetrical fault
Figure. 3:- Classification of unsymmetrical faults Single-phase relaying application
takes advantage of the fact that most faults on HV transmission
lines are phase-to-ground faults.
Some representative statistics are shown on Table I [1].
Table 1:- Relative Number of Different Types of Faults on HV Transmission Lines
Fault Types Percentage
Single Phase-to-Ground Faults 70
Phase-to-Phase Faults 15
Double Phase-to-Ground Faults 10
Three Phase Faults 5
Total 100
Double Line to ground
Single Line to ground
Line to Line
3 1.3 Protective Relays
The purpose of the protective relays and protective relaying systems is to operate the correct circuit breakers so as to disconnect only the faulty equipment from the system as quickly as possible .The most severe electrical failures in a power system are shunt faults, which are characterized by increase in system current, reduction in voltage, power factor and frequency. The protective relays do not eliminate the possibility of faults on the system, rather, their action starts only after the fault has occurred on the system.
1.4 Circuit Breaker
The circuit breakers are automatic switches which can interrupt fault currents. During the normal operating condition the circuit breaker can be opened and closed by a station operator for the purpose of switching and maintenance. During the abnormal or faulty conditions the relays sense the fault and close the trip circuit of the circuit breaker. There after the circuit breaker opens. The circuit breaker has two working positions, open and closed. The process of fault clearing has the following sequence:
1. Fault occurs: As the fault occurs the fault impedance being low, the currents increase and the relay gets actuated. The moving part of the relay move because of the increase in the operating torque. The relay takes some time to close its contacts.
2. Relay contacts close, the trip circuit of the circuit breaker closes and trip coil energized.
3. The operating mechanism starts operating for the opening operations. The circuit breaker contacts separate.
4. Arc is drawn between the breaker contacts. The arc is extinguished in the circuit breaker by suitable techniques. The current reaches final zero as the arc is extinguished.
2. AUTORECLOSING FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS OVERVIEW
Based on past records of domestic and foreign countries high-voltage transmission lines, the statistical result shows that in extra high voltage (EHV) and ultra high voltage (UHV) systems, single- phase grounding fault is more than 90% of the total failure, of which nearly 80% are transient. In Western country, because EHV lines are short and the lines are not transposed, it is not practical to use a small reactor to limit the secondary arc current. So Western country adopts the former way, yet the latter have been widely used in many countries [2]. In year 1963 Kariba transmission system that laboratory for determining the behaviour of the residual arc during single-phase auto- reclosure are described, and results given Kariba of tests at a switchgear test plant simulating conditions for 270 miles of 330kV line. [3]. A neutral grounding reactor (Peterson coil) has been in operation on the system of the Alabama power company since October 12, 1921. This is the first of these devices in this country, although there are perhaps several hundred of them in operation in
4 Europe. The neutral grounding reactor has been used a great deal in Europe, but very little in this country, owing largely to extensive and satisfactory use of the grounded neutral system [4]. This thesis which is based on a 765 kV high-voltage lines, uses suppression method of shunt reactor with neutral small reactor and simulates suppression effect while fault point occurs in different locations. The method of high speed and shunt reactor with small neutral reactor auto reclosing are still widely and effectively used, which can improve the success rate of reclosing, while helping to minimize further damage to the system from closing into permanent faults.
3. LITERATURE REVIEW According to statistics, more than 80% of faults in overhead transmission lines are temporary, mostly single-phase-to-ground faults [2]. There are different reasons for temporary fault inceptions including overvoltage’s as results of lightning’s and temporary contacts between phase/ground wires, e.g., by broken branches of trees or flying birds. As these faults are not permanent and can be cleared by themselves, one practical solution is single-phase auto-reclosing, SPAR, of the faulted phase [5]. This way, there is a chance to bring the faulted phase back to operation shortly after the fault inception which leads to enhancement of reliability and stability of the system [6]. Even during single- phase opening of the faulted phase breaker, still 58%of the line capacity available due to presence of two non-faulted phases
[7].Traditionally, when SPAR function is considered, reclosing is performed after single-phase opening of the faulted phase by a predetermined time delay called dead-time [3, 8]. In such condition, first, reclosing is performed regardless of the fault type, i.e., permanent or temporary. Second, there is no guaranty if the arc is extinguished at the moment of reclosing for temporary fault cases.
Therefore, there is a danger of reclosing onto fault for permanent fault cases and restriping of the arc for temporary faults in which the arc is not extinguished at the time of reclosing. Both these scenarios which are considered as unsuccessful reclosing attempts, are danger for the power system and the system equipment [9]-[12].
Additionally, reclosing process is usually repeated after a short break in traditional SPAR if unsuccessful which makes the situation even worse [2], [13]-[15].
In [16]-[19] destructive effects of single-phase reclosing on torsion torques of turbine-generator shaft are analyzed and discussed. There have been some methods proposed and implemented in practice to minimize the dead-time including installation of three-phase four- legged shunt reactor with inductively grounded neutral at both ends of transmission lines [2, 20, 21]. By properly selection of the neutral reactor, it is possible to limit the voltage across the arc and therefore, reduce the dead-time.
This method is more effective for transposed transmission lines, although it has been applied to untransposed lines at very high voltage levels using switching scheme of shunt reactor at one end [2, 21, 22].To overcome the
5 mentioned problems regarding the traditional SPAR, several adaptive auto-reclosing methods are proposed. The main objectives of an adaptive single-phase reclosing technique is to quickly identify permanent fault and to detect the arc extinction in cases of temporary fault [2, 23, 24]. Most of the proposed adaptive SPAR methods in the literature use some features of the voltage/current waveforms [25]-[30]. In [25-27] real temporary fault cases in 550 kV transmission lines are analyzed based on the voltage wave shapes.
Zero crossing point of the voltage is employed for enhancing the reclosing performance in [26].
In [27] and [28] frequency characteristics of the current are used for reducing the reclosing dead time. In [31], a method for arc extinction detection is proposed based on the behavior of the faulted phase voltage. The proposed method is also verified using test results from Hydro network. This paper in which information of only one side of the transmission line is employed for arc extinction detection, is a sample of contribution of Canadian researchers in the area of single- phase reclosing. In the method presented in [32] which is registered as a US patent, the exact moment of arc extinction is detected by measuring the characteristics of the faulted phase voltage. In this method, depending on the compensation level of the line, one of the prepared algorithms is chosen for this purpose. Using this method, reclosing-on-fault will be prevented. In an other patent, three-phase reclosing of shunt reactor is considered [33]. Three-
phase voltages and currents are used for detection of the arc extinction time in the patent registered as [34].
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