SMART TRIAL OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FOR PLANT HEALTHY GROWTH
Monali Mishra, Prangya Paramita Nanda, Anjyaditya Acharjya, Chitta Ranjan Swain Sophitorium, Khurda, ODISHA
Abstract- A subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) system was used here to investigate the appropriate irrigation water schedules in an open field area for mainly grass, rose plants, eggplants, andstudy investigated and analyzed different pipeline material, spacing between emitters, and soil profile. Also, it investigates the effects of soil type on water consumption.
Capacitive soil moisture sensor sensors, 5v soil moisture sensor, Temperature controller with temperature and humidity sensor, Pressure sensor, BME 280 SENSOR, Water flow sensor,Arduino mega 2560,were installed to measure the soil moisture.Four different varieties of crops were grown in the study site namely grass, rose plants, tomato and egg plants, which were observed for their heights, number of flowers and vegetables, and also the health.The results revealed that there was a significant increase in crop productivity by 18% when the proposed SDI system is used over the normal drip irrigation system.
Keywords: Surface Drip Irrigation, Smart Irrigation, Water Efficiency, Crop Productivity.
1 INTRODUCTION
Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto the soil at very low rates (2-20 liters/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to plants so that only part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted (Figure 60), irrigation, which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very favourable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.
1.1 Why Use Drip or Trickle Irrigation System?
In providing water to plants according to plant water requirements, drip irrigation systems create no pollution and no runoff and very little evapotranspiration. By using this system, a farmer can certainly ensure good water management.
Utilization of a drip irrigation system type provides other benefits to both the farmer and crop production:
Simple implementation of existing soil sensors.
Management of soil moisture level;
crops are irrigated immediately when soil moisture drops below threshold.
Application of fertilizers and pesticides combined with irrigation.
Reduced weed growth and facilitated management of farm activities in the field due to localized soil wetting.
Irrigation can be stopped at any moment (if rain occurs) which prevents over irrigation
Easy to install, design, and it can be very inexpensive.
Possible to implement on almost any terrain, soil, and crop type;
especially suitable for high-value row crops.
Drip irrigation system is a great solution on crop productions with dry, saline, low drainage soils and on soils where moisture maintenance may result in high insect pests and disease incidence.
1.2 Soil Moisture content and its importance
Moisture content available in soil is the primary source of natural water for agriculture and vegetation that influences the processes of plant growth and agricultural production. Understanding of soil moisture distribution patterns is helpful for weather and climate study, agricultural production and soil conservation management.
The soil moisture measurement makes it possible to predict irrigation dates like when to irrigate, which could lead to water conservation. The classical soil moisture measurement techniques are the gravimetric method, neutron probe, and gamma ray attenuation methods. While the modern techniques utilize dielectric techniques (like Time Domain Reflectometry, Frequency Domain Reflectometry), capacitance sensors, ground penetrating radar and remote
sensing techniques. Many methods have been developed and applied to observe soil moisture, but the selection of particular method depends on the field and climatic conditions.
The application of different methods to various field conditions and their comparison is not easily available in the literature. Efforts have been made in this article to discuss widely used soil moisture measurement methods, their limitations and also the influence of various soil-specific parameters under different climatic conditions. Keywords:
Agriculture, Crop, Irrigation, Soil moisture.
1.3 Type of Crop
Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. Sprinkler and drip irrigation, because of their high capital investment per hectare, are mostly used for high value cash crops, such as vegetables and fruit trees. They are seldom used for the lower value staple crops.
Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane.
It is not suitable for close growing crops (e.g., Rice).
1.4 Type of Technology
The type of technology affects the choice of irrigation method. In general, drip and sprinkler irrigation are technically more complicated methods. The purchase of equipment requires high capital investment per hectare. To maintain the equipment a high level of 'know-how' has to be available, Also, a regular supply of fuel and spare parts must be maintained which - together with the purchase of equipment - may require foreign currency.
Surface irrigation systems - in particular small-scale schemes - usually require less sophisticated equipment for both construction and maintenance (unless pumps are used). The equipment needed is often easier to maintain and less dependent on the availability of foreign currency.
1.5 Objective of the Project:
To upgrade the solar power system to an Integrated Power System (IPS) for an irrigation system.
To develop a smart irrigation system
by using a moisture sensor and an integrated power system.
To enhance the agriculture cycle from one cycle to 2 cycles by the smart irrigation system.
To enhance the agriculture production by 2 times by proper irrigation system.
To reduce the cost of irrigation by about half using an integrated power system as an energy source.
To reduce the wastage of water as in traditional irrigation systems by using a smart irrigation system.
To do a pilot implementation in the production of the crop in the district of Khurda (At Belapada, a tribal village under Khurda District).
1.6 Limitations in using Drip Irrigation System
Despite many benefits, drip system has also limitation factors for successful implementation on crop production:
Clogging of emitters due to small outlets, caused by soil particles, chemicals, fertilizers or organic materials
Damage on plastic pipe caused by rodents
Uniformity of water distribution due to elevation differences on unleveled field
Potential salt accumulation in crop root zone between two irrigation cyclesPlants are more susceptible to stress if drip irrigation system fails.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
The present-day concern is the sustainable management and judicious use of water which can only be addressed by decreasing the cost of cultivation and maintenance through improving input use efficiency and by higher returns to the farmers. Water is applied close to plants so that only the part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted. With a subsurface drip irrigation system (SDI) the placement depth of laterals, emitter spacing, lateral spacing, discharge rate of emitters and system pressure all play an important role in the soil moisture distribution pattern and in delivering the required amount of water to the plant.
The literature review is conducted based on the objectives of this project.
For this study, there are 25 articles are reviewed on the subject concerned. The subject areas which are covered under this review are on moisture distribution pattern, drip irrigation models and its advantages and some research outcomes. Some articles are also covered on application of drip irrigation to specific crops, vegetables and floriculture.
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
A study site was chosen to carry on the present investigation which is located inside the campus area of SOPHITORIUM GROUP OF INSTITUTIONS.
The area of the drip irrigation study site is about 25m *18m which is an ideal size for carrying out the experiment, the distance of the pipe was maintained at 1foot difference, the emitters were also fitted at a distance 1foot. The diameter of the main pipe is 2inch and the smaller ones are 0.5inch in diameter.
3.1 Smart Drip Irrigation at Sophitorium Campus
Sensors are the sense organs of modern technology. They convert all the sensing parameters into equivalent electrical signals and the processor takes this information to do the necessary operations on them. The sensors we are using here in this system are:
Capacitive soil moisture sensor
5v soil moisture sensor
Temperature controller with temperature and humidity sensor
Pressure sensor
BME 280 SENSOR
Water flow sensor
Arduino mega 2560
1. Soil moisture sensors:
Specifications:
Range: 0 to 45% volumetric water content in soil (capable of 0 to 100% VWC with alternate calibration)
Accuracy: ±4% typical Typical Resolution: 0.1%
Power: 3 mA @ 5VDC
Operating temperature: –40°C to +60°C 2. Atmospheric Humidity and Temperature Sensor:
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation, dew, or fog to be present.
Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage; a higher percentage means that the air–water mixture is more humid. At 100% relative humidity, the air is saturated and is at its dew point.
3. Water Flow Sensor:
To monitor the amount of water being supplied and used, the rate of flow of water has to be measured. Water flow sensors are used for this purpose. Water flow sensors are installed at the water source or pipes to measure the rate of flow of water and calculate the amount of water flowed through the pipe.
For the best accuracy measure the flow 3 or 4 times and average the times together.
The formula to find GPM is 60 divided by the seconds it takes to fill a one-gallon container (60 / seconds = GPM). Example:
The one-gallon container fills in 5 seconds, breakdown: 60 divided by 5 equals 12 gallons per minute.
4. Water Tank filter:
Most filters feature a chamber containing biological filter media, often in the form of plastic balls with a high surface area to volume ratio. The water simply flows through the network of holes and gaps these balls create, but come into contact with cultures of nitrifying bacteria that colonize the balls (bio media).
5. BME 280 Sensor:
The BME280 sensor module reads barometric pressure, temperature, and humidity. Because pressure changes with altitude, you can also estimate altitude.
There are several versions of this sensor module. The BME280 sensor uses I2C or
SPI communication protocol to exchange data with a microcontroller.
6. Solar Panel:
150 WP solar panel may generate only about 50watt or lower in the morning and before sunset. So, only at it’s peak you can use total 150W electronic appliances.
Based on that, people can use battery for storing energy every day. That’s why people can use the solar energy even no sunshine at all (night). Therefore, a 100ah (amp hour) battery will last for 1000 hours. A slightly different example is a 60 watt fridge running on a 12 volt power source uses 60 /12 = 5 amps, but only while the motor runs.
3.2 Drip System Layout A typical drip irrigation system
Pump unit - The pump unit takes water from the source and provides the right pressure for delivery into the pipe system
Control head - The control head consists of valves to control the discharge and pressure in the entire system. It may also have filters to clear the water. Common types of filter include screen filters and graded sand filters which remove fine material suspended in the water. Some control head units contain a fertilizer or nutrient tank.
These slowly add a measured dose of fertilizer into the water during irrigation. This is one of the major advantages of drip irrigation over other methods.
Main and submain lines - Mainlines, submains and laterals supply water from the control head into the fields. They are usually made from PVC or polyethylene hose and should be buried below ground because they easily degrade when exposed to direct solar radiation.
Laterals - Lateral pipes are usually 13-32 mm diameter
Emitters or drippers - Emitters or drippers are devices used to control the discharge of water from the lateral to the plants. They are usually spaced more than 1 metre apart with one or more emitters used for a single plant such as a tree. For row crops more closelyspaced emitters may be used to wet a strip of soil. Many different emitter designs have been produced in recent years. The basis of design is to produce an emitter which will provide a specified constant discharge which does not vary much with pressure changes, and does not block easily.
3.3 Soil Moisture Content
Soil moisture is a key variable in controlling the exchange of water and heat energy between the land surface and the atmosphere through evaporation and plant transpiration. As a result, soil moisture plays an important role in the development of weather patterns and the production of precipitation.
Drip irrigation is most suitable for row crops (vegetables, soft fruit), tree and vine crops where one or more emitters can be provided for each plant. Generally, only high value crops are considered because of the high capital costs of installing a drip system.
Surface irrigation can be used for all types of crops. Sprinkler and drip irrigation, because of their high capital investment per hectare, are mostly used for high value cash crops, such as vegetables and fruit trees. They are seldom used for the lower value staple crops.
Drip irrigation is suited to irrigating individual plants or trees or row crops such as vegetables and sugarcane.
It is not suitable for close growing crops (e.g. rice).
For optimal plant growth and development, different levels of soil moisture are required throughout the different plant growth stages. For grains, Total Soil Moisture should be maintained at ~40% of Field Capacity. For fruit, Total Soil Moisture should be maintained at
~30% of Field Capacity.
All plants need to be in a specific soil moisture range — the majority of plants thrive in soil with a moisture level that ranges between 20% and 60%.
Crops suitable for Drip Irrigation System:
Orchard Crops: Grapes, Banana, Pomegranate, Orange
Vegetables: Tomato, Chilly, Capsicum, Cabbage
Cash Crops: Sugarcane, Cotton.
Flowers: Rose, Carnation, Gerbera, Anthurium
Plantation: Tea, Rubber, Coffee, Coconut etc.
Spices: Turmeric, Cloves, Mint etc.
Oil Seed: Soyabean, Sunflower, Sesame etc.
3 . 4 R e c om m e n d e d S oi l M oi s t u r e L e v e l s
The plants listed in this guide represent commonly found species. Consult a local horticulture professional for more specific details on plants not found on this list.
NOTE: All vegetables require soil moisture between 41% - 90%.
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
It is important to note that the majority of flowers, trees, and shrubs require moisture levels between 21% - 40%, while all vegetables require soil moisture between 41% and 90%.
The soil type in our study site is brown forest soil, which also contributes to the soil moisture content of that particular area.
In Table-1, data gives us a clear view of what exactly the sensors reads when we have a Wi- Fi connected to the study site. Taking the first reading into consideration it tells us that on the 3rd of September 2021 at 11 .00 am the temperature of the study site was 39.6 degrees Celsius with a humidity of 70.3, pressure being 1001.2 at an altitude of 123.42, the soil moisture content was 23.43 with water flow rate of 6.480.
This data was generated by the sensor when we had grass grown in the study site.
The soil moisture content of the grass is measured to be around 25percent. We also observed that the growth of grass was almost uniform throughout the open field with a height of about 4-5cm.
Table - I
ID Date Time Temperature Humidity Pressure Altitude SoilMoisture FlowRate
1 03-09-2021 11:00:00 39.6 70.3 1001.2 123.42 23.43 6.480
2 04-09-2021 12:15:07 38.61 52.43 1000.74 104.72 24.85 11.80 3 06-09-2021 12:25:13 38.05 54.28 1000.45 107.08 25.62 18.54 4 07-09-2021 12:35:17 37.22 55.7 1000.08 110.27 25.56 27.40
5 08-09-2021 12:45:20 36.28 56.9 999.94 111.4 25.44 24.98
6 09-09-2021 12:55:31 35.37 57.82 999.93 111.5 25.54 22.09
7 10-09-2021 13:05:28 34.58 58.56 999.7 113.39 25.64 31.18
8 11-09-2021 13:15:32 33.93 59.13 999.4 115.93 25.66 32.54
9 13-09-2021 13:25:35 33.41 59.58 999.34 116.47 25.58 35.47 10 14-09-2021 13:35:39 32.98 59.95 999.32 116.66 25.45 37.94 11 15-09-2021 13:45:43 32.61 60.29 999.25 117.21 25.31 37.54 12 16-09-2021 13:55:46 32.28 60.59 998.85 120.62 25.21 33.83
13 17-09-2021 14:05:50 32.04 60.86 998.61 122.6 25.15 41.99
14 18-09-2021 14:15:54 31.84 61.1 998.52 123.35 25.16 34.52
15 20-09-2021 14:25:57 31.68 61.34 998.39 124.47 25.19 31.56 16 21-09-2021 14:36:03 31.59 61.51 998.22 125.92 25.03 38.47
17 22-09-2021 14:46:05 31.57 61.69 998.1 126.92 24.64 34.94
18 23-09-2021 14:56:09 31.61 61.84 998.05 127.35 25.11 34.97 19 24-09-2021 15:06:13 31.68 62.02 998.05 127.34 25.23 28.47 20 25-09-2021 15:16:17 31.74 62.13 998.04 127.37 25.40 26.24
In Table-2, data gives us a clear view of what exactly the sensors reads when we have a Wi- Fi connected to the study site. Taking the first reading into consideration it tells us that on the 27th of September 2021 at 11.00 am the temperature of the study site was 36.62 degrees Celsius with a humidity of 71.35, pressure being 1003.23 at an altitude of 103.42, the soil moisture content was 38.89 with water flow rate of 29.31.
This data was generated by the sensor when we had grass grown in the study site. Previous studies shows that the soil moisture content of the rose plants is measured to be around 40-45percent. We also observed that the growth of the rose plant, the initial growth was almost uniform throughout the open field with a height of about 10-15cm with single bud and a few leaves.Gradually it was observed that a few plants had properly increased in height with adequate number of leaves and plenty of buds and a few of them had plenty of leaves lesser height and no buds at all.
Table - 2
ID Date Time Temperature Humidity Pressure Altitude Soil
Moisture Flow Rate 1 27-09-2021 11:00:00 36.62 71.35 1003.23 103.42 38.89 29.31 2 28-09-2021 12:15:07 38.63 52.43 1000.74 104.72 39.76 25.51 3 29-09-2021 12:25:13 38.25 54.28 1000.45 107.08 40.26 16.87 4 30-09-2021 12:35:17 37.20 55.75 1000.08 110.27 40.34 21.32 5 01-10-2021 12:45:20 36.28 56.94 999.94 111.41 40.44 24.18 6 02-10-2021 12:55:31 35.37 57.82 999.93 111.51 40.54 17.63 7 04-10-2021 13:05:28 34.56 58.56 999.74 113.39 39.64 18.93 8 05-10-2021 13:15:32 33.92 59.13 999.41 115.93 38.66 22.84 9 06-10-2021 13:25:35 33.42 59.58 999.34 116.47 39.58 14.98 10 07-10-2021 13:35:39 32.97 59.95 999.32 116.66 45.45 11.48 11 08-10-2021 13:45:43 32.60 60.29 999.25 117.21 45.31 16.87 12 09-10-2021 13:55:46 32.25 60.59 998.85 120.62 42.21 15.87 13 11-10-2021 14:05:50 32.04 60.86 998.61 122.62 44.15 14.98 14 12-10-2021 14:15:54 31.84 61.11 998.52 123.35 45.16 11.97 15 13-10-2021 14:25:57 31.68 61.34 998.39 124.47 45.19 12.54 16 14-10-2021 14:36:03 31.59 61.51 998.22 125.92 45.03 09.99 17 15-10-2021 14:46:05 31.57 61.69 998.16 126.92 43.64 11.48 18 16-10-2021 14:56:09 31.61 61.84 998.05 127.35 45.11 13.54 19 18-10-2021 15:06:13 31.68 62.02 998.05 127.34 45.23 22.84 20 19-10-2021 15:16:17 31.74 62.13 998.04 127.37 40.49 15.83
In Table-3, data gives us a clear view of what exactly the sensors reads when we have a wifi connected to the study site. Taking the first reading into consideration it tells us that on the 20th of October 2021 at 11 .00 am the temperature of the study site was 33.60 degrees Celsius with a humidity of 55.30, pressure being 1001.2 at an altitude of 123.42, the soil moisture content was 85.32 with water flow rate of 25.84.
This data was generated by the sensor when we had Egg plants grown in the study site.
Previous studies indicates that the soil moisture content of the egg plants is around 70-85 percent. We also observed that the growth of egg plants was almost uniform throughout the open field with a height of about 25-35cm with healthy leaf pattern and healthy vegetables.
Table - 3
ID Date Time Temperature Humidity Pressure Altitude SoilMoisture FlowRate 1 20-10-2021 11:00:00 33.60 55.30 1001.20 123.42 85.32 25.84 2 21-10-2021 12:15:07 33.61 52.43 1000.74 104.72 85.43 11.98 3 22-10-2021 12:25:13 32.05 54.28 1000.45 107.08 85.01 12.54 4 23-10-2021 12:35:17 31.22 55.72 1000.08 110.27 85.46 13.94
5 25-10-2021 12:45:20 30.28 56.93 999.94 111.4 85.42 24.31
6 26-10-2021 12:55:31 31.37 57.82 999.93 111.5 84.54 21.84
7 27-10-2021 13:05:28 32.58 58.56 999.78 113.39 83.64 17.84
8 28-10-2021 13:15:32 33.93 59.13 999.45 115.93 83.66 19.57
9 29-10-2021 13:25:35 33.41 59.58 999.34 116.47 84.58 17.87
10 30-10-2021 13:35:39 32.98 59.95 999.32 116.66 85.45 14.54
11 01-11-2021 13:45:43 32.61 60.29 999.25 117.21 84.31 21.39
12 02-11-2021 13:55:46 32.28 60.59 998.85 120.62 83.21 17.84
13 03-11-2021 14:05:50 32.04 60.86 998.61 122.6 85.15 17.85
14 04-11-2021 14:15:54 31.84 51.19 998.52 123.35 85.16 14.95
15 05-11-2021 14:25:57 30.68 51.34 998.39 124.47 84.19 17.84
16 06-11-2021 14:36:03 30.59 51.51 998.22 125.92 85.03 18.94
17 08-11-2021 14:46:05 31.57 51.69 998.11 126.92 84.64 18.23
18 09-11-2021 14:56:09 30.61 51.84 998.05 127.35 83.11 23.21
19 10-11-2021 15:06:13 31.68 52.02 998.05 127.34 85.23 19.07
20 11-11-2021 15:16:17 30.74 52.13 998.04 127.37 82.40 24.35
Table 4
ID Date Time Temperature Humidity Pressure Altitude SoilMoisture FlowRate
1 12-11-2021 11:00:00 32.60 50.30 1001.2 123.42 77.34 14.35
2 13-11-2021 12:15:07 32.61 52.43 1000.74 104.72 77.67 18.65
3 15-11-2021 12:25:13 31.05 54.28 1000.45 107.08 85.62 14.98
4 16-11-2021 12:35:17 30.22 55.7 1000.08 110.27 85.56 11.41
5 17-11-2021 12:45:20 30.28 56.9 999.94 111.4 85.44 16.32
6 18-11-2021 12:55:31 32.37 57.82 999.93 111.5 85.54 6.480
7 19-11-2021 13:05:28 30.58 58.56 999.7 113.39 85.64 11.80
8 20-11-2021 13:15:32 30.93 59.13 999.4 115.93 85.66 16.83
9 22-11-2021 13:25:35 33.41 59.58 999.34 116.47 85.58 17.98
10 23-11-2021 13:35:39 32.98 59.95 999.32 116.66 85.45 14.87
11 24-11-2021 13:45:43 32.61 60.29 999.25 117.21 85.31 12.65
12 25-11-2021 13:55:46 32.28 60.59 998.85 120.62 85.21 11.67
13 26-11-2021 14:05:50 32.04 60.86 998.61 122.6 85.15 19.08
14 27-11-2021 14:15:54 31.84 61.1 998.52 123.35 85.16 18.76
In Table-4, data gives us a clear view of what exactly the sensors reads when we have a wifi connected to the study site.
Taking the first reading into consideration it tells us thaton the 12th of October 2021 at 11 .00 am the temperature of the study site was 32.60 degrees Celsius with a humidity of 50.30, pressure being 1001.2 at an altitude of 123.42, the soil moisture content was 77.34 with water flow rate of 14.35.
This data was generated by the sensor when we had tomato grown in the study site. The soil moisture content of the tomato plants is measured to be around 65 – 90 percent. We also observed that the growth of tomato plants were healthy and uniform in height throughout the open field with a height of about 14- 25cm.
5 FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY
Moisture Distribution Pattern - The present-day concern is the sustainable management and judicious use of water which can only be addressed by decreasing the cost of cultivation and maintenance through improving input use efficiency and by higher returns to the farmers. Trickle irrigation plays an important role in conserving water, fertilizer, labour, energy and electricity as well as increasing water and fertilizer use efficiency.
Drip Irrigation Method - The studyindicated that the consumed water in the drip method is 40% less than the consumed water in the furrow method.
The study is also indicated that the SDI is more efficient than surface drip irrigation in Terms of enhancing nutrients concentration in tubers, soil fertility after harvesting.
Advantage of Drip Method - There are many advantages such as: Minimizing soil water evaporation and nutrient leaching;
maintaining a uniform water distribution resulting in greater control of the
irrigation water and nutrients; increasing the adaptability of livestock Wastewater disposal; reducing deep percolation losses that can decrease ground water pollution;
and Increasing flexibility to match various soil type and plant rooting depth. It also declared that the factors Affecting SDI uniformity are: emitter clogging, root intrusion, root pinching, mechanical and pest Damage, soil overburden and compaction, soil hydraulic parameters, and, possibly, system age.
Outcome of the research - One of the outcomes of the research on soil water content distributions between two emitters of SDI is that the higher the emitter discharge the faster the horizontal wetting front advance while the vertical wetting front velocity was not so clear.
It is also recorded that wetted bulb coordinates were the function of emitter discharge, water application time, average variation in volumetric water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity of soil.
Soil moisture refers to the quantity of water stored within the unsaturated soil zone. It plays a significant role in the food cycle. It provides water to plants, which is the essential requirement for plants to grow. Water is absorbed through plant roots, moves through plants, and evaporates back into the atmosphere through a process known as transpiration.
Soil moisture and its movement is a key variable for different applications in the fields of agriculture and vegetation growth monitoring, climate system, hydrology and stream flow prediction. The availability of moisture in required quantity in soil is also essential for monitoring nutrient cycle.
Applied in Vegetable Farming - Showed that the production of tomatoes increased when SDI was used. It also stated that the crop yield of lettuce increased when furrow and subsurface drip methods were used, while it decreased when Surface drip method was used.
15 29-11-2021 14:25:57 31.68 61.34 998.39 124.47 85.19 13.45
16 30-11-2021 14:36:03 31.59 61.51 998.22 125.92 85.03 12.88
17 01-12-2021 14:46:05 31.57 61.69 998.1 126.92 84.64 13.59
18 02-12-2021 14:56:09 31.61 61.84 998.05 127.35 85.11 14.65
19 03-12-2021 15:06:13 31.68 62.02 998.05 127.34 85.23 15.89
20 04-12-2021 15:16:17 31.74 62.13 998.04 127.37 85.4 16.76
6 CONCLUSION
Drip irrigation is one of the important methods to do farming where water scarcity is there. By using drip irrigation not only we can increase productivity but also improve the livelihood of the farmers.
The farmers can be greatly benefitted from this system which would reduce the labour charges and increase the efficiency in farming. By modernizing the farming techniques, we get high yields and increase the living standards of farmers. It will be very useful in arid and semi-arid areas. The main advantage of this system is the farmer can remotely control drip irrigation devices by using his mobile phone can be anywhere in the world. An automated system can save you thousands of gallons of water a year simply by a drop-wise water supply.
Using these systems productivity increases and water consumption reduces. The main focus is on the system architecture of the proposed system that can be used for the implementation of agricultural projects. The proposed system is beneficial for farmers and avoids the wastage of water, as well as no manpower, is required and the system is relatively quick. This system protects your financial investment and just requires minimum maintenance for efficient operation.
Acknowledgement
The author wants to extend their heartfelt thanks to Department of Science and Technology for financial support. A special thanks also goes to Dr. Debi Prasad Sandha, Dean (R&D) of SITAL Group of Institutions for his beneficial support to carry the research activities.
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