View of STABILIZATION OF DUNE SAND USING EPOXY RESIN AND STONE DUST WASTE

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Vol. 04, Issue 05, May 2019 Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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STABILIZATION OF DUNE SAND USING EPOXY RESIN AND STONE DUST WASTE Navin Chandra K. Rai¹, Dr. D.G.M. Purohit²

1Ph.D. Scholar, Dept. of Civil Engineering, M.B.M. Engg. College, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

2Ex. Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, M.B.M. Engg. College, J.N.V. University, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India

Abstract:- Dune Sand is available in abundance in the Western Rajasthan. Being fine grained cohesion less soil, it poses difficulty for pedestrian as well as vehicular traffic. This has necessitated the improvement of stability of Dune Sand so that it could be made suitable for construction of Road sub base. In the present study experimentation has been done to improve the strength characteristics of Dune Sand using Epoxy Resin and Stone Dust Waste available from stone cutting industries. Specimens were prepared by mixing Dune Sand with 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, 5%, 6% and 7% Epoxy Resin and 5% Stone Dust Waste for 1^st Set and 10% Stone Dust Waste in the 2^nd set. The unconfined compressive strength of all the mix compositions was determined after air drying for 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 day’s period at room temperature in the laboratory. The results of the tests revealed that Dune Sand of low bearing capacity converted into a rigid mass which is suitable to be used for sub bases in Road construction. Addition of Epoxy Resin resulted in early gain in strength values thus making the stabilized Dune Sand useful for constructions of emergent nature such as Air Strips/ Helipad etc.

Keywords:- Dune Sand, Stabilization, Unconfined Compressive Strength 1. INTRODUCTION

Dune Sand is available in abundance in deserts of Western Rajasthan. It covers nearly 60% (12810 Sq. Km) area of Western Rajasthan. Being fine grained cohesion less soil, it poses difficulty for pedestrian as well as vehicular traffic.

This has necessitated in the improvement of stability of Dune Sand. This can be achieved by stabilizing the soil by several methods such as compaction, proportioning or addition of suitable admixtures or stabilizers.

Dune Sand of low bearing capacity after stabilization by some suitable method can be used for desired engineering purpose, such as construction of road and it can serve as base for pavements also when suitable hard material such as rock or gravel is not available. Investigations have been made by several researchers in the past for improving the strength of the Dune Sand using different chemicals Inorganic or Organic in nature. norganic substances like Sodium Silicate, Calcium Chloride, Lime, Cement, Cement Kiln Dust, Fly

Ash, Silica Fume and Organic chemicals like Urea - Formaldehyde, Formamide & Ethyl- Acetate, Epoxy Resin, Guar & Xanthan Gum Bipolymer, etc have been found successful in stabilizing soil.

Experimental study have been conducted by several researchers like Warner et al(1972), Ohri M.L. et al (1987), Agarwal G.K.(1988), Charan H.D.(1989), Seyad Albohassan & Masoud Ghorbanalizadeh(2010), Islam M. Abo Elnaga(2014), Krupalbehan C. Patel &

Prof. A.J. Shah(2016), Smitha Alex &

Twinkle Veenu(2016), Singh Sumer(2017),Chao Xing, Xueyan Liu &

Kumar Anupam(2018) etc. for stabilization of soils using different types of admixtures.

The objective of the present study is to improve the strength characteristics of Dune Sand by mixing it with Stone Dust Waste which is dumped in haphazard manner by the stone cutting industries causing environmental hazard and unnecessarily occupying a large land space and Epoxy Resin as binder for improvement in the strength of the mix.

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2 2. MATERIALS USED FOR PRESENT STUDY

 Dune Sand:- Dune Sand for the study was obtained from Osian, a place situated 60 kms. In the western side of Jodhpur. The soil passes 100% through 425 micron sieve and 100% retained on 75 micron sieve. The soil falls in SP group as per Indian Standards of soil classification. The Specific Gravity of soil is 2.66 and maximum and Minimum Dry Densities are 1.65 and gm/cm³.

 Epoxy Resin:- Epoxy Resin (Epikote Resin) used for the investigations, is a condensation product of Epichlorohydrin and Bisphenol. It is available in liquid form. Di – Ethylene Triamine is used as a catalyst for an early gain in strength. It is also in liquid form. The solvent used to make a workable solution is Epoxy thinner, a mixture of Xylene, Di-Acetone Alcohol and Cello Solvent.

The properties of Epoxy Resin, Catalyst and Epoxy Thinner used for stabilization were as under (As per the details provided by the manufacturer):

1. Properties of Epoxy Resin, Catalyst and Thinner:

S.No. Name of Chemical Properties Value

1 Epoxy Resin Specific Gravity 1.00

Viscosity at 30 c 100 seconds measured by ford Cup No. 4=

3.0 to 3.50 Poise

% NonVolatile

Matter 60% (Epoxy Resin)

%Volatile Matter 40%

Melting Point 65 to 75⁰ c 2 Epoxy Catalyst

Chemical Name Di- Ethylene Triamine Specific Gravity 1.00

Viscosity at 30 c 100 seconds measured by ford Cup No. 4=

3.0 to 3.50 Poise

% NonVolatile

Matter 36% (Epoxy Resin)

3 Epoxy Thinner

Specific Gravity 0.90

Ratio of Xylene : Di-

Acetone Alcohol : Cellosolvent 60% : 20% : 20%

2.1 Stone Dust Waste:- The Stone Dust Waste for mixing with Dune Sand was obtained from one of the Stone cutting units situated on Jodhpur – Nagaur Road, Jodhpur.

3. TEST PROGRAMME AND PROCEDURE

Laboratory investigations for Dune Sand stabilized using Stone Dust Waste and Epoxy Resin in different proportions were made and the following tests were conducted:

1. Particle Size Distribution Test.

2. Standard Proctor Test to determine dry densities of Dune Sand.

3. Unconfined Compressive Strength Test.

2. Following variables were investigated:

S.No. Effect of Variables Range Investigated 1 Epoxy Resin Content % 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, 5%,

6% & 7%

2 Unconfined Comp. Strength. % 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, 5%, 6% & 7%

3 Curing Period Days 3, 7, 14, 21 & 28 days

3.1 Sieve Analysis of Dune Sand & Stone Dust Waste

The particle size distribution test was conducted using a set of Indian Standard Sieves consisting of 4.75 mm, 2.0 mm, 1.18 mm, 600 µ, 300 µ, 150 µ, 75 µ, pan and weigh balance. The sieves were placed keeping maximum size 4.75 mm at top and that having minimum size of 75µ at the bottom and a representative sample weighing 1000 gms. Was

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poured in the top sieve and shaken for 10 minutes in sieve shaker.

Weight retained on each sieve size was noted and the cumulative weight retained on a particular sieve size was obtained by adding up the weight retained on the previous sieve.

The cumulative percentage passing for each sieve size was then found by subtracting it from100%. The particle size distribution curve plotted on semi-log scale is shown in Figure:

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Figure 1: Particle Size Distribution Curve of Dune Sand 3. Stone Dust Waste: Its sieve analysis is as under:

S.No. IS

Siev e Size

Weight

Retained(Gms) % Weight

retained Cumulative

% Retained % Passing

1 4.75 mm. 0.00 0.00 0.00 100

2 2.00 mm. 0.00 0.00 0.00 100

3 1.18 mm. 0.00 0.00 0.00 100

4 600micron 0.00 0.00 0.00 100

5 300 micron 9.0 0.90 0.90 99.10

6 150 micron 962.0 96.20 97.10 2.90

7 75 micron 29.0 2.90 100.0 0.00

8 1000.00 Gms

Table 1: Particle Size Distribution of Stone Dust Waste 3.2 Standard Proctor Test

The Maximum Dry Density of Dune Sand was determined using Proctor’s Mould having diameter 100 mm., height 127.3 mm and 1000 ml. capacity following provisions contained in IS 2720 (Part VII). Pulverized soil was compacted in the mould in three layers using rammer of 50 mm. dia., weighing 2.50 kg. and falling through a height of 310 mm, each layer being given 25 blows. The dry densities obtained at different water contents were plotted and it was observed that initially the density decreases due to capillary tension and it increases with increase in water content and then it decreases with further increase in water content. The maximum dry density is obtained as 1.65 gm/cm³ at O.M.C. 12%.

7.5 0.75

Particle Size (mm) 20

0 0.075 -20

Series1 100

80 60 40

Percentage Finer (N)

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Fig. 2: Dry Density v/s Water Content Curve 3.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength Test

Samples for unconfined compressive strength were prepared in split mould having 38 mm.

internal diameter and 76 mm. height. For each mix composition the Epoxy Resin and catalyst were mixed in the ratio of 2:1 and to this sufficient quantity of thinner was added so as to make the liquid equal to 10% of quantity of Dune Sand in each case.

The Dune Sand thoroughly mixed with requisite quantity of Epoxy Resin was poured in the split mould and compacted in three layers using standard rammer each layer being given 15 blows. Prior to pouring the mix, the internal surface of the mould was smeared with grease for easy extraction of the sample. The addition of thinner was just to provide workability, it being 100% volatile, got evaporated when the specimens were left for air drying at room temperature in the laboratory.

Three specimens of Dune Sand mixed with Epoxy Resin in different percentages (viz.2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, 5%, 6% and 7%) and Stone Dust Waste 5% and 10% by weight of Dune Sand were prepared. The samples so prepared were left for air drying at room temperature for 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days curing period.

After air drying for required number of days, the samples for each mix composition were tested at three strain rates viz. 1.25mm./minute, 1.50mm./minute and 2.50mm./minute on Unconfined Compression Testing machine. The average of strength values of three strain rates were reported as mean unconfined compressive strength of a particular mix for a particular curing period.

The results have been shown in the Table No. 2 below:-

(A) U.C.S. values for different Mix Compositions containing 5% Stone Dust Waste:

Epoxy Resin + 5% Stone Dust Waste

% of Epoxy Resin

Avg. Unconfined Comp. Strength (Days)

3 7 14 21 28

2.50% 7.35 12.12 15.25 20.18

3.50% 68.1 82.18 85.08 96.16

4.50% 85.15 112.22 116.12 121.75 132.42 5.00% 92.2 121.35 129.72 133.18 141.42 6.00% 104.05 157.05 164.08 168.08 176.12 7.00% 109.55 164.5 169.05 174.58 182.06

Table 2 1.66

1.64 1.62 1.6 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.52 1.5

Serie…

0 2 4 6

% Water Content

8 10 12 14 16 18

Dry Density (gm/cm3)

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Fig. 3: Variation of Unconfined Compressive Strength with Curing Period for Different Mix Compositions.

Fig. 4: Variation of Unconfined Comp. Strength with % of Epoxy Resin (For Epoxy Resin + 5% Stone Dust Waste)

(B) U.C.S. values for different Mix Compositions containing 10% Stone Dust Waste:

Epoxy Resin + 10% Stone Dust Waste

% of Epoxy Resin

Avg. Unconfined Comp. Strength (Days)

3 7 14 21 28

2.5% 7.88 13.36 16.66 21.1

3.50% 70.28 84.64 87.05 98.44

4.50% 87.98 115.32 119.84 124.08 136.54

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Curing Period in Days

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6 (5%)

(4.5%) (3.5%)

(2.5%) (7%) (6%) 200

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Epoxy Resin Content v/s U.C.S.Values

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

0.00%

(28 Days) (21 Days) (14 Days) (7 Days)

(3 Days) ^Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5

1.00% 2.00% 3.00% 4.00% 5.00% 6.00% 7.00% 8.00%

% Epoxy Resin UnconfinedComp. Strength(Kg./cm2) Unconfined Comp.Strength(kg/cm2)

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5.00% 94.62 124.86 133.12 137.56 144.14

6.00% 108.22 161.36 166.98 171.04 183.22

7.00% 112.14 168.86 173.44 177.68 186.34

Table 3

Fig.5: Variation of Unconfined Compressive Strength with Curing Period for Different Mix Compositions. (For Epoxy Resin + 10% Stone Dust Waste

Fig. 6: Variation of Unconfined Strength with % of Epoxy Resin (For Epoxy Resin + 10% Stone Dust Waste)

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

(7%) (6%) (5%) (4.5%) (3.5%)

(2.5%)

Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5 Series6

0 5 10 15 20 25

30 Curing Period in Days Unconfined Comp. Strength(Kg./cm2)

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

0.00%

Resin Content v/s U.C.S.values

(28 days) (21 days)

(14Days) (7 Days)

(3 Days) _Series1 Series2 Series3 Series4 Series5

2.00% 4.00%

% Epoxy Resin

6.00% 8.00%

Unconfined Comp.Strength(kg/cm2)

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7 Experimental findings in terms of Unconfined Compressive Strength values:

(a) Evaluation for Epoxy Resin + 5%

Stone Dust Waste Samples:- From strength values obtained, it is observed that samples containing 2.5% Epoxy Resin + 5% Stone Dust after expiry of 7 days, attain 36.42% strength of the 28 days compressive strength and the samples having 3.5% Epoxy Resin + 5% Stone Dust attain about 70% of 28 days strength after expiry of 7 days. In common, for mix compositions contain Epoxy Resin from 4.5 % to 7%; the Dune Sand after stabilization gains most of its strength between 3 to 7 days air drying. Samples containing 3.5% to 7% Resin after 7 days curing gain nearly 70 to 90% of the maximum U.C.S. of the 28 days strength. The gain in strength after expiry of 7 days is at slower rate which is evident from Figure No.3 and Figure No.4.

(b) Evaluation for Epoxy Resin + 10%

Stone Dust Waste Samples:- From strength values obtained, it is observed that samples containing 2.5% Epoxy Resin + 10% Stone Dust after expiry of 7 days, attain 37.34% strength of the 28 days compressive strength and the samples having 3.5% Epoxy Resin + 10% Stone Dust attain about 70% of 28 days strength after expiry of 7 days.

In common, for mix compositions containing Epoxy Resin from 4.5 % to 7%; the Dune Sand after stabilization gains most of its strength between 3 to 7 days air drying. Samples containing 3.5% to 7% Resin after 7 days curing gain nearly 70 to 90% of the maximum U.C.S. of the 28 days strength. The gain in strength after expiry of 7 days is at slower rate which is evident from Figure No.5 and Figure No.6.

4. CONCLUSION

In this study Dune Sand was stabilized using mix compositions containing 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5%, 5%, 6% and 7% Epoxy Resin and 5% Stone Dust Waste in first set and 10% Stone Dust Waste in the second set.

After analysis of test results the following inferences were drawn are as under:-

1. The Unconfined Compressive Strength increases with increase in curing period. The gain in strength being rapid during 3 to 7 days and thereafter the gain in

strength is at a slower rate.

2. The Unconfined Compressive Strength increases with increase in percentage of Epoxy Resin+

Stone Waste Dust.

3. Mix composition containing 5%

Epoxy Resin + 5% Stone Dust Waste and 5% Epoxy Resin + 10%

S Stone Dust Waste gains about 70% of its 28 days strength within 3 days thus suggesting its suitability for constructions of emergent nature.

4. The mix containing 7% Epoxy Resin + 5% Stone Dust Waste and 7% Epoxy Resin + 10% Stone Waste Dust gains 90% of its 28 days strength within 7 days.

REFERENCES

1. Glanville W.H. (1951) – ‘Stabilization of Soil with Resinous Material’, Soil Mechanics for Road Engineers, Road Research Laboratory, D.S.I.R., Harmonds worth, Middlesex, Page 273- 280.

2. Warner J. (1972) – ‘Strength Properties of Chemically Solidified Soils’, Proc. of Journal. Of S.M.F.D., ASCE, Vol. 98 No.11, page 9332.

3. Brydson J.A. (1975) -‘Epoxide Resins’, a Text Book on Plastic Materials, London, P.598- 630.

4. Ohri M.L.et al (1987) – ‘Characteristics of U.F.- Silicate Stabilized Dune Sand’, I.G.C.

Bangalore, Dec.1987 Vol. I.

5. Agarwal G.K. (1988) –‘Dune Sand Stabilization with Sodium Silicate, Form amide and Ethyl Acetate’, A Dissertation submitted for M.E. Geotech. Engineering in University of Jodhpur.

6. Charan H.D. (1989) – ‘Characteristics of Dune Sand Stabilized with Lime- Fly Ash’, A Dissertation submitted for M.E. Geo tech.

Engineering in University of Jodhpur.

7. Seyad Albohassan & Masoud Ghorbanalizadeh (2010) – ‘Effect of Wet and Dry Conditions on Strength of Silty Sand Soils Stabilization with Epoxy Resin Polymer’, Journal of Applied Sciences, 10:

2839-2846.

8. Islam M. Abo Elnaga (2014) – ‘The Use of Urea- Formaldehyde Resin in Sandy Soil Stabilization’, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Vol.5, Issue 6.

9. Krupalbehan C. Patel & Prof. A.J. Shah (2016) – ‘Effect of Guar and Xanthan Gum Bipolymer on Soil Strengthening’, International Journal of Scientific Research and Development, Vol. 4,Issue 03

10. Smitha Alex & Twinkle Veenu (2016) –

‘Effect of Resin on the Strength Characteristics of Thonnakkal Clay’, International Journal of Engineering Research and Applcation, Vol.6, Issue 7.

11. Singh Sumer (2017) – ‘Stabilization of Waste Sand obtained from Stone Industries’, M.E. Thesis submitted in

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J.N.V. University, Jodhpur.

12. Chao Xing, Xueyan Liu & Kumar Anupam (2018) – ‘Response of Sandy Soil Stabilized by Polymer Additives’, Journal of Environmental and Soil Sciences.