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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

Vol. 07, Issue 05, May 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 101 A STUDY OF PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION OF KOTWAL-PILLOWA IRRIGATION

Patil Sweta Govind M.Tech, Mithun Dabur

HOD/Guide on SVN University Sagar, M.Tech( SWE)

Abstract- Water scarcity is a potential constraint to produce more food to meet the demand of increasing world population. One possible approach to conserve this scarce resource might be through improving the performance of existing irrigation schemes. In India surface water resource and developed through collection of major medium and minor schemes to meet domestic agriculture industrial and other water demand. Irrigation is the highest water consumption sector which needs to be developed and managed in systematic manner to meet future agricultural water demand. Sustainable production increase can be achieved by two ways in irrigated agriculture. Either new irrigation projects can be developed or existing schemes can be evaluated and their performance can be improved. Therefore improving the performance of the existing schemes seems to be a sustainable and attractive way for the region. Thus the performance evaluation of the irrigation project is important for its further improvement, formulation of management strategies and to reap maximum benefits. The aim of present study is to evaluate performance of Kotwal-Pillowa joint irrigation project located on Asan and Shank rivers having its command area mostly in Bhind districts of Madhya Pradesh. The study envisages evaluating existing irrigation setup and developing new strategies and new adjustment for long-term objectives under determined system performance. Comparative indicators give a broad overview of the hydrological, agronomic, economic, financial, and environmental performance of irrigation systems. Keeping this in view the present study is planned for performance evaluation of Kotwal- Pillowa joint irrigation project with the specific objectives such as estimation of crop-water demand and agriculture production of a Kotwal- Pillowa command area and diagnostic analysis of kotwal-pillowa irrigation project for increasing irrigation efficiency and minimize seepage loss.

Keywords: Irrigation, hydrological, agronomic, seepage.

1 INTRODUCTION

Water resources are renewable; however, these natural resources are limited. So as to acquire the highest efficiency from existing resources, it is necessary to efficiently make use of the resources concerned. Efficient use of limited water resources, especially for agricultural irrigation, will enhance producer’s yield per unit of water and hinder such negative effects on environment as drainage, salinity and increase in the level of underground water, resulting from overuse of water (Ucar et al., 2010).

India has 17 per cent of global population, and only 4 per cent of global freshwater supply. Irrigated agriculture has a predominant role in

India’s food production. During the post-independence period, the country has invested huge amount of capital in the major and the medium irrigation projects. The average annual water availability of the country is assessed as 1869 billion cubic meters (BCM). Of this, total utilizable water resources is assessed as 1123 BCM, surface

water 690 BCM and ground water as 433 BCM (MOWR,GOI). At present, India has the ultimate irrigation potential of 140 M ha and the total area equipped for irrigation was 66.3 M ha (FAO, 2008).

In India, most of the irrigation networks are unlined and huge amount of the irrigation water is lost in main canal, distributary, minors and field channels. Rathod and Shah (2013) found that about 71% of the irrigation water is lost in the whole process of its conveyance from head works and application in the field. The breakup of the losses is main and branch canal (17%), distributaries (8%), water courses (20%) and field losses of 27%. The situation is particularly bad in minor irrigation systems of plateau areas of eastern India, where the overall irrigation efficiency varies between 20 to 35% of the 160 M ha of cultivated land in India, about 39 M ha can be irrigated by groundwater wells and an additional 22

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Vol. 07, Issue 05, May 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 102 M ha by irrigation canals. In 2010, only about

35% of agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated. About 66 percent cultivated land in India is rainfed dependent on monsoons. Most of the major irrigation system in India suffers from problems of inadequate and unreliable water supply. This leads to temporal imbalance of water demand and supplies, excessive seepage losses and rise of ground water table, resulting in problems of water logging and salinity in command area. The problem of water loss and insufficient water use in irrigation schemes cannot be attributed to canal control and operation only. Institutional and socio-economic factors also contribute to the problem. An integrated approach should be adopted to improve performance of irrigation system. The main areas for improvement are appropriate operational rule selection, reduction of losses, management of water course, feeling of ownership among water users, appropriate methods for conveyance through canal and its application on field.

Therefore the need of the hour is to improve the performance of existing projects and use saved water for irrigating new areas or reducing the gap between potential and actual irrigated areas.

Madhya Pradesh, with a geographic area of about 30.8 M ha the second largest state of India. The major land use in Madhya Pradesh is under agriculture (49.5% of geographic area) followed by forest (30.88%).

The state has a sub-tropical climate and the average annual rainfall is 1160 mm (with regional variation from below 800 mm to above 1600 mm). The state has sufficient water resources and it is estimated that about 70%

of water resources can be harnessed for irrigation purpose. It is possible to irrigate about 60.90 lakh ha from surface water, while 52 lakh ha can be irrigated through ground water. Thus the state has an ultimate irrigation potential of about 121.74 lakh ha.

The net irrigated area in the state including all resources of irrigation in the year 2011-2012 was 78.80 lakh ha, which was 52.47% of the net sown area. When the above potential is harnessed, the percentage of irrigation to net sown area would be 76.80% (State Focus Paper 2017-18, NABARD (MP).In recent years Madhya Pradesh state has seen significant growth in irrigation sector. Number of programs such as Dam Rehabilitation and Improvement Program (DRIP), Repair Renovations and Rehabilitation (RRR) and newly developed projects has helped in

improving health of irrigation systems and size in agricultural production.

Madhya Pradesh has been awarded with prestigious Krishi Karmaneya Award by Govt. of India for last four years in a row.

To keep the same pace of development more consistent and sustainable, it is important that the irrigation system should perform at their full potential.

Therefore irrigations system needs to be evaluated regularly assess their performance and their impacts on agricultural production, livelihood and social economic section.

2 STUDY AREA

The area selected is the command area of Kotwal-Pillowa irrigation project, located in Madhya Pradesh state and situated in Chambal region. The details of location map and Bhind canal command of Kotwal-Pillowa irrigation project.

Figure 1 Location map of study area under Kotwal-Pillowa irrigation

project.

2.1 Comparative Performance Indicators

Performance of the Scheme was evaluated using some selected comparative indicators, classified into two groups, namely, agricultural and water-use performance by International Water Management Institute (IWMI) (Molden et al., 1998) are requirement different types data as given belowThe type and capacity of the irrigation systems of Kotwal-Pillowa

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Vol. 07, Issue 05, May 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 103 irrigation project between period 2005, 2009,

2013 and 2018 for the study. The diverted irrigation supply, irrigation supply, total water supply and water divers capacity at a canal head were collected from Water resource Department and Irrigation Department. But volume of evapotranspiration was estimated by CROPWAT model as given in the table

2.2 Features and computed values of some parameters of Kotwal-Pillowa Irrigation Projects

Years Irrigati

on supply in (m³)

Volum e ET in

(m³) Total water supply in (m³)

Capacity of canal head in (cumec) 2005-

6 157545 829.4

577885 4

7.3 1578002

9.24 44.15 2009-

10

280401 490.8

478676 8 3.2

2835297

25.8 44.15 2013-

14 614938 722.5

192847 8

68.2 6309329

44.5 44.15 2018-

19 725494 141.8

379358 4

10.5 7404056

80.8 44.15

3 SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE WORK

1. The performance indicators showed land and water was not the limitation in the command area. The existing prospective of command area was fully utilized. It was increased the command area of Kotwal Pillowa irrigation project.

2. This can be overcome by organizing the awareness among the farmers regarding the utilization of available land and water sources by adopting the advanced irrigation methods likes (Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation), better quality seeds, fertilizer and new technology tillage, sowing implements etc. Lining of irrigation canals is very important to reduce conveyance loss 3. Training of farmers is crucial for better

application efficiency.

4. Comparative indicators are very good estimator and indicator of performance of irrigation projects as a whole but full, reliable and consistent documentation system is a must. And this type of study has to be adopted and practiced on some other small-scale irrigation projects in the country.

4 CONCLUSIONS

1. The determination of average, dry and wet years of Kotwal-Pillowa irrigation projects. The normal years of rainfall value is 699.07mm, the dry years of

rainfall value is 438mm and the wet years of rainfall value is 960mm. In the present study of selective years like 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2018.

The years 2009 and 2013 were wet year, 2005 and 2018 were dry years of Kotwal-Pillowa irrigation project.

Keeping in view the prevailing conditions in a year and the previous year’s one can predict how much will be the rains the coming season and can manage the irrigation requirements for the crop.

2. The crop water demand of Kotwal- Pillowa irrigation project between period 2005, 2009, 2013 and 2018 as the Rabi season were crop water requirements to be 2498, 2524, 2544 and 2569 ha m^3 respectively, the agriculture production were found 33557, 31252, 146158 and 339236 ton respectively.

3. Diagnostic analysis of Kotwal- Pillowa irrigation project was determined using some agriculture and water use indicators. The results showed that the output values were lower than Kalwande minor irrigation scheme and other irrigation scheme. To increase output, irrigation efficiency and cropping pattern should include orchards, industrial crops and vegetables.

4. The output per unit cropped area was Rs 45220 per ha of 2018. The output per unit command area was Rs 51272 of year 2018. The output per unit water consumed was Rs 17 per m³ of year 2018. The output per unit irrigation supply was Rs 7 per m³ of year 2018; it was more for short duration crop due to less water extreme.

The relative water supply was 1.95 indicates the condition of water abundance and represents total water supply is sufficient to meet the crop demand of year 2018. The relative irrigation supply was 2.01 which was more than one indicates the supply is enough to gather the demand of year 2018. The WDC was 0.95 represent the canal capacity was not sufficient to meet the peak consumptive demand of year 2018.

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Vol. 07, Issue 05, May 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 104 REFERENCES

1. FAO. 1992. CROPWAT, A Computer Program for Irrigation Planning and Management, Irrigation and Drainage Paper 46. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, Italy.

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performance Evaluation TekezeBasin.doc Oza, A., 2007. Part I Irrigation: Achievements and challenges. India Infrastructure Report, Irrigation and Water Resources, 178196.

3. Anonymous, Central Ground Water Board, Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, Ground water information, Bhind District, Madhya pradesh,1-10 2013.

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2004. Performance evaluation of patna main canal command. ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, WALMI Complex, Patna – 801 505, Bihar, INDIA www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment.