View of TOXIC EFFECTS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON HUMAN BEING

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200 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATION IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT ISSN: 2348-4918

Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal

VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023

TOXIC EFFECTS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES ON HUMAN BEING K. R. Kanude

Assistant Professor Department of Chemistry, Govt. Arts and Commerce College Rau, Indore

Abstract- Nanoparticles are particles with a size range between 1-100nm. They exhibit special physical and chemical properties that makes them applicable in various fields such as medical and healthcare, biosensors, electronic devices, optical devices, automotive industry, environmental remediation, food and beverages, agriculture, other industrial applications viz. fabrics, cosmetics, paints etc.(1) Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) are silver metals at zero valency with size range of 1-100nm. SNPs are mostly derived from inorganic salts. They occur in various shapes viz, oval, triangular, hexagonal to nano-wire forms(2) SNPs can be synthesized through biological and non-biological procedures. Biological procedures also known as green synthesis of SNPs is gaining more prominence in recent years due to eco-friendly mode of production, giving better particle size and morphology control, cost-effective and can be easily scaled up(3)

1 APPLICATIONS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs) have found their applications invarious fields as already stated above. Silver nanoparticles have also been widely used as antimicrobial agents in wound healing, bactericidal,cotton fibers, cosmetic and hygienic products(4,5), But the applications of SNPs in medical, healthcare and beauty is a relevant point of discussion as it opens up avenues as to their possible toxic effects on human health. Their application in various other industries also raises. This environment may be man-made (ancient monuments, cultural buildings, resorts, etc.) or it could be natural (areas of natural beauty, climate, wildlife etc.) but as we said in the previous step, the negative effects of tourists on the very environment that drew them often outweigh the positive, so we will focus on these first. The large surface area of nanoparticles may attract pollutant adsorption.. Silver nanoparticles could be absorbed by plants or other living organisms and the nanoparticles could easily reach the food chain(6),

2 TOXICITY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES (SNPs):

Toxicity of SNPs are linked with several physicochemical properties such as size, chemical nature, surface area, reactivity and charge, compositions and degree of aggregations (7-10).

It is believed that small particles are more toxic than larger particles. Moreover, coated SNPs are more toxic than uncoated SNPs(11).The possibilities of SNPs gaining entry into the human body are via the skin, respiratory tract and gastrointestinal tract. SNPs absorbed via the respiratory tract can reach the lymph and blood, are able to pass through the blood- brain-barrier and through cell membranes and can thus deposit in organs such as liver, spleen and brain and interact with biological systems(12), SNPs upon entering biological systems may lead to the formation of secondary particles and this may cause long-term harmful effects on human health(13-16). It has been reported that systemic argyria is the most common toxic effect of SNPs(17).

3 SKIN TOXICITY

SNPs absorption through intact skin is low (<1 ppm) since much of the free ion is precipitated as Ag sulfide in the superficial layers of the stratum corneum. An in vivo daily repetitive skin study for 14 days was conducted using 25 nm and 33 nm carbon- coated SNPs, as well as freshly synthesized or thoroughly washed 18 nm, 50nm and 80 nm Ag NP topically applied to the backs of weanling pigs. SNP penetration was observed only in the superficial layers of the stratum corneum by TEM and confirmed by EDS which detected the localization of Ag. Skin penetration of SNPs of 24nm was demonstrated in intact and damaged in vitro human skin in static diffusion cells but with low flux compared to the absorption rates for metal powders

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VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 3.1 Lung Toxicity:

Different types of SNPs in different doses can cause lung toxicity. Enough exposures to SNPs may lead to mild pulmonary fibrosis and inflammation. Smaller SNPs (10nm) has been found to be more toxic than larger SNPs).

3.2 Gastrointestinal Toxicity:

The oral administration of SNPs is also found to be toxic. Upon absorption from the GI tract, the SNPs have been found to accumulate in the large and small intestines, villi, ileum and colon",

3.3 Liver Toxicity:

Liver is the main organ that can detoxify toxic chemicals but also the main target of chemical toxicity, SNPs can be accumulated in the liver after inhalation exposure. SNPs are able to induce oxidative stress, cause cell damage, apoptosis and chromosomal damage in human liver cells"

3.4 Kidney Toxicity:

Kidney is the major organ of drug elimination but also a potential target of SNP toxicity.

SNPs upon entry into the body can translocate into the blood and accumulate in the kidneys. SNPs can cause proximal convoluted tubule degeneration, capsular and membranous thickening and mesangial abnormality, inflammation and adhesion to Bowman's capsule

3.5 Muscle Toxicity:

SNPs can cause muscle toxicity. Both small and large sized SNPs can distribute in the muscles and induce muscle toxicity.

3.6 Nervous System Toxicity:

SNPs have been found to be toxic to brain cells. High levels of SNPs in plasma, erythrocytes and cerebrospinal fluid have been found to cause epileptic seizures, coma, irreversible neurotoxicity and can lead to cell death").

3.7 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity:

Male fertility can be affected by SNPs because spermatogenesis is sensitive to SNPs, SNPs can alter the leydig cellular functions that leads to increase in testicular and serum testosterone levels(4),

3.8 Immune System Toxicity:

SNPs have been found to be accumulated in the spleen after inhalation exposure. Smaller SNPs (<100nm) are able to aggregate and inhibit alveolar macrophage activities. SNPs can induce spleen toxicity and inflammation

3.9 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity:

SNPS are found to interfere with DNA replication molecules and cause mutations, tumor formation, increased micronucleus formation and chromosomal aberrations!". There is inadequate evidence of SNP toxicity regarding carcinogenicity in humans.

4 CONCLUSION

Silver nanoparticles though they have been used in many biomedical, beauty and other industrial applications, they have to be dealt with utmost care due to various types of organ toxicity they can cause to humans. Proper care has to be taken to utilize these SNPS in good, effective and efficient ways by understanding their limitations so that they may not cause any adverse effect or harm to an individual or the environment. Hence, proper mechanisms should be devised to nullify the toxic effects of silver nanoparticles for the larger interest of human kind and the environment.

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VOLUME: 10, Special Issue 01, (IC-IESP-MULTI-2023) Paper id-IJIERM-X-I, January 2023 REFERENCES

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