View of UNCOVERING THE COMPLEXITIES OF DRUG DISCOVERY: A TIME-INTENSIVE AND CHALLENGING ENDEAVOR

(1)

ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal, ISSN NO. 2456-1037

Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

Vol. 07, Issue 02,February 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 108 UNCOVERING THE COMPLEXITIES OF DRUG DISCOVERY: A TIME-INTENSIVE

AND CHALLENGING ENDEAVOR

Dr. Durgaiah Gandamalla

Assoc. Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Princeton College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Revuri Dinesh Reddy

Asst. Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Princeton College of Pharmacy, Hyderabad, Telangana, India

Abstract - The process of discovering drugs is complicated and time-consuming. In the past, the process started with selecting a molecule that had been synthesized or extracted and screening it for various activities. Innovation does not imply abandoning traditional drug discovery. Every pharmaceutical industry in a developing nation like India cannot keep up with cutting-edge drug discovery technologies. By providing tax breaks and sponsoring projects through CSIR, DBT, and DST, the government is encouraging businesses to take on the task of drug discovery. In the next three to four years, global corporations will outsource approximately $1 billion to Indian CRO. China could eventually take our palace, just as we did with Europe. The pharmaceutical industries in India are known worldwide for producing generic drugs, but they are not known for their innovation.

Keywords: India, the global market, drug discovery, drug screening, R & D, and revenue.

1 INTRODUCTION

The process of discovering drugs is complicated and time-consuming. In the past, the process started with selecting a molecule that had been synthesized or extracted and screening it for various activities. It is actually an unwieldy occupation as the need might arise to be evaluated for movement (Old style drug revelation process). In this regard, India did not compete with other nations because of its lack of knowledge, economic status, and other factors. We have to rely on other nations, which increases the cost of the drugs. However, we worked hard to produce drugs by utilizing the process patent. Following 30 years, we are currently in a situation to make drugs without anyone else and

involved third situation in the worldwide market by sending out our medications to different nations.

The development of cutting- edge methods like high throughput screening, robotics, and computer simulations to shorten the duration of the drug discovery process has resulted in a world-wide paradigm shift in the process. Neither chemistry nor technology drive the procedure.

Instead, it is the combination of the two.

In the past, Indian companies invested 0.6% of their revenue in drug R & D. Currently, pharmaceutical companies spend 5% of turnover, a 70-fold increase from the 1960s and 1970s. Innovation is clearly the driving force behind R&D. Innovation

(2)

Vol. 07, Issue 02,February 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 109 does not imply abandoning traditional

drug discovery. Every pharmaceutical industry in a developing nation like India cannot keep up with cutting- edge drug discovery technologies. The expense of drug discovery can only be met by multinational corporations.

Even medium-sized businesses in a region should use classical methods in the drug discovery process if industry and academics work well together. In addition, the Indian industry is primarily focusing on the creation of new dosage forms, or ANDAs, rather than the discovery of novel drug molecules, which necessitates significant investments and offers no assurance of profit.

By providing tax breaks and sponsoring projects through CSIR, DBT, and DST, the government is encouraging businesses to take on the task of drug discovery. Utilizing these advantages and moving further into the "omic" era (proteomics, genomics) with other nations is the responsibility of industries and academics. It is important to pay attention to new technologies like dendritic vaccines and research on stem cells, both of which are likely to be commercially available in the near future. Regulatory bodies should also respond as quickly as possible because biotechnology products will account for 30% of all R & D efforts globally. They should help the industries along the way and speed up the approval process for a drug molecule, like in Europe. In the United States, an IND approval takes one month, whereas in India, it can take any time at all. The H1N1 vaccine was first approved by China, but we haven't even started the trail.

The DBT-sponsored DNA vaccine, on the other hand, has completed phase II in other nations and is not proceeding.

The process's complexity is somewhat reduced when industry, academics, and regulatory authorities work together well, and more and more businesses are taking on the responsibility. According to a report released by the organization Stratfer, no significant changes will occur in India's development over the next ten years. It also says that India has a lot of resources but hasn't used them all yet. In addition, there is a pressing need to establish a strong connection between pharmacy and traditional medical systems, particularly in the field of drug discovery.

Risorine (Rifampicin+

Isoniazid+ Piperine) by Cadila Pharmaceuticals is a classic example of a traditional medicine that uses the enhancing bioavailability property of piperine extracted from peppers to reduce the dose of rifampicin and isoniazid.

Due to its larger population and lower cost, India is likely to serve as a center for international clinical trials. In the next three to four years, global corporations will outsource approximately $1 billion to Indian CRO. China could eventually take our place, just as we did with Europe. The pharmaceutical industries in India are known worldwide for producing generic drugs, but they are not known for their innovation. We must also offer the world patented products. Let us demonstrate to the global market that we are not inferior to any other nation in the process of drug discovery by making use of our own

(3)

Vol. 07, Issue 02,February 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 110 natural resources, which include our

skilled workforce and traditional medical system.

REFERENCES

1. Baig MH, Ahmad K, Adil M, Khan ZA, Khan MI, et al. (2015) Drug Discovery and In Silico Techniques: A Mini-Review. Enz Eng 4:123. doi: 10.4172/2329- 6674.1000123

2. Miyaoka T, Kawano K, Furuya M, Wake R, Hashioka S, et al (2015) Efficacy and Safety of Sansoninto in Insomnia with Psychiatric Disorder: An Open-Label Study.

Altern Integr Med 4:181. doi:

10.4172/2327-5162.1000181 3. Merad M, Soufi W, Ghalem S,

Boukli F, Baig MH, et al. (2014).

Molecular Interaction of Acetylcholinesterase with Carnosic

Acid Derivatives: A

Neuroinformatics Study. CNS &

neurological disorders drug targets. 13(3), 440-446.

4. Terstappen G, Reggiani A (2001).

In silico research in drug discovery. Trends in pharmacological sciences 22(1):

23-26.

5. Blake RA (2007). Target validation in drug discovery. Methods Molecular Biology 356:367-77.

6. Ekins S, Freundlich JS, Hobrath JV, White EL, Reynolds RC (2014).

Combining computational methods for hit to lead optimization in Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug discovery.

Pharmaceutical research 31(2):

414-435.

7. Smith C (2003) Drug target validation: Hitting the target.

Nature 422: 341-345.

8. Green DV, Segall M (2014).

CHEMOINFORMATICS IN LEAD OPTIMIZATION. Chemoinformatics for Drug Discovery 149-178.

9. Lipinski CA, Lombardo F, Dominy BW, Feeney PJ (2012) Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings.

Advanced drug delivery reviews 64: 4-17.

10. Vacca J P, Condra J H (1997) Clinicaly effective HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Drug Discovery Today 2: 261-72

11. Baig MH, Shakil S, Khan AU (2012). Homology modeling and docking study of recent SHV type ÃŸ-lactamses with traditional and novel inhibitors: an in silico approach to combat problem of multiple drug resistance in various infections. Medicinal Chemistry Research 21(9): 2229-2237.

12. Doman TN, McGovern SL, Witherbee BJ, Kasten TP, Kurumbail R, et al. (2002) Molecular docking and high- throughput screening for novel inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 45: 2213- 2221.

13. Danishuddin M, Khan A, Faheem M, Kalaiarasan P, Hassan Baig M, et al. (2013). Structure-based screening of inhibitors against KPC-2: designing potential drug candidates against multidrug- resistant bacteria. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics 32(5):741-50

14. Baig MH, Danishuddin M, Khan S, Khan AU. (2012). Screening of inhibitors for S130G inhibitor resistant mutants of TEM type beta-lactamase. Bioinformation 8(24): 1225.

15. Laskowski RA, Hutchinson EG, Michie AD, Wallace AC, Jones ML, et al. (1997) PDBsum: a Web- based database of summaries and analyses of all PDB structures.

(4)

Vol. 07, Issue 02,February 2022 IMPACT FACTOR: 7.98 (INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL) 111 Trends Biochemical Sciences 22:

488-490.

16. Traxler P M (1997) Protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer treatment. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents 7: 571-88.

17. Brady SF, Stauffer KJ, Lumma WC, Smith GM, Ramjit HG, et al.

(1998) Discovery and development of the novel potent orally active thrombin inhibitor N-(9-hydroxy- 9-fluorenecarboxy) prolyl trans-4- aminocyclohexylmethyl amide (L- 372,460): coapplication of structure-based design and rapid multiple analogue synthesis on solid support. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 41: 401-406.

18. Abad VC, Guilleminault C (2005) Sleep and psychiatry.Dialogues ClinNeurosci 7: 291-303.

19. Tsuno N, Besset A, Ritchie K (2005) Sleep and depression.J Clin Psychiatry 66: 1254-1269.

20. Cohrs S (2008) Sleep disturbances in patients with schizophrenia:

impact and effect of antipsychotics.CNS Drugs 22:

939-962.